沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂治疗儿童哮喘疗效观察

目的观察沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂(葛兰素史克公司生产)治疗儿童哮喘的疗效。方法60例儿童哮喘按就诊顺序随机分成两组,治疗组患儿按病情严重程度分别给予沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂50/100、100/200、150/300μg.d-1吸入,对照组按病情严重分别给予丙酸氟替卡松吸入剂(葛兰素史克公司生产)125、250、375μg.d-1吸入,分别于治疗后4、8、12周评价其日、夜间哮喘症状计分及PEFR值变化。结果治疗后4、8、12周,治疗组与对照组相比,患儿日夜间哮喘症状计分明显减少(P<0.01);治疗组PEFR值占预计值的百分比与对照组相比明显改善(P<0.05),差异非常明显。且两组患儿在治疗间均未发现明显副作用。结论联合应用糖皮质激素和长效β2-肾上腺素受体激动剂具有协同抗炎和平喘作用,且联合使用时可以减少糖皮质激素的用量,减少较大剂量的糖皮质激素的不良反应。沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂疗效优于丙酸氟替卡松吸入剂。     

90例吸入型糖皮质激素治疗哮喘疗效观察

目的：观察吸入型糖皮质激素对哮喘患者的治疗效果。方法：将我院收治的90例哮喘患者随机分为3组,对照组（万托林组）、丙酸氟替卡松组（辅舒酮组）和沙美特罗替卡松组（舒利迭组）。对照组使用万托林,1日3次,1次2喷;丙酸氟替卡松组患者吸入辅舒酮,500μg,1日3次;沙美特罗替卡松组使用舒利迭,1次1吸,1日2次。3组均连续治疗6个月。结果：舒利迭组总有效率高于辅舒酮组,对照组总有效率最低;3组咳嗽症状评分、诱导痰嗜酸细胞计数方面,辅舒酮组（0.7±0.2、6.3±1.5）优于对照组（1.3±0.3、12.5±4.1）,舒利迭组（0.3±0.1、2.7±0.7）优于辅舒酮组。结论：沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂（舒利迭）治疗哮喘能够明显改善临床症状,对支气管哮喘的疗效显著。     

沙美特罗氟替卡松粉吸入剂在儿童哮喘治疗中的临床疗效观察

目的观察沙美特罗氟替卡松粉吸入剂（舒利迭）在治疗儿童哮喘中的临床疗效。方法将130例患有哮喘的儿童随机分为研究组和对照组,每组65例,所有患儿均停用原来治疗哮喘的药物,研究组给予沙美特罗氟替卡松粉吸入剂,对照组给予氟替卡松（辅舒酮）进行治疗。结果患儿在接受药物治疗后的肺功能有明显的改善,且研究组改善更为明显。研究组患者的有效率明显高于对照组。两组差异均具有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论沙美特罗氟替卡松粉吸入剂能够很好地治疗儿童哮喘,对缓解症状和改善肺功能均能起到良好效果。     

舒利迭吸入与普米克联合喘康速吸入治疗儿童哮喘疗效对比观察

舒利迭(沙美特罗与氟替卡松粉吸入剂,seretide)是一种新型的糖皮质激素和吸入型长效β2受体激动剂的复方制剂,我们于2003年8月开始在我院哮喘门诊应用沙美特罗50 μg 丙酸氟替卡松100 μg粉吸入剂(商品名舒利迭,系葛兰素史克生产),治疗中度哮喘25例,疗效满意,报告如下.     

药品行政保护品种介绍：其他类药物(七)(续完)

<正>沙美特罗羟萘甲酸盐/氟替卡松丙酸酯粉吸入剂通用名：沙美特罗羟萘甲酸盐/氟替卡松丙酸酯粉吸入剂(salmeterol xinafonate/fluticasone propionate)。商品名：舒利迭准纳器粉吸入剂。沙美特罗羟萘甲     

沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂引起全身过敏反应1例

沙美特罗替卡松（salmeterol／fluticasone）粉吸入剂（商品名舒利迭，Xeretide）为沙美特罗和氟替卡松的复方制剂，沙美特罗是一种选择性的长效肾上腺素β2受体激动剂，具有扩张支气管作用。氟替卡松为糖皮质激素，用于控制哮喘，疗效显著，引起全身过敏反应罕见。我院1例病人因应用沙美特罗替卡松粉吸人剂引起全身过敏反应，报道如下。     

舒利迭治疗支气管哮喘的临床观察

目的观察舒利迭（沙美特罗/氟替卡松）治疗支气管哮喘的疗效。方法对120例确诊支气管哮喘的患者,分为吸入糖皮质激素和长效β2受体激动剂的复方制剂舒利迭（沙美特罗/氟替卡松）治疗组60例,吸入糖皮质激素（丙酸氟替卡松）对照组60例。治疗后对临床疗效、肺功能指标进行比较及统计学分析。结果舒利迭治疗组用药后临床疗效和肺功能改善方面明显优于对照组。结论舒利迭在治疗支气管哮喘改善临床症状和肺功能明显,较单纯吸入糖皮质激素能更好控制及改善的哮喘症状。     

舒利迭治疗支气管哮喘40例分析

目的观察并探讨舒利迭（沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松）治疗支气管哮喘的临床疗效。方法对40例确诊支气管哮喘的患者,随机分为治疗组20例和对照组20例,对照组吸入长效β2受体激动剂和糖皮质激素的复方制剂舒利迭（沙美特罗/丙酸氟替卡松）,对照组吸入糖皮质激素（必可酮）。结果治疗组有效率为95%,对照组有效率为65%,治疗组用舒利迭治疗后临床疗效和肺功能恢复情况明显优于对照组。结论舒利迭在治疗支气管哮喘方面临床疗效明显,能更好控制及改善支气管哮喘症状。     

沙美特罗氟替卡松治疗68例儿童哮喘气道高反应性的临床观察

目的观察沙美特罗氟替卡松（舒利迭）治疗儿童哮喘气道高反应的临床效果。方法收集2006年1～12月在我院门诊及住院接受治疗的哮喘患儿136例。按照随机双盲的方法分为两组,实验组与对照组,每组各68例,且支气管激发试验呈阳性。所有患儿均停用原吸入的糖皮质激素和茶碱等平喘药物。实验组给予吸入沙美特罗/氟替卡松复方制剂（每吸含沙美特罗50μg和氟替卡松100μg）,2次/d,每次1吸。对照组给予辅舒酮125U。当出现急性哮喘症状时,对症处理。结果药物治疗后两组患者肺功能均有改善,但实验组哮喘患者肺功能改善较对照组更显著。结论沙美特罗氟替卡松（舒利迭）治疗儿童哮喘气道高反应性效果良好,且不良反应少,患者依从性好,值得临床推广。     

沙美特罗／丙酸氟替卡松治疗支气管哮喘的临床观察

目的观察沙美特罗／丙酸氟替卡松治疗支气管哮喘的临床疗效和安全性。方法将76例支气管哮喘患者随机分为治疗组和对照组,各38例。治疗组予沙美特罗／丙酸氟替卡松粉吸入剂（商品名：舒利迭）治疗,对照组予丙酸倍氯米松吸入剂（商品名：必可酮）治疗。结果治疗组的显效率为60．5％和总有效率94．7％分别高于对照组的34．2％和71．1％,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2组治疗后第1秒用力呼气容积（FEV1）和呼气峰流量（PEF）均有显著改善,治疗组优于对照组,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论沙美特罗／丙酸氟替卡松粉吸入剂治疗支气管哮喘疗效肯定,且使用方便。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.