Exploring the potential of a conditional cash transfer intervention to reduce HIV risk among young women in Iringa,Tanzania

Cash transfer programs seek to alter structural determinants of HIV risk such as poverty and gender inequality. We sought to explore the feasibility and potential effectiveness of a cash transfer intervention for young women as part of combination HIV prevention in Iringa, Tanzania. Qualitative, in-depth interviews were conducted with 116 stakeholders and residents from the region, including key informants, service delivery users, and members of key populations. Most respondents felt a cash transfer program would assist young women in Iringa to have more control over sexual decision-making and reduce poverty-driven transactional sex. Respondents were divided on who should receive funds: young women themselves, their parents/guardians, or community leaders. Cash amounts and suggested target groups varied, and several respondents suggested providing microcredit or small business capital instead of cash. Potential concerns included jealousy, dependency, and corruption. However, most respondents felt that some intervention was needed to address underlying poverty driving some sexual risk behavior. A cash transfer program could fill this role, ultimately reducing HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies. As increased attention is given to economic and structural interventions for HIV prevention, local input and knowledge should be considered in a program design.     

Structural,interpersonal, psychosocial,and behavioral risk factors for HIV acquisition among female bar workers in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

In sub-Saharan Africa, female bar workers (FBWs) often serve as informal sex workers. Little is known about the prevalence of HIV and HIV-related risk factors among FBWs in Dar es Salaam (DSM), Tanzania. Using an adapted Structural HIV Determinants Framework, we identified structural, interpersonal, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors for HIV acquisition. We compared the prevalence of HIV and HIV-related risk factors among a random sample of 66 FBWs from DSM to an age-standardized, representative sample of female DSM-residents from the 2016 Demographic and Health and 2011–2012 AIDS Indicator Surveys. Compared to other women in DSM, FBWs had elevated prevalence of all four groups of risk factors. Key risk factors included gender and economic inequalities (structural); sexual violence and challenges negotiating condom use (interpersonal); depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, and low social support (psychosocial); and history of unprotected sex, multiple sex partners, and high alcohol consumption (behavioral). HIV prevalence did not differ between FBWs (7.1%, 95% CI 3.7-13.3%) and survey respondents (7.7%, 95% CI: 5.3-11.1%), perhaps due to FBWs’ higher – though sub-optimal – engagement with HIV prevention strategies. Elevated exposure to HIV-related risk factors but low HIV prevalence suggests economic, psychosocial, and biomedical interventions may prevent HIV among FBWs in DSM.     

A qualitative study of migrant-related stressors,psychosocial outcomes and HIV risk behaviour among truck drivers in Zambia

Truck drivers are part of mobile populations which have been noted as a key population at risk of HIV in Zambia. This study was aimed at: (1) determining potentially traumatic events (PTEs), labour migrant-related stressors, psychosocial problems and HIV risk behaviours among truck drivers in Zambia; and (2) examining the relationship between PTEs, migrant-related stressors, psychosocial outcomes and HIV sexual risk behaviour among truck drivers in Zambia. We conducted 15 semi-structured interviews with purposively sampled male truck drivers at trucking companies in Lusaka, Zambia. Findings indicate that truck drivers experience multiple stressors and potentially traumatic incidences, including delays and long waiting hours at borders, exposure to crime and violence, poverty, stress related to resisting temptation of sexual interactions with sex workers or migrant women, and job-related safety concerns. Multiple psychosocial problems such as intimate partner violence, loneliness, anxiety and depression-like symptoms were noted. Transactional sex, coupled with inconsistent condom use, were identified as HIV sexual risk behaviours. Findings suggest the critical need to develop HIV-prevention interventions which account for mobility, potentially traumatic events, psychosocial problems, and the extreme fear of HIV testing among this key population.     

瑞丽口岸入境缅甸籍卡车司机HIV检测分析

目的为掌握瑞丽口岸入境缅甸籍卡车司机中艾滋病流行的真实情况,为云南边境地区艾滋病防治工作提供科学依据。方法从2002年起,在瑞丽口岸入境的缅甸籍卡车司机人群中,开展了艾滋病流行病学调查和艾滋病病毒（HIV）抗体检测;采用微量明胶颗粒凝集近期感染检测法（PA-LS）,对缅甸籍卡车司机HIV抗体阳性血清样本进行HIV新发感染检测;对2007年采集的42份出入境缅甸籍卡车司机的HIV抗体阳性血浆样品进行分子流行病学调查。结果自2002年以来,瑞丽口岸入境缅甸籍卡车司机的HIV阳性检出率逐年下降;瑞丽口岸入境缅甸籍卡车司机中,HIV新发感染率明显下降;云南边境地区中国和缅甸籍人员感染的HIV亚型有所不同。结论经过云南检验检疫部门长期开展预防艾滋病宣传教育和HIV检测工作,瑞丽口岸入境的缅甸籍卡车司机,其HIV阳性检出率逐年下降,HIV新发感染率也明显下降;口岸艾滋病防治工作对云南边境地区艾滋病的传入产生了明显的阻遏作用。     

Psychosocial factors predicting risky sexual behaviour among long distance truck drivers in Lagos,Nigeria

Long distance truck drivers (LDTDs) have been identified as one of the groups at higher risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Understanding how certain social and psychological variables that have a strong theoretical basis contribute to sexual risk behaviour will guide in the implementation process of HIV risk-reduction intervention in the trucking population. In line with the conceptualisation of Information, Motivation and Behavioural skills model, we examined the extent that HIV knowledge, attitude towards condom use, peer support to condom use, perceived vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, and condom use self-efficacy will independently and jointly explain sexual risk behaviours of LDTDs in a haulage company in Lagos, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey design was used and 154 drivers with ages ranging from 27 to 68 years (M?=?44.03, SD?=?8.82) completed copies of a questionnaire comprising demographics and measures of psychological variables. Psychological factors that included HIV knowledge, attitude towards condom use, perceived vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, peer support to condom use, and condom use self-efficacy significantly jointly predicted sexual risk behaviours (R²?=?.59, F(5, 148)?=?42.63; p?R²?=?.15, F(6, 147)?=?4.39; p?相似文献   

Neglected older women and men: Exploring age and gender as structural drivers of HIV among people aged over 60 in Uganda

This study explored how women's and men's gendered experiences from childhood to old age have shaped their vulnerability in relation to HIV both in terms of their individual risk of HIV and their access to and experiences of HIV services. It was a small scale-scale study conducted in urban and rural sites in Uganda between October 2011 and March 2012. The study used qualitative methods: in-depth interviews (with 31 participants) and focus group discussions (FGDs) with older women (2) and men (2) in urban and rural sites and 7 key informant interviews (KIIs) with stakeholders from government and non-government agencies working on HIV issues. Women's position, the cultural management of sex and gender and contextual stigma related to HIV and to old age inter-relate to produce particular areas of vulnerability to the HIV epidemic among older women and men. Women report the compounding factor of gender-based violence marking many of their sexual relationships throughout their lives, including in older age. Both women and men report extremely fragile livelihoods in their old age. Older people are exposed to HIV through multiple and intersecting drivers of risk and represent an often neglected population within health systems. Research and interventions need to go beyond only conceptualising older people as ‘carers’ to better address their gendered vulnerabilities to HIV in relation to all aspects of policy and programming.     

影响商业性服务提供/受供人群AIDS/HIV危险行为的社会-心理-个人因素

目的 广泛探讨影响商业性接触中艾滋病／艾滋病病毒(AIDS／HIV)危险行为发生的社会、心理和个人经历等因素。方法 采用自我设计的封闭式匿名问卷，于1998年7月对702名女性商业性服务提供者和165名男性受供者进行调查。结果 单因素分析结果显示，男性在商业性行为中不能坚持使用安全套与经济收入高、安全套知识得分低、终生商业性伴数多、自己不主动提出使用安全套以及无性病求医史等因素有关，女性则与未婚、AIDS／HIV知识得分低、安全套知识得分低、在消费档次较高的场所从事商业性服务、保持有非商业性关系以及无性病史和无人工流产史等因素有关。Logistic多因素分析结果显示，男性在商业性关系中发生AIDS／HIV危险性行为与经济收入高、安全套知识得分低、终生商业性伴数多和无性病史等有关，而女性则与其它性病知识得分低、在消费档次较高的场所从事商业性服务、无性病史、无人工流产史、不以安全套作为避孕措施、自己不主动提出使用安全套以及有兼职等有关。结论 商业性服务中HIV危险性行为的发生与参与人群对相关知识的了解以及个人经历关系密切。今后在针对该人群的HIV／AIDS健康教育中注意从这些方面设计宣传教育的内容和方式。     

合成毒品使用人群中HIV感染状态及危险因素研究进展

合成毒品使用者中HIV感染率的地区分布变化较大,注射使用合成毒品者及使用合成毒品的男男性接触者中HIV感染的风险较高。在合成毒品使用者中,未婚、无业者,多药滥用,注射使用毒品以及共用注射器等毒品使用行为,多性伴、无保护性行为、性交易及性暴力等不安全性行为以及合并感染多种疾病等因素为HIV感染与传播的危险因素。加强禁毒力度,积极采取有针对性的干预和治疗措施,以期预防和减少HIV在我国合成毒品滥用者中的感染与传播。     

Sexual and Social Network Correlates of Willingness to Self-Test for HIV Among Ever-Tested and Never-Tested Men: Implications for the Tanzania STEP Project

We examined factors associated with HIV self-testing (HIVST) willingness among male ever-testers and never-testers who participated in a midpoint survey of a cluster randomized controlled HIV prevention trial in Dar es Salaam. Linear mixed binary logistic regression models were constructed to examine factors (demographic, HIV risk behavior, and sexual/social network) associated with willingness to self-test. Sixtyseven percent of 301 never-testers were willing to self-test for HIV compared to 72% 577 of ever-testers. Among never-testers, having discussed testing for HIV with a sexual partner was the only factor associated with HIVST willingness (2.36, 95% CI: 1.35–4.15). For evertesters, younger men were less willing to self-test than older men while men with higher education were more willing to self-test than less educated men. Having a moderate/great HIV risk perception decreased the odds of HIVST willingness relative to no risk perception (0.40, 95% CI 0.23–0.70) for ever-testers. Discussing HIV testing with a sexual partner and having been encouraged to test for HIV by a friend were associated with higher odds of being willing to self-test (2.22, 2.23; 95% CI 1.34–3.67, 1.14–4.39, respectively) among ever-testers. These findings suggest that HIVST willingness is highly acceptable among both male ever-testers and never-testers.     

云南省188例HIV/AIDS青年学生感染危险因素分析

目的 了解云南省青年学生中HIV感染危险因素,为防治策略的制定提供依据.方法 对1989-2010年云南省病例报告发现的年龄≥15岁、职业为学生的HIV/AIDS病例的数据进行分析.结果 截至2010年底,云南省共报告青年学生HIV/AIDS病例188例,近年来报告人数上升较快;全省有15个州(市)有病例报告,地区差异...     

Prevalence and factors associated with alcohol drinking among HIV and tuberculosis co-infected patients in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

There is scarcity of information on the burden of alcohol use among people living with HIV in Tanzania despite the high burden of HIV. We examined the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol use among HIV and tuberculosis (TB) co-infected patients in fourteen clinics with highest notification of TB in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, between October 2010 and December 2011. Proportions were used to describe the prevalence and pattern of alcohol use. Logistic regression was used to assess the association of various participant characteristics with alcohol use. Out of the 515 participants, 38 (7.4%) were current alcohol drinkers, 183 (35.5%) were ex-drinkers and the rest, 294 (57.1%) denied ever drinking alcohol. Approximately, 15% of past and current drinkers were classified as heavy drinkers. Patients with normal BMI, cigarette smokers, and those with higher income were more likely to be drinkers. Similarly, compared to civil servants, those in petty trade and other occupations were more likely to be drinkers. We concluded that, the level of current alcohol use among HIV positive people receiving pulmonary TB treatment in this population was low. Nevertheless, alcohol use screening and assessment should be added as an integral part of service provision in HIV clinics given the effect of alcohol on health outcomes among HIV positive patients.     

An assessment of HIV testing in Tanzania to inform future strategies and interventions

This study identified characteristics of Tanzanians who have never tested for HIV in order to inform localized interventions to increase HIV testing coverage and uptake. A total of 3257 randomly selected participants aged 18–49 years were surveyed in 16 Mainland regions. Those surveyed were asked about demographics, HIV risk perception, HIV testing behavior, knowledge of both their own and partner's HIV status, and if they were tested with their partner. Approximately 22% of women and 46% of men reported never testing for HIV, with those who are younger (18–24 years), single/never married, living in rural areas, less educated, and having multiple sexual partners in the past year less likely to have tested. The gender differences in HIV testing behavior identified are supported by existing research. No association was found in either gender between HIV risk perception and testing, however, those least likely to test were those with multiple sex partners. These findings can help better target localized interventions focused on younger, single people, and those with multiple sex partners.     

HIV/AIDS患者一线治疗失败的发生率及相关因素分析

目的研究HIV/AIDS患者一线治疗失败的发生率并分析其危险因素,从而对预警治疗失败的发生和提高抗病毒治疗的效果提供依据。方法以2005—2015年在北京地坛医院接受免费抗病毒治疗且发生一线治疗失败的HIV/AIDS患者为研究对象,回顾性分析患者的基本信息、基线特征以及一线治疗失败的发生率,并通过logistic回归分析治疗失败的相关危险因素。结果一线治疗失败率为3.39%。血液传播(OR=3.713)、基线CD4+T淋巴细胞200个/μl(OR=2.167)、病毒载量(viral load,VL)≥5log copies/ml(OR=2.137)、合并机会性感染(opportunistic infectiion,OI)(OR=3.476)是发生一线治疗失败的危险因素。一线治疗失败与性别、年龄、基线是否合并HBV/HCV感染以及从确诊到治疗的间隔长短无关。结论一线治疗失败的发生与血液传播、低基线CD4+T淋巴细胞计数、基线OI和高基线VL有关。今后应该对具有危险因素的患者给予充分重视,必要时优化治疗方案,注意药物间相互作用。     

Anxiety and depression strongly associated with sexual risk behaviors among networks of young men in Dar es Salaam,Tanzania

This study tested the association between mental health scores and sexual risk behaviors among male members of social groups known as “camps” in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Anxiety and depression were measured using the HSCL-25 and condom use and sexual partner concurrency were assessed through self-report. A total of 1113 sexually active men with an average age of 27 years were included in the analyses. Higher anxiety and depression scores were significantly associated with both condom use (Anxiety AOR?=?0.58, 95% CI: 0.44, 0.77; Depression AOR?=?0.60, 95% CI: 0.47, 0.77) and concurrency (Anxiety AOR?=?2.32, 95% CI: 1.73, 3.12; Depression AOR?=?2.08, 95% CI: 1.60, 2.70). The results of this study provide information salient to the development of effective HIV prevention interventions targeting populations with high burdens of anxiety and depression. The feasibility and effect of integrating mental health promotion activities into HIV prevention interventions should be explored.     

美沙酮服药人员HIV阴性配偶高危性行为及影响因素分析

目的了解云南省美沙酮维持治疗人员艾滋病病毒(HIV)阴性配偶(单阳阴配)高危性行为及其影响因素,为针对性地进行干预提供依据。方法选取云南省13个美沙酮门诊所有HIV阳性服药人员的固定性伴,并通过HIV阳性检测筛检出阴性者,采用调查问卷收集包括人口学特征、知识知晓率及高危性行为等数据,并对高危性行为及影响因素进行分析。结果阴性配偶上次发生性关系时使用安全套的占74%;接受过性病、艾滋病免费咨询和HIV检测的较高,分别为90%、92%;但接受过性病检查治疗的仅有28%。无小孩是其不使用安全套的影响因素(OR=0.197)。结论 HIV阴性配偶发生性行为时高危性行为明显,易受HIV传播直接受害,特别是没有小孩的少数民族女性,应加强对HIV阴性配偶的强化干预,加强安全套的推广使用,以降低配偶间性行为HIV传播概率。     

The association between social networks and self-rated risk of HIV infection among secondary school students in Moshi Municipality,Tanzania

Abstract

This study describes the social networks of secondary school students in Moshi Municipality, and their association with self-rated risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 300 students aged 15–24 years in 5 secondary schools in Moshi, Tanzania. Bonding networks were defined as social groupings of students participating in activities within the school, while bridging networks were groups that included students participating in social groupings from outside of the school environs. A structured questionnaire was used to ask about participation in bonding and bridging social networks and self-rated HIV risk behavior. More participants participated in bonding networks (72%) than in bridging networks (29%). Participation in bridging networks was greater among females (25%) than males (12%, p?<?.005). Of 300 participants, 88 (29%) were sexually experienced, and of these 62 (70%) considered themselves to be at low risk of HIV infection. Factors associated with self-rated risk of HIV included: type of school (p?<?.003), family structure (p?<?.008), being sexually experienced (p?<?.004), having had sex in the past three months (p?<?.009), having an extra sexual partner (p?<?.054) and non-condom use in last sexual intercourse (p?<?.001), but not the presence or type of social capital. The study found no association between bonding and bridging social networks on self-rated risk of HIV among study participants. However, sexually experienced participants rated themselves at low risk of HIV infection despite practicing unsafe sex. Efforts to raise adolescents' self-awareness of risk of HIV infection through life skills education and HIV/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome risk reduction strategies may be beneficial to students in this at-risk group.     

Factors related to HIV infection among unmarried youth in rural areas of Southwest China

We evaluated HIV prevalence among unmarried youth in rural areas of Liangshan Prefecture in southwest China over the period of 2011–2015, and the interactions between behaviors associated with HIV risk. We used HIV sentinel surveillance (HSS) data for our analysis. We used questionnaires to investigate information among unmarried youth aged 15 to 25 years and performed HIV testing. Multivariate logistic regression and path analysis were applied to explore associations between behavioral factors related with HIV infection. A total of 9536 unmarried youth were enrolled in this study, of whom 2.75% (262/9536) tested positive for HIV infection. Multivariate logistic regression showed that male gender, Yi ethnicity, illiteracy, out-migrating for work, needle sharing, and engaging in high-risk sexual behaviors were risk factors. Path analysis revealed that needle sharing had the greatest effect on HIV infection (0.267), followed by drug use (0.171), out-migrating for work (0.079), and high-risk sexual behavior (0.064). The epidemic of HIV infection among unmarried youth in rural areas of Liangshan Prefecture is severe, and prevention efforts should focus on high-risk groups such as youth who are male, Yi, illiterate, and out-migrating for work, and those who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors and needle sharing.     

HIV status disclosure among postpartum women in rural Tanzania: predictors,experiences and uptake of a nurse-facilitated disclosure intervention

HIV status disclosure is a key support strategy to start and maintain HIV care and treatment and to reduce HIV transmission. We explored the patterns and correlates of disclosure and described the effectiveness of nurse-facilitated disclosure among HIV-infected mothers of infants in coastal Tanzania. We enrolled 400 HIV positive women in an observational longitudinal study in 2011, interviewed them about maternal sociodemographic and economic characteristics, maternal and child health and history of HIV disclosure experiences and offered nurse-facilitated HIV disclosure at enrolment or at follow-up 1 month later. Mothers frequently disclosed their status to husbands and/or female relatives and experienced predominantly positive reactions. Economically vulnerable women disclosed more often to elderly female relatives, indicating that Infant and Young Child Feeding counseling given to HIV positive women should garner the support of elderly female relatives for implementing appropriate feeding practices. Nurse-facilitated disclosure was feasible in this low resource setting and was used by patients to help them with both first-time disclosure and disclosure to new persons.