酒黄芩炮制方法的研究

目的：探讨不同炮制方法对酒黄芩中黄芩苷含量的影响，优化酒黄芩微波炮制的工艺条件。方法：采用紫外分光光度法检测黄芩苷含量，并通过正交试验对酒炙黄芩的微波热力、加水量、微波时间三因素进行微波炮制黄芩的工艺考察。结果：可用微波法炮制酒黄芩，微波法炮制黄芩的工艺为微波热力40％，微波时间2．5min，加水量为20％。结论：微波法炮制的酒黄芩中黄芩苷含量高于炒黄芩，正交设计中的微波时间对工艺影响显著，其次是微波热力，第三是加水量。     

天麻醇提取物对小鼠的抗抑郁作用

目的:对天麻乙醇提取物(ethanolic extracts ofGastrodia elata,EEGE)的抗抑郁作用机制进行研究。方法:用药物给小鼠灌胃7d后,观察小鼠在悬尾试验,强迫游泳试验中不动时间的变化情况以及小鼠开野试验中自主活动变化情况。用荧光分光光度法测定小鼠脑组织中海马区和纹状体区单胺递质去甲肾上腺素(NA)、多巴胺(DA)、五羟色胺(5-HT)含量。结果:200,300mg.kg-1EEGE可以明显缩短小鼠在强迫游泳试验、悬尾试验中不动时间,100mg.kg-1的醇提物有降低不动时间的趋势,但效果不明显;300mg.kg-1提取物的效果比阳性对照抗抑郁药氟西汀的作用还强。无论实验剂量的EEGE还是氟西汀对小鼠的自主行为均没有显著的影响。与空白组相比,200、300mg.kg-1EEGE显著提高了海马区NA的浓度;各剂量EEGE均显著降低纹状体中DA的浓度;各剂量EEGE均显著提高纹状体中5-HT的浓度。结论:天麻醇提物对抑郁模型小鼠具有显著的抗抑郁作用。可能与它能改变小鼠脑内海马、纹状体的单胺类神经递质浓度水平有关。     

不同诱导子对黄芩不定根生长及黄芩苷累积的影响

目的研究蔗糖、茉莉酸甲酯和水杨酸3种诱导子对黄芩不定根生长及黄芩苷累积的影响。方法向黄芩不定根悬浮培养液中添加不同种类及浓度的诱导子,观察不定根生长情况并测量不定根的生物量及黄芩苷的含量。结果培养基中蔗糖浓度为50 g·L^-1时可使不定根生物量达到对照组（30 g·L^-1）的1.62倍,黄芩苷的含量达到对照组的1.71倍为20.81 mg·g^-1。加入44.860 mg·L^-1茉莉酸甲酯可使黄芩苷的含量为对照组的3.22倍,达到最高39.14 mg·g^-1,但却大大影响黄芩不定根的产量。低浓度水杨酸对不定根生长及黄芩苷累积均有利。当其浓度为4 mg·L^-1时,不定根的生物量及黄芩苷含量均达到最大。结论在黄芩不定根悬浮培养中加入适量的蔗糖、茉莉酸甲酯及水杨酸,对不定根的生长及黄芩苷的合成有一定的促进作用。     

绿萼梅提取物对小鼠的抗抑郁作用

目的：观察绿萼梅提取物对小鼠的抗抑郁作用。方法采用悬尾实验（ TFT）、强迫游泳（ FST）等体内药效评价方法观察绿萼梅醇提取物和水提取物对抑郁模型小鼠的治疗作用。结果绿萼梅醇提物能明显缩短小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳不动时间（ P＜0．05）,且对自主活动无影响（ P＞0．05）;而水提物对小鼠悬尾和强迫游泳不动时间无显著影响（ P＞0．05）。结论绿萼梅乙醇提取物具有抗小鼠抑郁作用。     

Antidepressant effects of the water extract from Taraxacum officinale leaves and roots in mice

Context: The leaves and roots of the Taraxacum officinale F. (Asteraceae) is widely used as traditional medicinal herb in Eastern Asian countries.

Objective: In the present study, the antidepressant-like effects of the water extract of T. officinale (WETO) leaves and roots were investigated in mice using forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and open field test (OFT).

Materials and methods: Effects of acute (1-day) and chronic treatments (14-days) with WETO (50, 100 and 200?mg/kg) on the behavioral changes in FST, TST and OFT, and the serum corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF), adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and corticosterone concentration were assessed in mice.

Results: Chronic treatment (14-days) with WETO at the doses of 50, 100 and 200?mg/kg significantly decreased the immobility time in both FST (92.6, 85.1 and 77.4?s) and TST (84.8, 72.1 and 56.9?s). Acute treatment (1-day) with WETO at a dose of 200?mg/kg also markedly decreased the immobility time in both FST (81.7?s) and TST (73.2?s). However, all treatments did not affect the locomotor activity in the OFT. Moreover, FST induced a significant increase in serum CRF (5.8?ng/ml), ACTH (104.7?pg/ml) and corticosterone levels (37.3?ng/ml). Chronic treatment (14-days) with WETO decreased the serum CRF (200?mg/kg: 3.9?ng/ml) and corticosterone (50?mg/kg: 29.9?ng/ml; 100?mg/kg: 22.5?ng/ml; 200?mg/kg: 19.8?ng/ml) levels.

Discussion and conclusion: These results clearly demonstrated the antidepressant effects of WETO in animal models of behavioral despair and suggested the mechanism involved in the neuroendocrine system.     

越鞠丸及各单味药醇提物对小鼠的抗抑郁作用研究

目的:探讨越鞠丸全方及各单味药(香附、川芎、栀子、苍术、神曲)醇提物的抗抑郁活性。方法:采用小鼠悬尾和强迫小鼠游泳实验2种行为绝望法复制小鼠抑郁模型,对越鞠丸全方及各单味药分别进行抗抑郁活性研究。结果:除神曲外,越鞠丸全方及各单味药醇提物均能不同程度地缩短小鼠悬尾不动时间和小鼠强迫游泳不动时间,具有抗抑郁样活性;越鞠丸全方醇提物、苍术和川芎可显著缩短小鼠悬尾不动时间和游泳不动时间。结论:越鞠丸全方及香附、苍术、川芎、栀子醇提物均有不同程度的抗抑郁活性,其抗抑郁活性部位/成分可能主要存在于苍术、川芎2味药材之中。     

黄芩、粘毛黄芩及沙滩黄芩种子的蛋白质电泳鉴别

目的 建立黄芩、粘毛黄芩和沙滩黄芩种子的蛋白质电泳图谱，将图谱作为黄芩种子及混淆品鉴定的指征。方法 采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对3种黄芩种子的蛋白质电泳图谱进行分析。结果 不同产地的黄芩种子的电泳图谱基本一致，同属3种黄芩种子的蛋白质电泳图谱具有明显差异。结论 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳图谱可作为鉴别3种黄芩种子的指征.     

HPLC测定12种中药制剂中黄芩甙含量

本文用ＨＰＬＣ方法测定了１２种中药制剂中黄芩甙含量，所建立的色谱方法使１２种中药制剂及生药中黄芩甙与其它成分均达较好的分离。本文还对生药中黄芩甙的提取条件进行了考察，结果表明以４５％甲醇超声提取方法较佳。该法简便、快速、精密度好。适合制剂生产中多批量样品的质量控制。     

氟伏沙明在小鼠体内抗抑郁作用的时辰药理学及其机制研究

目的:研究氟伏沙明在小鼠体内抗抑郁作用的时辰药理学及其可能机制。方法:以生理盐水为对照组,考察相邻2天的9:00、13:00、17:00、21:00、1:00、5:00共6个时间点注射氟伏沙明(30mg.kg-1)对小鼠在水中5min内的不动累积时间的影响,和同日内明、暗期(9:00、21:00)注射氟伏沙明对小鼠在暗箱中10min自发性活动(运动距离、运动时间、静止时间)的影响;另外还检测正常小鼠同日内明、暗期(9:00、21:00)脑组织中5羟色胺(5-HT)转运体(SERT)mRNA表达、5-HT再摄取浓度、sigma-1受体的变化。结果:与对照组比较,氟伏沙明能显著缩短小鼠的不动累积时间(P<0.01),其中21:00组不动累积时间最低,但不影响小鼠自发性活动;与明期(9:00)组比较,正常小鼠暗期(21:00)组脑组织中SERTmRNA表达和5-HT再摄取浓度及sigma-1受体的表达均明显升高(P<0.05)。结论:氟伏沙明在小鼠体内的抑郁作用具有昼夜节律性,该作用可能与中脑SERTmRNA的表达、sigma-1受体表达的昼夜节律变化相关。     

顶空气相色谱法检测黄芩提取物中的D-101大孔树脂有机溶剂残留物

目的:测定使用 D-101型大孔树脂后黄芩提取物中7种有机溶剂残留物。方法:采用顶空气相色谱法,对正己烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯、二乙苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯苯7种残留物进行检测。结果:精密度 RSD 均小于8.1%,峰面积与浓度均呈良好的线性关系,最低检测限均在150 ng·mL~(-1)以下。结论:本方法稳定,操作简便、准确,适用于使用 D-101型大孔树脂后黄芩提取物中7种苯系列残留物的检测。     

Evidences for the Involvement of Monoaminergic and GABAergic Systems in Antidepressant-like Activity of Tinospora cordifolia in Mice

The present study was taken up to investigate the effect of petroleum ether extract of Tinospora cordifolia (Wild.) Miers, on depression in mice. The extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, p.o.) was administered for 14 successive days to Swiss young albino mice (either sex) and evaluated for antidepressant-like activity using tail suspension test and forced swim test. Petroleum ether extract at all three doses produced significant antidepressant-like effect in tail suspension test as well as in forced swim test and their efficacies were found to be comparable to imipramine (15 mg/kg, p.o.) and sertraline (20 mg/kg, p.o.). The extract at a dose of 50 mg/kg showed most potent effect and did not show any significant change in locomotor functions of mice as compared to control. The antidepressant-like effect of the extract was significantly reversed by pretreatment of animals with prazosin (a α(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (a selective dopamine D(2)-receptor antagonist), p-CPA (a serotonin synthesis inhibitor) and baclofen (GABA-B agonist), when tested in tail suspension test. Moreover, petroleum ether extract also reduced the mouse whole brain monoamine oxidase (MAO-A and MAO-B) activities as compared to control, resulting in increase in the levels of brain monoamines. Therefore, the extract may have potential therapeutic value for the management of depressive disorders.     

N-palmitoylethanolamide, an endocannabinoid, exhibits antidepressant effects in the forced swim test and the tail suspension test in mice

The antidepressant-like effects of N-palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), a putative endocannabinoid, was investigated in mice using the tail suspension test (TST) and the forced swimming test (FST). In TST, PEA (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) produced a statistically significant reduction in immobility (50, 32, and 34%, respectively, vs. the control group), whereas fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) reduced immobility by 38%. In FST, PEA (5, 10, and 20 mg/kg) produced a statistically significant reduction in immobility (15, 21, and 36%, respectively), whereas fluoxetine (20 mg/kg) reduced immobility by 18%. Moreover, PEA (20 mg/kg) did not significantly change motor activity in a spontaneous behavioral test. In conclusion, PEA (dose range of 5-40 mg/kg) administered orally reduced immobility in TST and FST, comparable to the antidepressant effect of fluoxetine, and had no effect on spontaneous activity in mice.     

Protective effects of the aqueous extract of Scutellaria baicalensis against acrolein-induced oxidative stress in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Context:?Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Labiatae) (SbG), one of the fifty fundamental herbs of Chinese herbology, has been reported to have anti-asthmatic, antifungal, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory activities.

Objective:?This study was designed to determine the protective effects of the extract of SbG against the acrolein-induced oxidative stress in cultured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC).

Materials and methods:?The MTT reduction assay was employed to determine cell viability. The total cellular glutathione (GSH) level was detected using a colorimetric GSH assay kit. Cellular GSH production was conducted by detecting the mRNA expression levels of γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit and modifier subunit.

Results:?Concentration-dependent cytotoxic effects of acrolein were observed while SbG could effectively protect the acrolein-induced oxidative damage. The protective mechanism was investigated, showing that the increased GSH content in the SbG-incubated HUVE cells was associated with the protective effects of SbG-treated cells. Further RT-PCR data confirmed the elevated mRNA expressions of GSH synthesis enzymes.

Discussion and conclusion:?The current study strongly indicated that SbG could be a potential antioxidant against oxidative stress in treating cardiovascular diseases.     

郁可欣胶囊及其拆方对行为绝望抑郁症小鼠的影响

目的:比较郁可欣胶囊及拆方对行为绝望抑郁症动物的影响.方法:将小鼠分为5个组,对照组、氟西汀组、郁可欣组、贯叶连翘组及其他组分组.选择小鼠强迫游泳、悬尾应激及利舍平所致眼睑下垂小鼠绝望模型,观察不同处理对抑郁症状的影响.结果:郁可欣胶囊能缩短小鼠强迫悬尾及游泳的不动时间,并可对抗利舍平所致的小鼠眼睑下垂;拆方各组未能显著改善行为绝望动物的抑郁症状.结论:作为多种有效成分组成的郁可欣胶囊对绝望动物抑郁症状的改善显示较好的协同效应.     

医疗机构的黄芩饮片质量调查分析

目的:探究医疗机构的黄芩饮片质量及其与医疗机构南北地域、城乡位置、级别及饮片规格等级的关系。方法:按医疗机构的南北地域、城乡位置和级别3个因素进行分层抽样,再结合随机抽样方法,调查16个省市72家医疗机构的黄芩饮片的等级及其中黄芩苷含量。结果:南北医疗机构之间、城乡医疗机构之间、各级别医疗机构之间、不同规格等级之间,黄芩饮片的质量均存在很大差异。结论:全国医疗机构的中药饮片质量存在较大差别,研究者应进一步深入研究,科学合理地制订中药饮片的质量规范。     

HPLC法同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中8种指标成分的含量

目的:建立同时测定黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和12,,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的HPLC方法。方法:Agilent ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm5,μm),流动相组成A:乙腈,B:0.1%磷酸水溶液,梯度洗脱;流速:1.0 mL.min-1,检测波长:230 nm,柱温:30℃。结果:黄芩苷线性范围为186.4～932.0μg,定量下限为186.4μg(r=0.999 8),平均回收率为100.1%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);黄芩素线性范围为19.12～95.60μg,定量下限为19.12μg(r=0.999 7),平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩苷线性范围为44.20～221.0μg,定量下限为44.20μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.6%(RSD=2.5%,n=6);汉黄芩素线性范围为10.30～51.50μg,定量下限为10.30μg(r=0.999 9),平均回收率为97.5%(RSD=1.4%,n=6);芍药苷线性范围为4.312～43.12μg,定量下限为4.312μg(r=0.999 6),平均回收率为98.4%(RSD=2.4%,n=6);芍药内酯苷线性范围为3.060～30.60μg,定量下限为3.060μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.2%(RSD=2.0%,n=6);没食子酸线性范围为9.994～199.9μg,定量下限为9.994μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.8%(RSD=2.1%,n=6);1,2,3,4,6-五没食子葡萄糖线性范围为8.800～44.00μg,定量下限为8.800μg(r=0.999 5),平均回收率为98.0%(RSD=2.2%,n=6)。结论:本方法可应用于黄芩、白芍药对提取物中黄芩苷、黄芩素、汉黄芩苷、汉黄芩素、芍药苷、芍药内酯苷、没食子酸和1,2,3,4,6-五没食子酰葡萄糖8种成分含量的同时测定。     

巴戟天中菊淀粉型低聚糖类单体成分对小鼠的抗抑郁作用

应用小鼠悬尾法，５－羟色胺酸诱发小鼠甩头法，阿扑吗啡诱导小鼠刻板行为法以及小鼠全脑单胺递质含量测量法等，综合评价巴戟天中的菊淀粉型低聚糖类四种单体成分的抗抑郁药理作用．实验结果表明它们在不影响小鼠自发活动的剂量下，显著缩短小鼠悬尾抑郁模型的不动时间，并兴奋５－羟色胺能神经系统，对多巴胺系统也有一定影响．其中两个单体，可使小鼠脑内的去甲肾上腺素和５－羟色胺及其代谢物羟５－吲哚乙酸显著升高，但羟色胺５－羟吲哚乙酸比值无明显变化．这一结果初步表明这些寡糖的抗抑郁作用可能主要通过５－羟色胺能神经系统起作用     

补肝散不同分离组份抗抑郁活性筛选

目的 对补肝散醇提物不同分离组份的抗抑郁活性进行筛选。方法 采用慢性不可预知温和应激（chronicunpredictable mild stress,CUMS）对小鼠进行为期8周的造模,造模4周后,分别以盐酸帕罗西汀（paroxetine hydrochloride,PX）、补肝散醇提物、石油醚（A）、二氯甲烷（B）、乙酸乙酯（C）及正丁醇（D）4个分离组份进行为期4周的灌胃治疗,考察各组小鼠的行为学及脑内神经递质含量的变化。结果 连续给药4周（造模8周）后,PX组（0.026 g·kg^-1）、补肝散醇提物组（1.92 g·kg^-1）及其分离组份C（0.232 g·kg^-1）、D（1.04 g·kg^-1）和B（0.160 g·kg^-1）组均能明显逆转模型小鼠的抑郁表现如糖水偏好率下降、强迫游泳不动时间延长等抑郁症状。能不同程度地增加其脑内额叶皮质中5-羟色胺和多巴胺的含量,其中PX、醇提物及分离组份C的作用更为明显（与模型组比较,P<0.05或<0.01）。结论 补肝散醇提物的抗抑郁活性部位主要集中于乙酸乙酯和正丁醇分离组份,其次是二氯甲烷分离组份。     

Evidences for the involvement of monoaminergic and GABAergic systems in antidepressant-like activity of garlic extract in mice

Objectives:

The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of the ethanolic extract of Allium sativum L. (Family: Lilliaceae), commonly known as garlic, on depression in mice.

Materials and Methods:

Ethanolic extract of garlic (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) was administered orally for 14 successive days to young Swiss albino mice of either sex and antidepressant-like activity was evaluated employing tail suspension test (TST) and forced swim test (FST). The efficacy of the extract was compared with standard antidepressant drugs like fluoxetine and imipramine. The mechanism of action of the extract was investigated by co-administration of prazosin (α1-adrenoceptor antagonist), sulpiride (selective D2-receptor antagonist), baclofen (GABA_B agonist) and p-CPA (serotonin antagonist) separately with the extract and by studying the effect of the extract on brain MAO-A and MAO-B levels.

Results:

Garlic extract (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) significantly decreased immobility time in a dose-dependent manner in both TST and FST, indicating significant antidepressant-like activity. The efficacy of the extract was found to be comparable to fluoxetine (20 mg/kg p.o.) and imipramine (15 mg/kg p.o.) in both TST and FST. The extract did not show any significant effect on the locomotor activity of the mice. Prazosin, sulpiride, baclofen and p-CPA significantly attenuated the extract-induced antidepressant-like effect in TST. Garlic extract (100 mg/kg) administered orally for 14 successive days significantly decreased brain MAO-A and MAO-B levels, as compared to the control group.

Conclusion:

Garlic extract showed significant antidepressant-like activity probably by inhibiting MAO-A and MAO-B levels and through interaction with adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic and GABAergic systems.