静息能量消耗测定在慢性肝病中的应用

慢性肝病患者的静息能量消耗应采用开放式间接测热法测得,合理的能量代谢调整有助于肝功能改善并防止并发症发生,测定静息能量消耗可为慢性肝病患者营养支持治疗个体化提供依据。     

慢性乙肝患者重叠急性戊肝对临床转归的影响

目的探讨慢性乙肝患者重叠急性戊肝对临床转归的影响。方法将55例慢性乙肝患者分成两组,一组25例为乙肝合并戊肝急性感染,另一组30例为单纯慢性乙肝组,对两组进行临床特点的对照分析。结果乙肝合并戊肝急性感染组黄疸深[TB（319.78±153.94）μmol/L）],血清白蛋白更低[（33.39±5.17）g/L],凝血功能恶化[PTA（52.92±28.04）%],重肝发生率（40%）、并发症发生率（32%）及死亡率（12%）均明显高于单纯乙肝组（P〈0.05）。结论慢性乙肝重叠戊肝急性感染可诱发慢性肝炎活动及重症化,并发症增多,病死率高,预后差。     

The Significance of Zinc in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Zinc is an essential trace element for the maintenance of life because it acts as a center of activity or cofactor for hundreds of enzymes. Zinc deficiency causes a variety of symptoms, including anemia, dermatitis, stomatitis, alopecia, bedsores, decreased appetite, impaired growth, gonadal dysfunction, susceptibility to infection, and taste disorders, etc. In March 2017, zinc acetate hydrate, which had been approved for Wilson disease in Japan, received an additional indication for hypozincemia. Hypozincemia is frequently observed in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), especially cirrhosis, and it has recently been shown that hypozincemia is closely related to the development of liver fibrosis and increased risk of liver carcinogenesis, in addition to the appearance of various subjective symptoms. Moreover, hypozincemia in CLD may be associated with sarcopenia (i.e., decrease in muscle strength and muscle mass) and frailty (i.e., vulnerability), which receive much attention these days. It is assumed that treatment with zinc acetate hydrate will become widespread in patients with CLD. Zinc acetate hydrate may also have potential for improving sarcopenia in patients with CLD. This review primarily outlines the significance of zinc in patients with CLD.     

Frequent Hepatitis E Virus Contamination in Food Containing Raw Pork Liver,France

Food products containing raw pork liver are suspected to be vehicles for transmission of hepatitis E virus. Four categories of food products, comprising 394 samples, were analyzed to determine hepatitis E virus prevalence. Virus was detected in 3%–30% of the different categories. Phylogenetic analysis showed high identity with human and swine sequences.     

Novel Hepatitis E Virus Genotype in Norway Rats, Germany

Human hepatitis E virus infections may be caused by zoonotic transmission of virus genotypes 3 and 4. To determine whether rodents are a reservoir, we analyzed the complete nucleotide sequence of a hepatitis E–like virus from 2 Norway rats in Germany. The sequence suggests a separate genotype for this hepatotropic virus.     

Hepatitis E Virus Seroprevalence among Adults, Germany

We assessed hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibody seroprevalence in a sample of the adult population in Germany. Overall HEV IgG prevalence was 16.8% (95% CI 15.6%–17.9%) and increased with age, leveling off at >60 years of age. HEV is endemic in Germany, and the lifetime risk for exposure is high.     

慢性乙型肝炎合并脂肪肝对肝纤维化及抗病毒疗效的影响

目的：探讨慢性乙型肝炎（CHB）合并非酒精性脂肪性肝病（NAFLD）对阿德福韦酯抗病毒疗效及对肝纤维化的影响。方法：194例CHB患者分为合并NAFLD组（A组,73例）和未合并NAFLD组（B组,121例）,均给予阿德福韦酯（10 mg/d,1次/d）治疗52周。观察两组治疗前后肝功能、病毒学指标及肝纤维化指标的变化。结果：治疗后两组血清AST、ALT指标均显著下降,且B组下降幅度高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;B组HBeAg阴转率、HBeAg转换率和HBV-DNA转阴率显著高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组HA、LN、PCⅢ、CIV水平均较治疗前显著下降,且B组下降幅度高于A组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论：合并NAFLD影响CHB患者肝功能恢复和肝纤维化进展,也降低阿德福韦酯抗病毒治疗的应答效应。     

Selenium Status in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: The potential role of selenium in preventing chronic liver diseases remains controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize the available evidence from observational studies and intervention trials that had evaluated the associations between body selenium status and chronic liver diseases. Methods: We comprehensively searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library from inception to April 2021. The study protocol was registered at PROSPERO (CRD42020210144). Relative risks (RR) for the highest versus the lowest level of selenium and standard mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were pooled using random-effects models. Heterogeneity and publication bias were evaluated using the I² statistic and Egger’s regression test, respectively. Results: There were 50 studies with 9875 cases and 12975 population controls in the final analysis. Patients with hepatitis (SMD = −1.78, 95% CI: −2.22 to −1.34), liver cirrhosis (SMD = −2.06, 95% CI: −2.48 to −1.63), and liver cancer (SMD = −2.71, 95% CI: −3.31 to −2.11) had significantly lower selenium levels than controls, whereas there was no significant difference in patients with fatty liver diseases (SMD = 1.06, 95% CI: −1.78 to 3.89). Moreover, the meta-analysis showed that a higher selenium level was significantly associated with a 41% decrease in the incidence of significant advanced chronic liver diseases (RR = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.49 to 0.72). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis suggested that both body selenium status and selenium intake were negatively associated with hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. However, the associations for fatty liver diseases were conflicting and need to be established in prospective trials.     

Hepatitis E Virus Genotype Diversity in Eastern China

We studied 47 hepatitis E virus (HEV) isolates from hospitalized patients in Nanjing and Taizhou, eastern China. Genotypes 1, 3, and 4 were prevalent; genotype 3 and subgenotype 4b showed a close relationship with the swine strains in eastern China, thus indicating that HEV genotype 3 had infected humans in China.     

Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels Are Related to Frailty and Sarcopenia in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease

Low vitamin D status is related to frailty and/or sarcopenia in elderly individuals. However, these relationships are unclear in patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). This study aimed at exploring the relationship between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] levels and frailty or sarcopenia in 231 patients with CLD. Frailty was determined based on five factors (weight loss, low physical activity, weakness, slowness, and exhaustion). Sarcopenia was diagnosed by applying the Japan Society of Hepatology criteria. The patients were classified into three groups according to baseline 25(OH)D levels: low (L), intermediate (I), and high (H) vitamin D (VD) groups. Of the 231 patients, 70 (30.3%) and 66 (28.6%) had frailty and sarcopenia, respectively. The prevalence rate of frailty and sarcopenia significantly increased stepwise with a decline in the vitamin D status. The L-VD group showed the highest prevalence rates of frailty and sarcopenia (49.1% (28/57), p < 0.001 for both), whereas the H-VD group showed the lowest prevalence rates of frailty (15.3% (9/59)) and sarcopenia (18.6% (11/59)) (p < 0.001 for both). Multivariate analysis identified serum 25(OH)D levels as a significant independent factor related to frailty and sarcopenia. Serum 25(OH)D levels significantly correlated with handgrip strength, skeletal muscle mass index, and gait speed. In conclusion, low serum vitamin D level, especially severe vitamin D deficient status, is closely related to frailty and sarcopenia in patients with CLD.     

Ribavirin for Chronic Hepatitis Prevention among Patients with Hematologic Malignancies

Findings among a cohort of 26 patients who had hematologic malignancies and hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection support that HEV can induce chronic hepatitis. However, a 3-month course of ribavirin can induce a rapid viral clearance, reducing the risk for chronic hepatitis and enabling continuation of cytotoxic treatments for underlying malignancies.     

Vitamin D Status Presents Different Relationships with Severity in Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease Patients with or without Hepatitis B Infection

Whether the associations between serum vitamin D (VitD) and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) vary with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection has not been well established. This study aims to investigate the relationships between serum VitD and metabolism, liver fat content (LFC) and fibrosis among MAFLD patients with and without CHB. Consecutive subjects (healthy controls: 360, CHB: 684, MAFLD: 521, CHB with MAFLD: 206) were prospectively enrolled between January 2015 and December 2021. Anthropometric, laboratory, imaging, and histological evaluations were conducted, with LFC measured via magnetic resonance imaging-based proton density fat fraction (MRI-PDFF). Serum VitD levels were lower in MAFLD patients than in healthy controls and patients with CHB alone or overlapping with MAFLD (24.4 ± 8.1 vs. 29.0 ± 9.5 vs. 27.4 ± 9.6 vs. 26.8 ± 8.4 ng/mL respectively; p < 0.001 in one-way ANOVA test). After adjusting for confounding factors, including season, hypersensitive C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, liver stiffness measurements, sun exposure, exercise and dietary intake, multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that VitD remained significantly negatively correlated with LFC in MAFLD patients (β = −0.38, p < 0.001), but not in CHB with MAFLD patients. Moreover, quantile regression models also demonstrated that lower VitD tertiles were inversely associated with the risk of insulin resistance and moderate–severe steatosis in the MAFLD group (p for trend <0.05) but not in the MAFLD with CHB group. VitD deficiency was associated with the severity of metabolic abnormalities and steatosis independent of lifestyle factors in MAFLD-alone subjects but not in MAFLD with CHB subjects.     

HBV感染与放射性肝损害关系的Meta分析

目的通过Meta分析系统性评价原发性肝癌放射治疗中,HBV感染及肝功能分级与放射性肝损害相关性（radiation-induced liver disease,RILD）。方法检索国内外相关数据库,依据标准收集所有相关的临床研究,应用Rev Man4.2软件对符合条件的所有研究结果进行汇总Meta分析。结果符合标准的文献共5篇,其中416例HBV阳性中63例出现RILD,200例HBV阴性中17例有RILD,差异无统计学意义,HBV感染与RILD发生无相关性[OR=1.86,95%CI（0.49,7.04）,P=0.36]。肝功能Child-Pugh A观察例数541例中有45例出现RILD,而Child-Pugh B观察例数74例中30例出现RILD,差异明显[OR=0.16,95%CI（0.05,0.49）,P=0.02]。结论 HBV感染并非RILD发生重要因素,而基础肝功能状态,Child-Pugh肝功能分级与RILD密切相关,是影响RILD发生主要因素。     

Seroprevalence of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen, Antibodies to the Hepatitis C Virus, and Human Immunodeficiency Virus in a Hospital-Based Population in Jaipur, Rajasthan

Background:

Hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and HIV infections are a serious global and public health problem. To assess the magnitude and dynamics of disease transmission and for its prevention and control, the study of its seroprevalence is important. A private hospital catering to the needs of a large population represents an important center for serological surveys. Available data, at Rajasthan state level, on the seroprevalence of these bloodborne pathogens is also very limited.

Objective:

A study was undertaken to estimate the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibodies to hepatitis C (anti-HCV Ab) and human immunodeficiency virus (anti-HIV Ab) in both the sexes and different age groups in a hospital-based population in Jaipur, Rajasthan.

Materials and Methods:

Serum samples collected over a period of 14 months from patients attending OPDs and admitted to various IPDs of Fortis Escorts Hospital, Jaipur, were subjected within the hospital-based lab for the detection of HBsAg and anti-HCV Ab and anti-HIV Ab using rapid card tests. This was followed by further confirmation of all reactive samples by a microparticle enzyme immunoassay (Abbott AxSYM) at Super Religare Laboratories (formerly SRL Ranbaxy) Reference Lab, Mumbai.

Results:

The seroprevalence of HBsAg was found to be 0.87%, of anti-HCV Ab as 0.28%, and of anti-HIV Ab as 0.35%.

Conclusion:

The study throws light on the magnitude of viral transmission in the community in the state of Rajasthan and provides a reference for future studies.     

Hepatitis E: An emerging disease

Currently, the infection with the hepatitis E virus represents the most frequent cause for acute hepatitis and jaundice in the world. According to WHO estimations, around two billion people, representing one third of the world’s population, live in endemic areas for HEV and, therefore, are at risk of infection. In developed countries, the circulation of the virus in both human and animal (swine, boar, deer) sewage has been confirmed; however, the incidence rate is low compared to that of developing countries where outbreaks of acute hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route are originated, more frequently in the flooding season or after natural disasters, combined with deficient sanitary conditions.There are currently 4 known genotypes of HEV. Genotypes 1 and 2 are isolated in all human epidemic outbreaks in developing countries, while genotypes 3 and 4 are isolated not only in humans but also in animals, in both developing and industrialized countries. These data support genotypes 3 and 4 having zoonotic nature. The diagnosis of this disease is based in the detection of anti-HEV IgG and IgM in blood serum using enzyme-linked immunosorbent methods. However, the method that best confirms the diagnosis is the RT-PCR, which detects HEV RNA in blood serum and also provides the genotype. The clinical course is generally that of an acute hepatitis which in some cases may require hospitalization and that, in transplant patients or HIV infected individuals can become a chronic hepatitis. Furthermore, the virus constitutes an important risk for pregnant women. The hepatitis E can present a wide range of symptoms, from a subclinical case to chronic liver disease with extrahepatic manifestations. For this reason, the diagnostic is challenging if no differential diagnosis is included. There is no specific antiviral drug for hepatitis E, but satisfactory results have been observed in some patients treated with pegylated interferon alfa2a and/or ribavirin.This revision is an update of all the molecular, epidemiological, clinic and preventive knowledge on this emergent disease up to date.     

戊型肝炎食源性传播的研究进展

戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)是常见的通过粪-口途径传播的肝炎病毒,猪和鹿等动物是其主要的宿主.入食用这些动物的肉及肉制品就有感染HEV的风险,易引起急性或亚急性戊型肝炎.近年来食源性戊型肝炎流行情况严重,已经成为全球关注的公共卫生问题.此文对HEV病原学、戊型肝炎流行病学特征以及食源性传播情况进行综述,进一步了解HEV食源性传播风险,为预防和控制戊型肝炎的流行提供科学依据.     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者与乙型肝炎病毒携带者乙型肝炎病毒X基因序列比较研究

目的研究乙型肝炎肝硬化患者与乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）携带者HBV X基因序列的差异。方法对20例标本的PCR产物进行直接测序;并对3例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者和3例无症状HBV携带者HBV DNA的扩增片段进行克隆测序,并分析比较。结果肝硬化患者中X基因核心启动子双突变T1762/A1764、G1719T、T1727G/A、G1730C、T1753C等变异高于HBV携带者;前者X启动子区变异率明显高于后者;乙型肝炎肝硬化同一患者X区不同克隆之间的碱基序列同源性为91.3%-99.7%,而HBV携带者为96.0%-100.0%。结论乙型肝炎肝硬化患者,HBV DNA X区的CP启动子区以及X启动子区变异程度明显高于HBV携带者,同时乙型肝炎肝硬化患者体内存在变异程度更大的HBV准种群。     

Hepatitis E Virus seroprevalence and chronic infections in patients with HIV, Switzerland

We screened 735 HIV-infected patients in Switzerland with unexplained alanine aminotransferase elevation for hepatitis E virus (HEV) immunoglobulin G. Although HEV seroprevalence in this population is low (2.6%), HEV RNA can persist in patients with low CD4 cell counts. Findings suggest chronic HEV infection should be considered as a cause of persistent alanine aminotransferase elevation.     

乙型肝炎疫苗预防血液病患者输血后乙型肝炎病毒感染调查

目的了解血液病患者肝炎病毒感染情况,寻求血液病患者输血后乙型肝炎病毒感染的预防策略. 方法应用ELISA及酶法检测268名血液病患者各型肝炎病毒抗体及肝功能,并对符合乙肝疫苗接种条件的患者分组进行人重组乙肝疫苗接种,所有患者按血液病需要进行治疗、输血. 结果血液病患者存在较高的乙型肝炎病毒感染率(26.49%),且在不同的血液病病种间存在差异(χ2检验,P=0.013);血液病患者输血后乙型肝炎病毒的感染率为3.77% ,据多因素方差分析结果,肝炎病毒的感染在输血组与非输血组、接种组与对照组差异均具有显著性,(P=0.004、P=0.012);血液病患者接种乙肝疫苗后乙肝表面抗体总的阳转率为66.3%,并且70.5%的患者是在接种后1个月即产生抗体,多因素方差分析结果显示,乙肝表面抗体的产生受接种方式、不同病种、是否输血等多因素影响. 结论血液病患者对乙肝疫苗接种能产生良好的免疫应答,乙肝疫苗接种尤其是加强接种方案可作为预防血液病患者发生输血后乙型肝炎的有效措施.