Rab7负向调控巨噬细胞中CpG诱导的细胞因子的表达

目的:研究Rab7过表达及失活突变(Rab7T22N)对CpG刺激的RAW264.7巨噬细胞中分泌细胞因子的影响。方法:采用RT-PCR和Real-time PCR检测RAW264.7细胞中Rab7在CpG刺激下表达模式。将Rab7真核表达质粒及失活突变质粒Rab7T22N通过脂质体法转染RAW264.7细胞,G418稳定筛选,Western法鉴定表达效果。用CpG刺激稳定表达Rab7的RAW264.7细胞系,RT-PCR和Real-time PCR检测细胞因子IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-β的表达量变化。结果:CpG刺激RAW264.7后,Rab7 mRNA表达水平逐渐增高,在8小时达到高峰,表达增高近4倍。Rab7过表达后,CpG刺激后产生的IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-β显著降低。巨噬细胞中Rab7失活突变后,在CpG刺激后IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-β的表达又显著增加。结论:CpG促进RAW264.7巨噬细胞中Rab7 mRNA的表达,Rab7抑制了CpG刺激的巨噬细胞中IL-6、IL-1β、IFN-β的表达,该抑制作用的发挥与其酶活性的GTP结合有关。该研究为进一步阐明Rab7在CpG/TLR9信号通路中的作用奠定了基础。     

Viili多糖对巨噬细胞RAW264.7激活及分泌细胞因子的影响

探讨viili胞外多糖(Viili exopolysaccharides,VEPS)对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7激活和增殖的影响。噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法检测细胞的生长与增殖;中性红吞噬实验检测吞噬活性;Griess试剂盒检测培养上清液中NO分泌量,ELISA法检测VEPS不同浓度及不同作用时间培养上清中IL-6,IL-1β含量;扫描电子显微镜观察VEPS对细胞形态的影响;碘化丙啶(PI)染色检测VEPS对细胞周期的影响。结果显示,VEPS对RAW264.7细胞的增殖、吞噬能力、分泌NO、IL-6、IL-1β等都有显著的促进作用,VEPS为100μg/ml时促进作用最明显,呈剂量相关,作用72h时细胞因子分泌量达到最大,72h后下降。VEPS激活巨噬细胞并使其变得扁平伸展且形成伪足。VEPS促进G1期细胞增多,提高细胞的增殖能力。VEPS免疫调节作用与其激活RAW264.7细胞,促进NO、IL-6、IL-1β等分泌有关,且VEPS与LPS对RAW264.7细胞有相似的作用规律。以上结果证明VEPS能激活巨噬细胞,也可能最终激活淋巴细胞,达到增强非特异性和特异性免疫的作用。     

Inhibitory effect of ZPDC glycoprotein on the expression of inflammation-related cytokines through p38 MAP kinase and JNK in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells

Objective:  This study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory potentials of 24 kDa glycoprotein isolated from Zanthoxylum piperitum DC fruit (ZPDC glycoprotein) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7 cells). Material and Methods:  RAW 264.7 cells were treated with ZPDC glycoprotein (50–200 μg/ml) in presence of LPS (2 μg/ml). The changes of the levels of inflammation-related factors were determined by using Western blot, EMSA, and RT-PCR. Results:  ZPDC glycoprotein has inhibitory effects on the phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), on the DNA binding activity of activator protein-1 (AP-1), and on the expression of c-Jun and c-Fos in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Interestingly, the DNA binding activity of AP-1 was attenuated by treatment with inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase and JNK. In addition, ZPDC glycoprotein (200 μg/ml) not only diminished the production of superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and nitric oxide, but also suppressed the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) and proteins (iNOS, COX-2, and MMP-9) in LPS- stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions:  The present study demonstrates that ZPDC glycoprotein is a natural anti-oxidant and one of the modulators of pro-inflammatory signal transduction pathways in RAW 264.7 cells. Received 2 June 2008; returned for revision 12 August 2008; received from final revision 15 August 2008; accepted by G. Wallace 18 September 2008     

Anti-inflammatory Activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">n</Emphasis>-Propyl Gallate Through Down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK Pathways

The present study aimed to assess anti-inflammatory activity and underlying mechanism of n-propyl gallate, the n-propyl ester of gallic acid. n-Propyl gallate was shown to contain anti-inflammatory activity using two experimental animal models, acetic acid-induced permeability model in mice, and air pouch model in rats. It suppressed production of nitric oxide and induction of inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It was able to diminish reactive oxygen species level elevated in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It also suppressed gelatinolytic activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9 enhanced in the LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophage cells. It inhibited inhibitory κB-α degradation and enhanced NF-κB promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. It was able to suppress phosphorylation of c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase 1/2 (JNK1/2) and activation of c-Jun promoter activity in the stimulated macrophage cells. In brief, n-propyl gallate possesses anti-inflammatory activity via down-regulation of NF-κB and JNK pathways.     

肺炎链球菌溶血素经死亡受体/Fas途径和线粒体途径诱导RAW264.7细胞凋亡

目的:探讨肺炎链球菌溶血素(Pneumolysin,Ply)对小鼠RAW264.7细胞的增殖抑制和诱导凋亡的作用及机制。方法:Ply蛋白加入RAW264.7细胞培养上清与细胞共孵育。倒置显微镜观察Ply对RAW264.7细胞形态的影响。MTT法检测Ply对RAW264.7细胞的增殖抑制。Annexin V法检测细胞凋亡率。分光光度法检测Caspase-3、8、9活性。免疫细胞化学法检测到Bax、Fas、Bcl-2蛋白的表达。结果:Ply对小鼠RAW264.7细胞有明显的增殖抑制作用,呈剂量和时间依赖性;1μg/ml Ply处理RAW264.7细胞24小时后,可见典型的凋亡形态学改变;1μg/ml Ply处理RAW264.7细胞1小时和3小时后,细胞凋亡率分别为32.90%和51.56%(P<0.05);1μg/ml Ply蛋白处理RAW264.7细胞24小时,Caspase-3、8、9活性均比对照组升高(P<0.05);免疫细胞化学法检测到Bax、Fas表达较对照组增强,Bcl-2表达减弱(P<0.01)。结论:Ply可诱导小鼠RAW264.7细胞凋亡,诱导凋亡的机制可能是通过死亡受体/Fas途径和线粒体途径双重机制的介导实现。     

Antigen presenting cells may be able to distinguish between normal and radiated Schistosoma japonicum cercaria: an in vitro observation

Objective

To observe the discrepancies of responses induced by Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) normal cercaria antigen (NCA) and ultraviolet (UV) -radiation-attenuated cercaria antigen (UVACA) in an in vitro system.

Methods

S. japonicum cercariae were collected and UVACA and NCA were prepared. Mouse macrophage model cells (RAW 264.7) were treated with medium, NCA (40 µg/mL) or UVACA (40 µg/mL) in the presence or absence of recombinant mouse interferon gamma (rmIFN-γ; 4 ng/mL) for 48 h. Cell surface staining and flow cytometry were used to assess the major histocompatibility complex (MHC)γ; 4 ng/mL) for 48 h. Cell surface staining and flow cytometry were used to assess the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) II expression, and data were expressed as mean fluorescence intensities (MFI). Interleukin (IL) -10, IL-6 and prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) in cell culture supernatant were evaluated by commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.

Results

NCA significantly suppressed IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression on RAW 264.7 cells. In the presence of IFN-γ, NCA significantly promoted IL-6, IL-10 and PGE₂ secretion from RAW 264.7 cells. In the presence of IFN-γ, UVACA significantly promoted IL-10 but not IL-6 and PGE₂ secretion from RAW 264.7 cells and showed no effect on IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression. Compared with UVACA, NCA significantly suppressed IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression and significantly promoted IL-6, PGE₂ and IL-10 secretion from RAW 264.7 cells.

Conclusion

RAW 264.7 cells respond differently to NCA and UVACA. NCA can significantly suppress IFN-γ-induced MHC II expression and significantly promote IL-6, IL-10 and PGE₂ secretion from RAW 264.7 cells compared with UVACA.     

CpG ODN核心序列改变对其生物学活性的影响

目的：观察含CpG基序寡核苷酸（CpG ODN）核心序列改变后对其细胞内化和免疫活性的影响。方法：人工合成6-FAM标记的CpG ODN，将其核心序列CpG二核苷酸的胞嘧啶（C）甲基化（mCpG ODN）、胞嘧啶（C）和鸟嘌呤（G）顺序颠倒（GpC ODN），在RAW264.7细胞培养体系中加入不同的ODN后，应用流式细胞术和激光共聚焦显微镜观察ODN的细胞内化与定位，ELISA法检测ODN对细胞释放TNF-α的影响。结果：CpG ODN核心序列的改变不影响其在细胞内的聚集，激光共聚焦术检测发现6-FAM ODN被内化进入RAW264.7细胞，绿色荧光小体呈散点状分布于细胞中；胞嘧啶甲基化后，mCpG ODN促细胞释放TNF-α的作用显著降低（P<0.01），仅保留部分刺激活性，但是GpC ODN几乎丧失了促细胞释放TNF-α的作用。结论：CG序列对CpG ODN的生物活性至关重要，胞嘧啶C甲基化不影响CpG ODN在细胞内的定位，但能部分抑制CpG ODN的免疫活性。     

Murine RAW 264.7 cell line as an immune target: are we missing something?

The popular murine macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7, is often used to initially screen natural products for bioactivity and to predict their potential effect in vivo or on primary cells. The cell line response is considered to reflect the potential human de novo response, and is used to evaluate the effective bioactivity of the product. Here, we compared the cytokine response of RAW 264.7 cells to shark cartilage (SC) with that of human leukocytes to determine whether the cell line response was a reliable predictor of the cytokine response one can expect from similarly stimulated human primary cells. Results not only revealed significant differences in the nature and level of TNFα produced by cells in vitro, but also showed that while the primary cell response included an upregulation in the production of IL-1β such a response was absent in RAW 264.7 cells. This suggests that had we relied on RAW 264.7 cells alone to assess the cytokine-inducing capacity of SC, the comprehensive Th1 response (shown in an earlier study) induced by SC in primary cells, consisting of release of several proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, would not have been revealed. We conclude, therefore, that assays using only RAW 264.7 cells to initially screen for and assess immune reactivity of test products will not necessarily provide a comprehensive picture of the immunomodulatory properties of the substance under investigation, and can in fact be misleading with regard to the overall bioactive potential of the substance on an initial screen.     

Dichloromethane Fraction of Laminaria japonica Ethanolic Extract Inhibits Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Nitric Oxide Synthase and Cyclooxygenase-2 Expression in RAW 264.7 Cells via NF-κB Pathway

Strong anti-inflammatory activity has been found in Laminaria japonica dichloromethane fraction (LDF); however, the molecular mechanisms underlying its anti-inflammatory activity are not reported. Our results indicated that LDF inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide and prostaglandin E(2) production in a dose-dependent manner and suppressed the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) in RAW 264.7 cells. Also, levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-6 were remarkably reduced by LDF in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells. LDF greatly inhibited promoter activity of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and translocation of NF-κB subunits by prevention of the degradation of inhibitor κB-α in LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells (p?相似文献   

小鼠巨噬细胞内表达结核分枝杆菌CFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白对细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

 目的：建立培养滤液蛋白10-早期分泌性抗原靶6（CFP10-ESAT6）真核表达质粒并转染RAW2647巨噬细胞,观察胞内表达CFP10-ESAT6对细胞活性及凋亡的影响,并初步探讨其机制。方法：将CFP10-ESAT6融合基因插入真核表达质粒pEGFP-N1,构建重组质粒,转染RAW264.7巨噬细胞。采用MTT的方法测定CFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白对RAW264.7巨噬细胞活性的影响,采用结核分枝杆菌19 kD脂蛋白和十字孢碱（staurosporine）处理RAW264.7巨噬细胞,并以流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率以及Toll样受体2（TLR2）的表达。结果：成功构建了重组质粒pEGFP-N1/CFP10-ESAT6并转染至RAW264.7巨噬细胞;与对照组相比,胞内表达CFP10-ESAT6不能影响巨噬细胞的活性,但可以明显抑制结核分枝杆菌19 kD脂蛋白所造成的凋亡(P＜0.05),并显著抑制了TLR2的表达(P＜0.05)。结论：巨噬细胞内表达的CFP10-ESAT6融合蛋白不具有细胞毒性作用,但可以通过下调TLR2的表达来抑制结核分枝杆菌19 kD脂蛋白所造成的凋亡。     

Assessment of Immunomodulatory Activities and in vitro Toxicity of New Quinolone 7-ethyl 9-ethyl-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-h]quinoline-7-carboxylate

Our previous studies on leukemia cells L1210 and cervical cancer HeLa cells revealed cytotoxic effects of the 7-ethyl 9-ethyl-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-h]quinoline-7-carboxylate (E2h), a new synthetically prepared quinolone derivative, toward selected cancer cell lines. The aim of the present study was to examine the cytotoxicity of E2h toward next cell lines and tissues; that is, human cancer HL-60 and A549 cells, human non-cancer fibroblast BHNF-1 cells, and reconstructed human epidermis tissues. Further we investigated the immunomodulatory activity of E2h on murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. Selenadiazoloquinolone E2h induced specific antiproliferative/cytotoxic activity against leukemia HL-60 cells and is the potent inducer of apoptotic cell death. Quinolone derivative demonstrated the immunomodulatory activities on RAW 264.7 cell line murine macrophages. The immunobiological studies revealed time- and concentration-dependent effective immunomodulation of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines’ release and antiproliferative/cytotoxic effect following exposure of RAW 264.7 cells to E2h.

Abbreviations: DMEM, Dulbecco’s modified eagle medium; DMSO, Dimethylsulfoxide; EtBr, Ethidium bromide; PI, Propidium iodide; E2h, 7-ethyl 9-ethyl-6-oxo-6,9-dihydro[1,2,5]selenadiazolo[3,4-h]quinoline-7-carboxylate.     

A Leaf Methanolic Extract of Wercklea insignis Attenuates the Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Response by Blocking the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in RAW 264.7 Macrophages

The biological activity of Wercklea insignis (WI) in inflammation and the underlying mechanisms of action of extracts of this plant are largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effects of a WI methanolic extract on lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammation in the mouse macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7. A WI methanolic extract significantly inhibited NO, PGE₂, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α were suppressed by the extract at both the mRNA and protein levels in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated cells. Additionally, the attenuation of inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 cells by the WI extract was closely associated with suppression of phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) molecules, including ERK, JNK1/2, and p38 MAPK and translocation of the nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 subunit into the nucleus. The effect of WI extract was investigated against carrageenan-induced paw edema in female (20–25 g). Our results collectively indicate that the WI extract inhibits LPS-induced inflammatory responses by blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway in macrophages, supporting use of the extract as a therapeutic anti-inflammatory treatment.     

Transforming growth factor-beta 1 inhibits activation of macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 for cell killing.

Transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-beta) is a multi-potent immunoregulatory peptide that has effects on numerous cell types. Here we report that human TGF-beta inhibits the activation of the macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 for killing of the L1210 tumour cell line. RAW 264.7 cells, like normal macrophages, require sequential interaction with priming and triggering stimuli for full activation of cytolytic activity. TGF-beta inhibits this cytotoxicity in a dose-dependent manner at both the priming and the triggering stage. Addition of as little as 1 ng/ml TGF-beta when added with either the priming signal, recombinant interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), or the triggering signal, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), completely abrogated tumouricidal activity. Incubation with TGF-beta also inhibited the morphological changes normally observed in activated RAW 264.7 cells. However, TGF-beta was unable to inhibit the cytotoxic activity of RAW 264.7 cells against the target cell line WEHI 164, which is sensitive to tumour necrosis factor. In contrast to the effects on cytotoxic activity, the cytostatic activity of activated RAW 264.7 cells was not inhibited by TGF-beta at doses of up to 5 ng/ml. In addition, pretreatment of the L1210 target cells with TGF-beta made them refractory to both the cytostatic and cytotoxic effects of RAW 264.7 cells. These data suggest that TGF-beta may be an important mediator in the regulation of macrophage tumouricidal activity.     

微弧氧化镁合金对巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子和白细胞介素6的影响

背景：微弧氧化处理可提高镁合金的抗腐蚀性能,延缓其降解速率。 目的：观察微弧氧化处理镁合金对小鼠巨噬细胞肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6的影响。 方法：在小鼠RAW264.7细胞中分别加入镁合金浸提液(对照组)、微弧氧化处理镁合金浸提液(实验组)及RPMI-1640(空白对照组),1 h后加入脂多糖,作用24 h后,收集细胞上清液,检测肿瘤坏死因子α和白细胞介素6水平,MTT法测定脂多糖刺激前后的RAW264.7细胞活性。 结果与结论：①脂多糖刺激前的RAW264.7细胞活性：对照组>实验组>空白对照组(P均< 0.05)。②脂多糖刺激后的RAW264.7细胞活性：实验组与对照组高于刺激前,但差异无显著性意义;空白对照组明显高于刺激前(P < 0.01)。3组间RAW264.7细胞活性差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。③脂多糖刺激后RAW264.7细胞白细胞介素6与肿瘤坏死因子α的表达量：对照组白细胞介素6表达量明显高于实验组和空白对照组(P < 0.05);3组肿瘤坏死因子α表达量两两之间比较差异无显著性意义(P > 0.05)。表明微弧氧化处理镁合金对小鼠巨噬细胞活性无明显影响,同时降低了炎性反应。     

核仁素对LPS诱导的白细胞介素1β释放的影响

目的: 探讨核仁素在脂多糖(LPS)所致炎症模型中的表达及其对LPS所致的白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)释放的影响。方法: 小鼠腹腔注射LPS(15 mg/kg)建立内毒素血症模型,LPS(500 μg/L)处理建立RAW264.7细胞炎症模型,采用免疫印迹观察核仁素在炎症模型中的表达。利用瞬时转染技术抑制或增加RAW264.7细胞内核仁素表达后,LPS处理,酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测细胞培养基中IL-1β的含量。结果: 在内毒素血症小鼠的肺组织和RAW264.7细胞炎症模型中,110 kD核仁素表达上调,80 kD核仁素片段表达减少。与转空载体对照组比较,核仁素过表达组LPS所致的IL-1β释放明显增加(P<0.05);与正常细胞组和随机寡核苷酸组比较,核仁素低表达组LPS所致的IL-1β释放明显减少(P<0.05)。结论: 在LPS所致的炎症模型中,110 kD核仁素表达上调, 80 kD核仁素片段表达减少;核仁素促进LPS所致的IL-1β释放。     

IM-133N modulates cytokine secretion by RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells

An indigenous herbal extract IM-133N containing extracts of Prosopis glandulosa Torr and Symplocos racemosa Roxb were evaluated for potential immunomodulatory effects using RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells. The incubation of the cells for 24?h with IM-133N over a dose range 0–125?µg/ml did not cause cytotoxicity that exceeded 10%. The results indicated that non-cytotoxic doses of IM-133N effectively up-regulated iNOS, TNFα, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8 and IFNγ gene expression in both the RAW264.7 and THP-1 cells. The results also indicated IM-133N elicited dose-related increases in nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α production by RAW264.7 or THP-1 cells. These results demonstrated that IM-133N could stimulate NO and induced pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by monocytes/macrophages. As clinical studies have shown IM-133N to be an effective immunomodulator without any adverse effects, the results of the present study provide further support for the potential use of this agent as an immunostimulant or as an immunotherapy adjuvant.     

Upregulation of heme oxygenase-1 via PI3K/Akt and Nrf-2 signaling pathways mediates the anti-inflammatory activity of Schisandrin in Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS-stimulated macrophages

The lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Porphyromonas gingivalis is thought to induce periodontitis. In this study, we isolated Schisandrin from the dried fruits of Schisandra chinensis and examined the anti-inflammatory effect of Schisandrin in macrophages stimulated with LPS from P. gingivalis. First, Schisandrin inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. And Schisandrin suppressed the nuclear translocation and activity of NF-κB and phosphorylation of IκBα in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Next, the presence of a selective inhibitor of HO-1 (SnPP) and a siRNA specific for HO-1 inhibited Schisandrin-mediated anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, Schisandrin induced HO-1 expression of RAW 264.7 cells through Nrf-2, PI3K/Akt, and ERK activation. Therefore, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of Schisandrin on P. gingivalis LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells may be due to a reduction of NF-κB activity and induction of the expression of HO-1, leading to TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 down-regulation.     

TGF-β1下调炎性巨噬细胞RAW264.7 TLR4受体的表达

目的探讨TGF-β1对小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7 TLR4受体表达的调节作用。方法 Teal-Time PCR法检测RAW264.7细胞TGF-β1和TLR4受体mRNA表达,ELISA法检测RAW264.7细胞TGF-β1的分泌,流式细胞术检测RAW264.7细胞TLR4受体的表达。结果一定剂量的LPS促进RAW264.7分泌TGF-β1,且呈剂量依赖关系,一定剂量的TGF-β1单独刺激下调RAW264.7的TLR4受体的表达,TGF-β1能够下调LPS活化的RAW264.7细胞TLR4受体表达。结论 TGF-β1可以通过下调巨噬细胞TLR4受体表达来控制机体炎性反应,这可能是TGF-β1作为免疫抑制剂抑制炎症反应的重要途径之一。