Lymph Node Ratio Assessment of Brain Metastasis in EarlyBreast Cancer Cases

Background: Ten to 30% of early breast cancer (EBC) patients develop brain metastasis (BM) during theirfollow-up. In this study, we aimed to evaluate importance of the lymph node ratio (LNR) in development ofBM in EBC cases. Materials and Methods: Ninety patients whom had axillary metastases in lymph nodes attheir initial diagnosis and developed BM during 5-year follow-up were detected in 950 EBC patients. LNRvalues were calculated for all patients and after categorization into 4 molecular sub-types as luminal A, luminalB HER-2 (+), HER-2 overexpressing and basal- like. Comparison was with control group patients who hadsimilar characteristics. Results: In the comparison of all molecular sub-types of LNR, 54.9% and 28.4% valueswere found in patients with and without BM respectively (p<0.001). In the comparison of the LNR with controlgroups, a statistically significant differences were found with luminal A with BM (p=0.001), luminal B HER-2(p=0.001), HER-2 overexpressing (p=0.027) and basal-like groups (p<0.001). In the evaluation of patients withBM, the highest ratio was found in the basal-like group (67.9%) and there was a statistically significant differencebetween this group and the others (p=0.048). Conclusions: EBC patients developing BM within 5 years followuphad significantly higher LNRs for all molecular sub-types, especially in the basal-like group. Larger scalestudies are now needed for evaluating LNR prognostic importance for EBC regarding BM development.     

Frequency and Predictors of Axillary Lymph Node Metastases in Iranian Women with Early Breast Cancer

Background: Axillary lymph node metastasis is the most important predictive factor for recurrence risk andsurvival in patients with invasive breast carcinoma. The aim of this study was to determine factors associated withmetastatic involvement of axillary lymph nodes in Iranian women with early breast cancer. Methods: This article reportsa retrospective study of 774 patients with T1-T2 breast cancer who underwent resection of the primary tumor and axillarystaging by SLNB and/or ALND between 2005 and 2015 at our institution. Results: Of the 774 patients included in thisstudy, 35.5% (275 cases) had axillary lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis. Factors associated with nodalinvolvement in univariate analyses were tumor size, lymphovascular invasion (LVI), tumor grade, ER/PR status andHER2 expression. All factors identified with univariate analyses were entered into a multivariate logistic regressionmodel and tumor size (OR= 3.01, CI 2.01–4.49, P <0.001), ER/PR positivity (OR = 1.74, CI 1.1.16–2.62, P = 0.007)and presence of LVI (OR = 3.3.8, CI 2.31–4.95, P <0.001) remained as independent predictors of axillary lymph nodeinvolvement .Conclusions: In conclusion, the results of this study suggests that positive hormonal receptor status, LVIand tumor size are predictive factors for ALNM in Iranian women with early breast cancer.     

乳腺癌前哨体淋巴结活检的研究

前哨淋巴结(SLN)的概念和前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的应用是在1977年被提出的,但由于当时淋巴结检测设备和技术尚不先进,使SLN的研究未能得到足够的重视.乳腺癌SLNB是在20世纪90年代兴起的,现已成为乳腺癌外科领域的研究热点,有望在早期乳腺癌治疗中取代常规的腋窝淋巴结解剖(ALND),降低上肢淋巴水肿和功能障碍的发生率.我国该项目研究起步较晚,目前已逐渐成为人们关注的热点.该项目还将继续进行多中心、大样本、前瞻性研究,最终达成共识,将给乳腺癌病人带来福音.     

p53和nm23基因表达与乳腺癌淋巴结转移的相关性研究

本文应用SP免疫组织化学方法检测86例乳腺癌石蜡包埋组织p53和nm23基因表达，分析P53和nm23基因表达与乳腺癌病理因素之间的关系，探讨p53和nm23对乳腺癌淋巴结转移的影响。结果显示p53蛋白阳性与乳腺癌淋巴结转移显著相关（P＜0．05），与肿瘤大小、组织学分类和病人年龄无关（P＞0．05）。nm23阴性表达与乳腺癌淋巴结转移显著相关（P＜0．05），与肿瘤大小、组织学分类和病人年龄无关（P＞0．05）。P53阳性和nm23阴性的乳腺癌容易发生淋巴结转移。     

Microwave Detection of Metastasized Breast Cancer Cells in the Lymph Node; Potential Application for Sentinel Lymphadenectomy

Metastasis is the leading cause of death in breast cancer patients and an appropriate detection of metastasis can provide better prognosis and quality treatments. Microwaves can reveal the unique electromagnetic properties of materials, and this study aims to unleash the electromagnetic properties of breast cancer cells, especially, metastasized cancer cells in the lymph nodes, using broad-band microwaves in attempts to detect metastases. To distinguish the cancer-specific patterns of cancer tissues, three primary microwave parameters were assessed, i.e., permittivity in mid-band frequency (3–5 GHz), conductivity in high-band frequencies (25–30 GHz) and slope changes of permittivity at high-band frequencies (15–30 GHz). An additional parameter, Cancer Metastasis Index (CMI), was developed to effectively represent all parameters. Broadband microwave scanning can reveal cancer specific electromagnetic behaviors in all three parameters, and these were reliably reflected by CMI. CMI effectively magnified the difference of the electromagnetic properties between normal nodal tissues and cancer tissues. immunohistochemistries were performed to verify the origin of electromagnetic changes represented by CMI values.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的临床研究

目的：探讨前哨淋巴结活检（sentinel lymph node biopsy，SLNB）在乳腺癌临床应用中的可行性、准确性。方法：术前肿瘤表面或活检腔周围皮内注射99mTc-DX，进行前哨淋巴结（sentinel lymph node，SLN）显像、体表定位；术中r-探测仪识别SLN，先行SLNB，再行乳腺癌根治术或改良根治术，术后对SLN和腋窝淋巴结清扫（axillary Lymph Node Dissectio，ALND）的病理结果进行综合分析。结果：淋巴闪烁显像和r-探测器联合应用检测SLN准确率为96.9％，敏感度为90.9％，假阴性率为9.1％，假阳性率为0。结论：SLNB是乳腺癌治疗中的一项新技术，能高灵敏度反应腋淋巴结状态。     

Comparing Early-Stage Breast Cancer Patients with Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis with and without Completion Axillary Lymph Node Dissection: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Background: Currently, the standard method for staging and treatment of axillary lymph nodes for early-stage breast cancer is sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB), while axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) is used in cases with palpable axillary lymph nodes or positive SLNB cases. The aim of this review was to compare overall survival (OS), disease-free survival (DFS), and axillary recurrence in early-stage breast cancer patients underwent SLNB or SLNB and completion ALND. Methods: The databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane Library were searched using the key words of “breast cancer”, “axillary lymph node dissection”, and “sentinel lymph node dissection”. In addition, other sources were searched for ongoing studies (i.e., clinicaltrials.gov). The clinical trials were evaluated based on the Jadad quality criteria, and cohort studies were evaluated according to the STROBE criteria. At the end of the search, the articles were screened independently by two reviewers to check their eligibility to be included in the study. Afterwards, the data were extracted independently by two researchers. Results: After searching the databases, 169 papers were retrieved. However, after removing the duplicates and studying the titles and abstracts of these papers, only ten ones underwent further investigation. After reading full-text of each article, four studies were finalized. Following a manual search, 27 papers were entered into the study for the final evaluation, 11 of which were included in the meta-analysis based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings showed no significant differences in OS, DFS, and axillary recurrence in early-stage breast cancer patients underwent SLNB or SLNB and completion ALND. Conclusion: The findings did not confirm that ALND improved OS, DFS, and axillary recurrence in patients who were clinically node-negative and positive SLNB.     

Current Controversies Concerning Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy for Breast Cancer

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: The objectives of this article are to review existing controversies regarding sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and to identify potential areas of consensus in order to eliminate routine axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). RESULTS: A combination of peritumoral injection with radioisotopes and subdermal or subareolar injection with blue dye may result in enhanced success rates of SLN identification. Preoperative lymphoscintigraphy is most useful for detecting an internal mammary SLN, but the practicability of internal mammary SLN biopsy is still in the investigative stage. Intraoperative diagnosis of SLN is useful because patients with SLN metastases may be treated immediately with ALND, but it is unreasonable to expect that either examination of frozen sections or imprint cytology will detect every metastatic disease. SLN micrometastases may be of prognostic importance and these can be identified with H and E staining on permanent sections of 200 micro m intervals. While ALND is preferable for patients even with a small tumor (T1) and SLN micrometastases, radiation therapy is an acceptable alternative. SLN biopsy may be indicated for patients with DCIS detected as a palpable mass or those with large calcification areas in the breast. The accuracy of SLN biopsy after neoadjuvant chemotherapy is considered to be unproven. CONCLUSION: Since SLN biopsy has been adopted by surgeons around the world, consistency of technique and case selection has attained great significance.     

甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移区域的超声特点研究

目的：探究甲状腺癌颈部淋巴结转移区域的超声特点。方法回顾性分析58例甲状腺癌患者的临床资料。将患者术前颈部淋巴结转移区域的超声诊断与患者的病理诊断进行比较,分析其超声表现的特点。结果58例患者中经术前超声诊断显示,有36例（62．07％）颈部淋巴结转移,其中3例单纯中央区淋巴结转移、18例单纯颈侧区淋巴结转移、15例颈侧区合并中央区淋巴结转移;中央区淋巴结转移率为31．03％,显著低于颈侧区淋巴结转移率56．89％。病理诊断结果显示,58例患者中有33例（56．89％）颈部淋巴结转移,其中21例单纯中央区淋巴结转移,2例单纯颈侧区淋巴结转移,10例颈侧区合并中央区淋巴结转移;中央区淋巴结转移率为53．44％,显著高于颈侧区淋巴结转移率20．68％。超声诊断颈部转移性淋巴结的特异性为80．0％（12／15）,敏感性为100．0％（33／33）。超声检查对中央区转移性淋巴结的检出率为58．06％（18／31）,显著低于颈侧区转移性淋巴结的检出率100．0％（12／12）。超声诊断颈侧区淋巴结转移与病理结果的符合率为36．36％（12／33）,显著低于中央区淋巴结转移与病理结果的符合率58．06％（18／31）,差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。颈侧区和中央区中淋巴门回声消失和低回声占较高的比例,且颈侧区和中央区颈侧区转移性淋巴结中L／T＜2所占的比例差异具有统计学意义（P＜0．05）。结论甲状腺癌多转移至颈部中央区淋巴结,采用超声检查具有较高的特异性,对中央区淋巴结的诊断有十分重要的意义。     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检

慨述乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检(SLNB)的解剖生理基础、临床意义、影响因素、假阴性和乳腺癌前哨淋巴结的定位、微转移及病理诊断。SLNB常规应用于临床还有持进一步探讨。     

低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的影响因素

目的 分析低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移相关临床病理因素.方法 采用单因素和logistic多因素回归分析方法,分析低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移与其临床病理因素的关系.结果 患者性别、年龄、肿瘤位置、肿瘤占肠腔周径、Ki-67表达与侧方淋巴结转移无明显相关性,而肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤直径、血清CEA含量、E-cad表达与侧方淋巴结转移相关.其影响作用大小的顺序为:浸润深度>血清CEA浓度>肿瘤最大直径>E-cad表达.结论 直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移率较低,不推荐常规行侧方淋巴结清扫;肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤直径、血清CEA含量、E-cad表达是影响低位直肠癌侧方淋巴结转移的因素,对临床上手术方式的制定有一定参考价值.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移的相关因素分析及病理学研究

目的探究乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移的相关因素。方法回顾性分析162例前哨淋巴结活检技术的乳腺癌患者的临床资料,对乳腺癌临床病理指标与前哨淋巴结转移之间的关系进行因素分析。结果前哨淋巴结阳性共83例,前哨淋巴结阴性共79例。2组间的年龄、性别组成、体重指数、吸烟史和饮酒史等的差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。原发肿瘤位置、活检方式与前哨淋巴结转移无关(P>0.05),但病理类型与前哨淋巴结转移有关。随着肿瘤的变大,灵敏度、特异性也随之升高。多元Logistic回归分析显示,肿瘤直径和病理类型是影响前哨淋巴结转移的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论乳腺癌前哨淋巴结转移考虑与肿瘤大小及病理类型相关,但具体病例需具体分析后考虑是否可行前哨淋巴结活检术。     

早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检在简化腋清扫中的应用研究

[目的]探讨早期乳腺癌患者行前哨淋巴结活检（SLNB）为阴性,行简化腋窝淋巴结清扫替代腋窝淋巴结清扫术（ALND）的临床效果。[方法]采用1%亚甲蓝染色法对65例早期乳腺癌患者行SLNB,60例成功行SLNB,其中40例SLN无转移者行简化腋窝淋巴结清扫术（简化组）;20例SLN有转移者行ALND（标准组）,比较两组患者术后上肢并发症的发生情况、腋窝复发及全身转移情况。[结果]简化组手术时间和腋窝引流时间比标准组明显缩短,有统计学差异（P〈0.01）;简化组术后患侧上肢的疼痛、肿胀、麻木症状明显较标准组少（P〈0.01）。两组生存曲线没有差异。[结论]亚甲蓝染色法能够比较准确地定位乳腺癌的前哨淋巴结。简化ALND替代ALND手术时间和术后引流时间缩短,方便可行,并发症明显减少,腋窝复发率低,是早期乳腺癌患者的安全分期手术。     

声门上区癌颈淋巴结转移的临床及病理探讨

目的：通过１００例声门上区癌的临床病理研究。分析其原发癌和颈淋巴结转移的关系。方法：临床颈淋巴结阴性的６３例中３０例只切除原发癌,术后１４例因颈淋巴结肿大而行治疗性颈清术,另３３例在切除原发癌的同时,行选择性上颈清除术;临床颈淋巴结阳性的３７例,均行了治疗性颈清术。结果：（１）１００例颈淋巴结转移率为５１％。（２）５１例颈淋转移癌中,有３５例转移癌侵至淋巴结包膜外,其中２１例治疗失败。３）１００例     

子宫内膜癌前哨淋巴结的研究进展

子宫内膜癌是常见的妇科恶性肿瘤,分期手术为全子宫切除+双侧输卵管卵巢切除+盆腔和(或)腹主动脉旁淋巴结切除。绝大部分患者诊断时尚处早期,病情仅局限于子宫,淋巴结转移风险小,若行系统性淋巴结切除术,可能未改善患者的生存状况,反而增加了术后并发症。前哨淋巴结活检可检测肿瘤区域的淋巴结转移情况并评估预后,适合子宫内膜癌早期患者,可避免过大的手术范围,提高生存质量。随着淋巴解剖、定位技术、病理评估等不断改善,前哨淋巴结的识别率以及淋巴结转移的检出率不断提高,能够更加精准地指导手术治疗。     

The Pre-Treatment Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio: a Useful Tool in Predicting Non-Sentinel Lymph Node Metastasis in Breast Cancer Cases

Background: The sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy is a highly accurate predictor of overall axillary nodal status in early breast cancer patients. There is however, still a debate on which patients with a positive SLN can benefit from axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Numerous studies have been designed to identify variables that are predictive of non-SLN metastasis to avoid a complete ALND. The aim of this study was to determine whether the pre-treatment neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) can be a predictive factor of non-SLN metastasis in early breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The records of 214 consecutive patients with cT1-3N0 invasive breast cancer who had undergone intraoperative SLN evaluation at Songklanagarind Hospital between the 1stof March 2011 and the 30thof May 2016 were examined. Data on patient demographics, tumor variables and NLR were collected and factors for non-SLN metastasis were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression. The power of the NLR was quantified with receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves as measured by the areas under curves (AUC). Results: Multivariate analysis established presence of lymphovascular invasion (OR 8.4, 95%CI 2.3-31.3, p=0.002), macrometastasis (OR 6.6, 95%CI 1.8-24.7, p=0.005), and NLR (OR 2.3, 95%CI 1.1-4.8, p=0.033) as predictive factors of non-SLN metastasis with statistical significance. The AUC for NLR was 0.7 (95%CI 0.6-0.8) with an optimal cut-off of 2.6 giving a sensitivity of 62%, a specificity of 83.8%, a positive predictive value of 77.3% and a negative predictive value of 70.5%. Conclusion: Pre-treatment NLR is a useful diagnostic aid for predicting additional non-SLN metastasis.     

肿瘤位置等临床病理特征与分化型甲状腺癌淋巴结转移的关系

目的 探讨肿瘤位置、体积及甲状腺被膜浸润情况等临床病理特征与分化型甲状腺癌颈淋巴结转移的关系。方法 回顾性分析2010年7月至2013年7月四川省肿瘤医院头颈外科收治的初次手术治疗的248例患者临床及病理资料。结果 肿块位置、最大直径、数量、浸出腺体外膜及受累腺叶数等特征对Ⅵ区和Ⅱ~Ⅴ区淋巴结状态均有影响;低龄与Ⅵ区淋巴结转移有关。肿块位于下极时,Ⅵ区阳转率最高达74.29%,Ⅱ~Ⅴ区仅45.00%,而当肿块位于上极时Ⅵ区为58.33%,Ⅱ~Ⅴ区却高达84.21%。肿块直径＞1 cm和2 cm分别为中央区和颈侧区阳转率上升的临界值。结论 肿块位于下极、直径>1 cm、多发、多叶受累、浸出被膜、低龄这些特征可作为中央区淋巴结转移的高危因素;而肿块处于上极、直径＞2 cm、多发、多叶受累、浸出被膜等特征可能为颈侧区淋巴结转移的高危因素;应当尤其注意肿块位置与不同区域淋巴结状态的关系以及肿块体积作为区域淋巴结转移的高危因素时其临界值可能不同。     

microRNA Profile Associated with Positive Lymph Node Metastasis in Early-Stage Cervical Cancer

Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is an important prognostic factor in cervical cancer (CC). In early stages, the risk of LNM is approximately 3.7 to 21.7%, and the 5-year overall survival decreases from 80% to 53% when metastatic disease is identified in the lymph nodes. Few reports have analyzed the relationship between miRNA expression and the presence of LNM. The aim of this study was to identify a subset of miRNAs related to LNM in early-stage CC patients. Formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue blocks were collected from patients with early-stage CC treated by radical hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy. We analyzed samples from two groups of patients—one group with LNM and the other without LNM. Global miRNA expression was identified by microarray analysis, and cluster analysis was used to determine a subset of miRNAs associated with LNM. Microarray expression profiling identified a subset of 36 differentially expressed miRNAs in the two groups (fold change (FC) ≥ 1.5 and p < 0.01). We validated the expression of seven miRNAs; miR-487b, miR-29b-2-5p, and miR-195 were underexpressed, and miR-92b-5p, miR-483-5p, miR-4534, and miR-548ac were overexpressed according to the microarray experiments. This signature exhibited prognostic value for identifying early-stage CC patients with LNM. These findings may help detect LNM that cannot be observed in imaging studies.