Evaluation of anti-inflammatory activity of chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa in experimental animal models

The anti-inflammatory effect of the leaves of Bryonia laciniosa was evaluated using carrageenan, dextran, histamine, serotonin induced rat paw oedema and cotton pellet induced granuloma (chronic) models in rats. In mice, carrageenan peritonitis test was performed for the extract by oral administration. The chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa (CEBL) exhibited significant anti-inflammatory effect at the dose 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. Maximum inhibition (52.4%) was noted at the dose of 200 mg/kg after 3 h of drug treatment in carrageenan induced paw oedema, whereas the indomethacin (standard drug) produced 62.1% of inhibition. The extract exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in dextran induced paw oedema in a dose dependent manner. The extract also exhibited significant inhibition on the hind paw oedema in rats caused by histamine and serotonin respectively. In the chronic model (cotton pellet induced granuloma) the CEBL (200 mg/kg) and standard drug showed decreased formation of granuloma tissue by 50.1 and 57.3% (p<0.001) respectively. The extract also inhibited peritoneal leukocyte migration in mice. Thus, the present study revealed that the chloroform extract of Bryonia laciniosa exhibited significant anti-inflammatory activity in the tested models.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of Stereospermum suaveolens ethanol extract in rats

The anti-inflammatory effect of the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens (Roxb.) DC (Bignoniaceae) bark given orally at the dose of 200 and 400?mg/kg body weight was studied in rats using the carrageenan-, dextran-, and histamine-induced hind paw edema, and cotton pellet-induced granuloma formation models. Indomethcin at the dose of 10?mg/kg body weight was used as a standard drug. The extract (400?mg/kg body weight per os) showed maximum inhibition of edema 64.6, 53.48, and 50.06% at the end of 3?h with carrageenan-, dextran-, and histamine-induced rat paw edema, respectively. The extract (400?mg/kg) exhibited significant reduction (34.77%) in granuloma weight in the cotton pellet-induced granuloma model. From these results it could be concluded that, the ethanol extract of Stereospermum suaveolens possesses maximum anti-inflammatory activity in a dose-dependent manner, in various experimental models.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Sapindus trifoliatus Linn

Anti-inflammatory activity of the ethanolic extract of the seeds of Sapindus trifoliatus Linn. was studied in wister rats using the carrageenan induced left hind paw edema, carrageenan induced pleurisy and cotton pellet induced granuloma model. The ethanolic extract (150 mg/kg, p.o.) produced the inhibition of carrageenan induced rat paw edema. It also showed an inhibitory effect on leukocyte migration and a reduction on the pleural exudates as well as reduction on the granuloma weight in the cotton pellet granuloma method. The results indicated that the ethanolic extract produced significant (P < 0.001) anti-inflammatory activity when compared with the standard and untreated control.     

Evaluation of antiinflammatory and analgesic activities of alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga in rats

Alcoholic extract of Kaempferia galanga was tested for analgesic and antiinflammatory activities in animal models. Three doses, 300 mg/kg, 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of the plant extract prepared as a suspension in 2 ml of 2% gum acacia were used. Acute and sub acute inflammatory activities were studied in rats by carrageenan induced paw edema and cotton pellet induced granuloma models respectively. In both models, the standard drug used was aspirin 100 mg/kg. Two doses 600 mg/kg and 1200 mg/kg of plant extract exhibited significant (P<0.001) antiinflammatory activity in carrageenan model and cotton pellet granuloma model in comparison to control. Analgesic activity was studied in rats using hot plate and tail-flick models. Codeine 5 mg/kg and vehicle served as standard and control respectively. The two doses of plant extract exhibited significant analgesic activity in tail flick model (P<0.001) and hot plate model (P<0.001) in comparison to control. In conclusion K. galanga possesses antiinflammatory and analgesic activities.     

Anti-inflammatory potential of thienopyridines as possible alternative to NSAIDs

The present study was designed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antiarthritic activity of the new synthetic thienopyridine analogs. The anti-inflammatory activity of thienopyridines was assayed by using carrageenan; dextran and arachidonic acid induced paw edema models (acute), cotton pellet granuloma model (Sub acute) and Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis (chronic) in experimental rats. The compounds BN-4, BN-14 and BN-16 have shown significant inhibition of edema in carrageenan and arachidonic acid induced paw edema model at a dose of 100mg/kg compared to the dextran induced paw edema model and also showed significant inhibition in granuloma tissue formation and Freund's complete adjuvant induced arthritis in experimental rats. These thienopyridine analogs also inhibited the proinflammatory mediators such as Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interleukin (IL)-1β and Nitric Oxide (NO) in Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenged murine macrophages. Ulcerogenecity study results revealed less ulcerogenic potential of BN-4, BN-14 and BN-16 compared to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin in rats. In conclusion, the new thienopyridine analogs were promising for the potential use as anti-inflammatory agents for both acute and chronic inflammatory disorders with low toxic effects.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of aqueous leaf extract of Chromolaena odorata

The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous extract of Chromolaena odorata was investigated in rats using the carrageenan-induced oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formalin-induced oedema methods. The extract was administered orally at doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg. In the carrageenan method the paw oedema was significantly reduced by all the doses of the extract administered, with the 200 mg/kg dose producing the highest oedema inhibition (80.5%). In the cotton pellet method, granuloma weight was significantly reduced from 14 ± 0.1 to 9.0 ± 0.1 mg, while in the formaldehyde induced arthritis the extract inhibited the oedema during the 10-day period. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity of C. odorata and, thus, justifies the traditional uses of the plant in the treatment of wounds and inflammation.     

Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity of aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indica

This study was aimed to evaluate both post- and pre-treatment anti-inflammatory activities of the aqueous extract of fresh leaves of Coccinia indica in rats using the carrageenan-induced paw oedema method at various dose levels. Analgesic and antipyretic properties were evaluated using tail flick model and yeast-induced hyperpyrexia, respectively. Ceiling effect of the extract was observed at 50 mg/kg in pre-treatment carrageenan test. In post-treatment studies, a dose-dependent anti-inflammatory effect was observed in the dose range of 25–300 mg/kg. The effect was equivalent to diclofenac (20 mg/kg) at 50 mg/kg but it was significantly pronounced at higher doses. Effectiveness of extract in the early phase of inflammation suggests the inhibition of histamine and serotonin release. The extract produced marked analgesic activity comparable to morphine at 300 mg/kg, which suggests the involvement of central mechanisms. A significant reduction in hyperpyrexia in rats was also produced by all doses of extract with maximum effect at 300 mg/kg comparable to paracetamol. In conclusion, this study has established the anti-inflammatory activity, analgesic and antipyretic activity of C. indica and, thus, justifies the ethnic uses of the plant.     

Anti-inflammatory activities of ethanolic extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Carica papaya</Emphasis> leaves

The anti-inflammatory activity of an ethanolic extract of Carica papaya leaves was investigated in rats using carrageenan induced paw oedema, cotton pellet granuloma and formaldehyde induced arthritis models. Experimental animals received 25-200 mg/Kg (orally) of the extracts or saline (control group) and the reference group received 5 mg/ Kg of indomethacin. The ulcerogenic activity of the extract was also investigated. The results show that the extracts significantly (p <0.05) reduced paw oedema in the carrageenan test. Likewise the extract produced significant reduction in the amount of granuloma formed from 0.58 +/-0.07 to 0.22 +/-0.03 g. In the formaldehyde arthritis model, the extracts significantly reduced the persistent oedema from the 4th day to the 10th day of the investigation. The extracts also produced slight mucosal irritation at high doses. The study establishes the anti-inflammatory activity of Carica papaya leaves.     

Evaluation of the anti-inflammatory property of the extract of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Combretum micranthum</Emphasis> G. Don (Combretaceae)

A methanol extract of Combretum micranthum leaves was studied for anti-inflammatory activity in rats and mice using the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema and the acetic acid-induced vascular permeability in mice. The effect of the extract on cellular-type inflammation was also investigated in the cotton pellet granuloma in rats. The extract (50, 100 mg/kg) significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited oedema production induced by carrageenan in rats. Increased vascular permeability caused by acetic acid injection was also inhibited by the extract, within the same dose range. C. micranthum extract (100 mg/kg) inhibited granuloma formation in rats to a similar degree as indomethacin (5 mg/kg). These results provide evidence for the anti-inflammatory property of C. micranthum leaves.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of Madhuca longifolia seed saponin mixture

The ethanol extract and saponin mixture of Madhuca longifolia L. (Sapotaceae) were evaluated for anti- inflammatory activity using acute (carrageenan-induced inflammation), sub-acute (formaldehyde-induced inflammation), and chronic (cotton pellet granuloma) models of inflammation in rats. Saponins alone seem to be responsible for the anti-inflammatory activity in the studied models. MLEE (Madhuca longifolia ethanol extract) at a dose level of 10 and 15?mg/kg and Madhuca longifolia saponin mixture (MLSM) at a dose level of 1.5 and 3?mg/kg significantly reduced the edema induced by carrageenan in acute model of inflammation, inhibiting both phases of inflammation. Both the extracts had a more effective response than the reference drug diclofenac sodium in the sub-acute inflammation model. Results indicated a significant anti-inflammatory activity by M. longifolia saponins in cotton pellet granuloma.     

Effect of Cleome arabica Leaf Extract on Rat Paw Edema and Human Neutrophil Migration

The anti-inflammatory activity of Cleome arabica leaf extract was studied in vivo and in vitro. Firstly, the extract was examined for its anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan-induced rat paw edema as a model of acute inflammation. A subplantar injection of 0.1 ml of carrageenan 1% induced a progressive swelling of the rat paw in all time points, that reached a maximal volume in placebo group within 5 h. Results showed that pre-treatment of rats by Cleome arabica leaf extract, 1 h prior the injection of the phlogogenic agent, prevented the increase of the edema in dose-dependent manner with an ED 50 of 231 mg/kg, body weight. The extract doses 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg, reduced edema to 65.54 ± 5.2%, 57.86 ± 8%, and 41.54 ± 3.6%, respectively, 5 h after the carrageenan injection. Secondly, we have examined the effect of Cleome arabica leaf extract on human neutrophil migration induced by fMLP (10 -7 M), using 48-well chemotaxis chamber. Results showed that the extract inhibited neutrophil chemotaxis significantly (p &lt; 0.01) and in a dose-dependent manner. Neutrophil migration was reduced to 16.71 ± 4.6% in presence of 50µg/ml of Cleome arabica leaf extract. It appears that the antiinflammatory activity of Cleome arabica leaf extract, observed in vivo as well as in vitro, could be due to its high flavonoid content (19%). These results may contribute to explain the use of this plant in folk medicine.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of Tabernaemontana catharinensis

In this work we describe the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and toxic activities as well as the phytochemical profile of the ethanol extract from Tabernaemontana catharinensis A. DC. (Apocynaceae) stem bark. Analgesic evaluation was carried out against chemical and thermal stimuli. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on carrageenan-induced edema in rats and toxicological studies (LD₅₀) were conducted in mice. Phytochemical analyses were performed by standardized methodology. In an analgesic assay, acetic acid-induced writhings were significantly inhibited by extract doses of 37.5?mg/kg (40.97%), 75?mg/kg (77.70%) and 150?mg/kg (88.98%). A central analgesia was also observed using T. catharinensis extract at all doses tested, particularly noticed at 60 and 90?min following administration. The extract significantly reduced edema development by 30.35% (37.5?mg/kg), 34.46% (75?mg/kg), and 56.42% (150?mg/kg) when assessed 180?min following carrageenan intraplantar injection, demonstrating an effective anti-inflammatory action. The LD₅₀ value was 2200?mg/kg. Phytochemical analyses of ethanol extract from Tabernaemontana catharinensis stem bark showed the presence of alkaloids and terpenoids, which may be responsible for the observed pharmacological activities described in this work.     

Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of Bridelia scleroneura (Euphorbiaceae)

Bridelia scleroneura is a member of the Euphorbiaceae family. In folk medicine in Cameroon, the stem bark of this plant is used for relieving abdominal pain, contortion, arthritis and inflammation. In this study, the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethyl acetate stem bark extract have been evaluated. The putative analgesic effect of the plant extract was examined in abdominal constriction, hot plate, formalin and on pain using tail immersion mouse models and in carrageenan-induced paw edema in rats. The extract (150–600 mg/kg) exhibited a dose-dependent analgesic effect (46.27–78.97%) in acetic acid-induced abdominal constriction in mice. B. scleroneura extract increased the pain latency of nociceptive response to thermal stimuli at the higher dose of 600 mg/kg. B. scleroneuna induced significant dose-dependent reduction of the nociception in both early and late phases of the formalin test. The extract at the dose of 300 mg/kg, increased significantly, by 63.70% and 52.01% the tail-immersion latency time, 1 and 2 h post-dosing. In the carrageenan test, B. scleroneura (150–600 mg/kg, p.o) had dose-dependent and significant effects at different time intervals. This behaviour was similar to indometacin (10 mg/kg) used as a standard drug. These results show that the ethyl acetate stem bark extract of B. scleroneura possesses peripheral and central analgesic properties as well as anti-inflammatory activity against acute inflammation processes, in support of the folk medicinal use of the plant.     

Pharmacology of an extract of salai guggal ex-Boswellia serrata, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent

Pharmacological evaluation of alcoholic extract of salai guggal (AESG) has been carried out in experimental animals. AESG displayed marked anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced oedema in rats and mice and dextran oedema in rats. It was equally effective in adrenalectomised rats. In formaldehyde and adjuvant arthritis, AESG produced prominent anti-arthritic activity but no significant effect was observed in cotton pellet-induced granuloma test. It inhibited inflammation induced increase in serum transaminase levels and leucocyte counts but lacked any analgesic or anti-pyretic effects. The gestation period or parturition time in pregnant rats or onset time of castor oil-induced diarrhoea was unaffected by AESG and no significant effect was seen on cardiovascular, respiratory and central nervous system functions. No ulcerogenic effects were found in the rat stomach. The oral and intraperitoneal LD50 was greater than 2 g/Kg in mice and rats.     

Modulation of inflammatory paw oedema by cysteamine in the rat.

Cysteamine, a potent somatostatin depletor, was used in the present study to investigate the role of endogenous somatostatin in acute peripheral inflammation. The acute inflammation was induced by intraplantar injection of carrageenan (1%), histamine (5 micromol), or formalin (2.5%) in the rat hind paw. The induced inflammation and the formation of oedema were determined by measurement of the paw thickness. Given subcutaneously (s.c.) 1 h before carrageenan, cysteamine caused significant, dose-dependent and long-lasting inhibition of rat paw oedema induced by carrageenan. At doses of 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg (-1), cysteamine significantly inhibited the carrageenan-induced paw oedema at 4 h by 52.3, 40, 40.7 or 26.3%. Cysteamine given at 300 mg kg (-1), a dose well known to deplete tissue somatostatin, reduced oedema by only 16.2% vs control values. Significant inhibition of the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema was still evident 24 h post-injection at cysteamine doses of 12.5, 25, 50 or 100 mg kg (-1). Given s.c. at 300 mg kg (-1), 4 h prior to carrageenan, cysteamine decreased rat paw oedema at 4 h by 14.9%. Cysteamine (300 mg kg (-1)), 4 h beforehand, had little modulatory effect on the oedema induced by formalin (2.5%) but reduced that caused by intraplantar histamine (5 micromol). The anti-oedematogenic effect of indomethacin, but not that of the selective COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib, was less marked in rats pre-treated with cysteamine at 300 mg kg (-1). Cysteamine (0.3 microg- 0.3 mg paw (-1)) co-administered with carrageenan was devoid of anti-inflammatory effect and even promoted inflammation at low concentrations. Cysteamine given locally alone induced slight paw oedema. These data indicate that systemic cysteamine possesses potent and long-lasting anti-inflammatory effects and modulates the anti-inflammatory effect of cyclooxygenase inhibitors in a model of peripheral inflammation in the rat. The effect of cysteamine is likely to be mediated via central action.     

Possible attenuation of nitric oxide expression in anti-inflammatory effect of Ziziphus jujuba in rat

The hydroalcoholic extract of fruits of Ziziphus jujuba (ZJ) was investigated for its anti-inflammatory effect using acute and chronic models of inflammation in rat. Wistar albino rats of either sex were employed in the present study (n = 6). Acute inflammation was induced by subplantar administration of carrageenan (1%) in rat hind paw. Chronic inflammation was induced by interscapular implantation of a sterile cotton pellet (50 mg). ZJ extract as test drug and indomethacin (10 mg/kg) as standard were used. Serum nitrite/nitrate was also estimated to determine the expression of nitric oxide. In the acute study, carrageenan (1%) administration caused marked paw edema. Pretreatment with ZJ extract exhibited marked dose-dependent attenuation in edema compared to control. In the chronic study, interscapular implantation of sterile cotton pellets caused significant granuloma formation after 7 days, serving as control. ZJ extract significantly decreased granuloma tissue formation compared to control. The serum nitrite/nitrate level was significantly increased after 7 days in the control group due to chronic inflammation, but was decreased by ZJ extract. Moreover, phytochemical studies indicated the presence of jujubosides, flavonoids and terpenes, which may produce the marked anti-inflammatory effect of ZJ fruit in acute and chronic inflammation, possibly by inhibiting nitric oxide expression. The study provides a scientific and ethnopharmacological rationale for the therapeutic use of ZJ fruit as an anti-inflammatory agent.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of diethylcarbamazine citrate

Diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) at 180-300 mg/kg ip or 560 mg/kg ig inhibited hind paw swelling induced by sc 0.15 ml of carrageenan in normal and adrenalectomized rats. DEC ip 300 mg/kg also inhibited the same swelling induced by sc 2.5% formaldehyde in rats. The proliferation of granuloma induced by cotton-pellets tended to be inhibited by DEC, although not significantly. It inhibited the swelling of mouse ear induced by xylene and the increased vascular permeability induced by ip 0.7% HAC. DEC neither prolonged the survival time in adrenalectomized rats nor increased the weight of the adrenal or plasma cortisol levels in normal rats. DEC decreased the prostaglandin E content in inflammatory tissue, although less than the extent in the indomethacin group. These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory action of DEC is presumably due to the inhibition of synthesis or the release of prostaglandin E, in addition to a possible action mediated by its leukotriene synthesis inhibitor action.     

Evaluation of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves for anti-inflammatory,antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities

Context: Felicia muricata Thunb. (Nees) (Asteraceae) leaves are used in folklore medicine of South Africa as an oral remedy for pain and inflammation. However, the efficacy of the plant part is yet to be validated with scientific experiments.

Objective: The current study is an effort to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antipyretic activities of aqueous extract of F. muricata leaves.

Materials and methods: The phytochemical screening of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves and the efficacy of the extract at the doses of 50, 100, and 200?mg/kg body weight was investigated in experimental animals using several models of inflammation (paw edema induced by carrageenan and egg albumin), nociception (acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin-induced pain and tail immersion), and fever (brewer’s yeast-induced hyperthermia).

Results: The extract contained alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and phenolics. The extract dose-dependently reduced (P <0.05) the number of writhes and stretches induced by acetic acid, number of licks induced by formalin, paw volumes induced by carrageenan and egg albumin. The reaction time by the tail of the extract-treated animals to the hot water also increased. The extract also reduced hyperthermia induced by brewer’s yeast. The highest dose (200?mg/kg body weight of the extract) produced the best result in all cases.

Discussion and conclusion: This study revealed that the aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves possessed anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities. These findings have therefore supported the use of aqueous extract of Felicia muricata leaves in the traditional medicine of South Africa as an oral remedy for pains, inflammation, and fever.     

Anti-inflammatory effect of Pimenta racemosa var. ozua and isolation of the triterpene lupeol.

Pimenta racemosa var. ozua (Myrtaceae) is a tropical plant, used in different inflammatory processes by the folk medicine of the Caribbean region. From the methanol extract of the leaves a terpenic compound identified as lupeol has been isolated for the first time in this species. The anti-inflammatory activity of the extract has been evaluated against two experimental models of acute inflammation: paw edema in rats, using carrageenan or dextran as phlogogen agents, and ear edema in mice, inducing the inflammation with 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol acetate (TPA). Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) was also assayed as an indicator of leukocytary migration in the inflamed ears. In the carrageenan test, the methanol extract (125 and 250 mg kg(-1) p.o.) had a dose-dependent and significant effect at different time intervals. On the contrary, when the dextran was injected in paw, the extract did not reduce the inflammation provoked. This behavior was similar to indomethacine (25 mg kg(-1)) used as a standard drug. In the TPA-induced ear edema, the methanol extract (0.5, 1 and 3 mg ear(-1)) significantly reduced the inflammation. In the MPO assay a significant inhibition of the enzyme was observed in the inflamed tissue in all the samples assayed. These results show that the methanol extract from the leaves of Pimenta racemosa var. ozua, is effective against acute inflammation processes, by oral route and when topically applied. The anti-inflammatory behavior of the extract was similar to that exhibited by the selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. On the other hand, the reduction of MPO activity shows that the action mechanism is clearly related with the neutrophil migration.     

Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of a new class of biphenyl analogs in animal models of inflammation

A new class of 4'-methylbiphenyl-2-(substituted phenyl)carboxamide derivatives had been previously evaluated in vivo for their anti-inflammatory activities in animal models of inflammation. In the present study, the most active compound of that series, compound 4e (4'-methylbiphenyl-2-(4-carboxy phenyl)carboxamide), was investigated in detail for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and ulcerogenic potential. Pretreatment of rats with 4e (100 mg/kg) reduced carrageenan induced rat paw edema at 3 h compared to control group. Dose dependent percent inhibition of granuloma formation, exudate volume, total leukocyte count was observed in 4e (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) and celecoxib (CAS 169590-42-5; 5 mg/kg) treated groups in the cotton pellet granuloma and granuloma pouch technique, respectively, in rats. C-reactive proteins were absent in the 4e treated group. Compound 4e inhibited acetic acid induced writhing dose dependently (10, 20 and 30 mg/kg). Compound 4e was inactive in the hot plate test. Gastric toxicity screening experiments showed that compound 4e, both after single and repeated oral administration, is devoid of any gastric irritation in rats. The LD50 was found to be more than 2000 mg/kg.