内镜直视带膜支架置入术治疗食管瘘（附17例报告）

应用自行设计的内镜直视气囊扩张器和支架置入器,在内镜直视下置入带膜记忆合金支架治疗食管瘘１７例,置管成功率１００％,食管瘘全部闭合。认为内镜直视带膜记忆合金支架置入术治疗食管瘘简便、安全、有效、值得推广。     

全覆膜可取出金属支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄

目的评价全覆膜可取出金属支架治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的疗效和安全性。方法选择经内镜扩张治疗失败的难治性食管良性狭窄病例6例，其中化学性烧伤3例，食管胃吻合口狭窄2例，吻合口狭窄、金属支架置入术再再狭窄1例，按病例不同情况设计全覆膜可取出金属支架的形状，置入食管狭窄段，定期观察症状的变化、支架两端黏膜增生情况及支架取出后症状的变化情况。结果所有病例均成功置入支架，支架置入后吞咽困难症状均得到持续改善，能进食软食。支架置入3～6个月后均经内镜成功取出，无1例发生支架端口黏膜增生、支架再狭窄：其中4例支架取出后随访2～12个月，症状持续改善，无需阿治疗；另2例发生支架移位，支架取出后1个月内再次出现吞咽困难。1例支架置入术后出现胸骨后疼痛，无其它并发症发生．结论个体化设计的全覆膜可取出金属支架足治疗难治性食管良性狭窄的一种安全、有效的方法。     

内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床应用价值

目的探讨内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床价值及食管支架置入术并发症的防治。方法回顾性分析163例晚期食管癌患者内镜下覆膜食管支架治疗食管癌性狭窄及食管气管瘘的临床资料,其中7例患者为食管癌性狭窄并食管-支气管瘘伴双下肺感染,19例患者为食管癌术后复发吻合口狭窄置入镍钛记忆合金覆膜支架。102例患者由于食管过于狭窄先行食管扩张,再进行内镜下放置食管支架,35例患者直接内镜下置入食管支架。结果 163例患者先后放置174个支架,均一次性置入成功,成功率为100%。163例患者均有不同程度胸痛不适,有32例支架再狭窄,其中19例单纯行支架内球囊扩张,11例于原支架上端内部分重叠再放置一支架,有26例行氩气刀再通治疗。7例患者出现支架移位,有2例支架进入食管瘘管内于次日在内镜下取出支架重新放置。所有病例均未出现食管破裂、食管血肿或出血等严重并发症,术后患者进食能力提高,食管气管瘘闭合。结论内镜下覆膜食管支架置入术是中晚期食管癌性狭窄简单、安全、有效的姑息治疗方法,能提高患者的生活质量,延长患者的生存期。     

置入带膜支架治疗多发性食管瘘

支架治疗食管良、恶性狭窄及瘘已被广泛应用于临床，并取得了突破性进展。笔者所在多家医院自1998年以来，采用内镜直视下置入带膜支架治疗多发性食管瘘16例，取得了良好的近期疗效，现将有关资料汇总，报道如下。     

内镜全程直视下食管支架置入术治疗食管狭窄应用体会

目的探讨内镜全程直视下食管支架置入术治疗食管狭窄及并食管瘘的安全性、可行性,评价其疗效。方法对32例良、恶性食管狭窄或并食管瘘患者采用内镜全程直视下食管金属支架置入术。结果一次性置入成功率100%,准确率93.8%,食管狭窄的主要症状吞咽困难得到改善,近期疗效达100%。而并发症未见增多。结论内镜全程直视下食管金属支架置入术治疗食管狭窄或并食管瘘是安全有效的方法之一,是一项简单、准确实用的新技术。     

短期置入覆膜气管支架治疗气管残胃瘘一例

采用食管内支架置入是治疗气管食管瘘的常用方法之一。我们采用短期置入气管覆膜金属支架治愈气管瘘，并成功取出支架，现报告如下。     

内镜直视下置入金属支架结合放、化疗治疗食管恶性狭窄（附26例分析）

目的 评价内镜直视下置入金属支架结合放化疗治疗食管恶性狭窄的临床效果。方法26例食管癌病人中鳞癌23例，腺癌3例；未经手术15例，术后吻合口狭窄7侧，术后复发4例，其中并发食管气管瘘5例。均在内镜直视下应用支架置入器将带膜镍钛合金记忆金属支架送入病变部位。结果26例中经扩张治疗达到Stooler分级0级18例；达到1级6例；达到2级2例；5例食管气管瘘病人，术后进水无呛咳，进食无梗阻。治疗后0和1级共24例，显效率为92％。全部病人治疗后营养状况均有明显改善，结论内镜直视下置入金属支架结合放化疗治疗食管恶性狭窄具有明显的临床效果。     

内镜直视下带膜支架治疗食管瘘

目的 探讨食管带膜支架治疗食管瘘的近中期效果，分析其并发症及对策。方法 对65例食管瘘患者，予胃镜直视下置入国产带膜支架，随访35～545天，观察患者术后近中期疗效及其并发症。结果 65例病人均首次置入成功，成功率100％。术后2h病人可进流质及半流质饮食，吞咽困难迅速缓解，呛咳症状立即消失，肺部、胸腔及纵隔感染得到控制。术后患者无严重并发症，常见胸骨后疼痛45例，发生率69．20％；再发瘘5例，发生率7．69％，其中3例支架下移，1例支架覆膜破裂，1例支架及覆膜过短；25例出现吞困难，发生率38．46％。结论 带膜支架置入治疗食管瘘是疗效肯定、操作简便、安全可靠、无严重并发症、患者易接受的姑息性疗法。     

带膜支架置入术治疗食管-气管瘘（附9例报告）

记忆合金支架置入术治疗各种食管癌致食管狭窄，已取得了满意疗效，对食管癌致食管一气管瘘的治疗亦取得了突破性进展。我院于1998-03／2002-05共收治食管癌致食管-气管瘘病人9例，均采用内镜直视下置入带膜记忆合金支架，取得较好疗效，报告如下。     

带膜支架治疗食管-气管瘘九例

记忆合金支架置入术治疗各种食管癌致食管狭窄、食管癌致食管-气管瘘均较理想。我院于1998年3月至2002年5月共收治食管癌致食管-气管瘘患者9例,采用内镜直视下置入带膜记忆合金支架,疗效较好,报告如下。     

Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis associated with cervical esophageal web

A case of esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD) is reported in which a cervical esophageal web was responsible for dysphagia. A review of previous reports indicates an increased incidence of webs among patients with EIPD, suggesting a true association. A cervical web should be considered in patients with EIPD when no other esophageal stricture accounts for their dysphagia.     

内镜姑息治疗食管癌性瘘47例

目的:探讨癌性食管瘘的有效治疗方法.方法:1998-2006病理证实的食管癌性瘘肿瘤患者47例,女3例,男44例,年龄29-92岁.食管癌42例,肺癌5例,全部存在食管瘘.10例伴有食管狭窄的患者先行内镜下食管扩张,随后行食管内带膜支架置入术.其余37例则直接行食管带膜支架置入术,并对其中瘘口较大者3例(超过1.5cm)附加蛋白胶黏堵.结果:患者的食管癌性瘘口即刻被封堵住,患者可进食进水,提高生活质量,延长生存期,70%(33/47)患者生存超过3 mo.结论:胃镜下食管内支架置入术或支架置入附加黏堵术为治疗支气管瘘的有效方法.     

Retrievable Esophageal Stents for Benign Indications

Until recently, esophageal stents have not been a realistic option for the management of benign disease owing to difficulty removing the stents and associated high complication rates. However, progress in esophageal stent design has led to the development of retrievable esophageal stents. Clinical experience has shown promise for the management of benign esophageal diseases with retrievable stents, including refractory strictures, esophageal leaks, fistula and perforations. They have been shown to be safe and effective, though stent migration remains a concern. This article reviews the current designs, indications, efficacy and complications of retrievable esophageal stents.     

Palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and fistulas with self expandable metallic stents

AIM: To evaluate the efficacy of self expandable metallic stents (SEMS) in patients with malignant esophageal obstruction and fistulas. METHODS: SEMS were implanted in the presence of fluoroscopic guidance in patients suffering from advanced and non-resectable esophageal, cardiac and invasive lung cancer between 2002 and 2009. All procedures were performed under conscious sedation. All patients had esophagus obstruction and/or fistula. In all patients who required reintervention, recurrence of dysphagia, hemorrhage, and fistula formation were indications for further endoscopy. Patients’ files were scanned retrospectively and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 13.0 for Windows. The χ 2 test was used for categorical data and was analysis of variance for noncategorical data. Patients’ long-term survival was assessed using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Stents were successfully implanted in 90 patients using fluoroscopic guidance. Reasons for stent implantation in these patients were esophageal stricture (77/90, 85.5%), external pressure (8/90, 8.8%) and tracheo-esophageal fistula (5/90, 5.5%). Dysphagia scores (mean ± SD) were 3.37 ± 0.52 before and 0.90 ± 0.43 after stent implantation (P = 0.002). Intermittent, nonmassive hemorrhage due to the erosion caused by the distal end of the stent in the stomach occurred in only one patient who received implementation at cardioesophageal junction. Mean survival following stenting was 134.14 d (95% confidence interval: 94.06-174.21).CONCLUSION: SEMS placement is safe and effective in the palliation of dysphagia in selected patients with malignant esophageal strictures.     

Plastic tube-assisted gastroscopic removal of embedded esophageal metal stents: A case report

A patient with stent embedding after placement of an esophageal stent for an esophagobronchial fistula was treated with an ST-E plastic tube inserted into the esophagus to the upper end of the stent using gastroscopy.The gastroscope was guided into the esophagus through the ST-E tube,and an alligator forceps was inserted into the esophagus through the ST-E tube alongside the gastroscope.Under gastroscopy,the stent wire was grasped with the forceps and pulled into the ST-E tube.When resistance was met during withdrawal,the gastroscope was guided further to the esophageal section where the stent was embedded.Biopsy forceps were guided through a biopsy hole in the gastroscope to the embedded stent to remove silicone membranes and connection threads linking the Z-shaped wire mesh.While the lower section of the Z-shaped stent was fixed by the biopsy forceps,the alligator forceps were used to pull the upper section of the metal wire until the Z-shaped metal loops elongated.The wire mesh of the stent was then removed in stages through the ST-E tube.Care was taken to avoid bleeding and perforation.Under the assistance of an ST-E plastic tube,an embedded esophageal metal stent was successfully removed with no bleeding or perforation.The patient experienced an uneventful recovery after surgery.Plastic tube-assisted gastroscopic removal of embedded metal stents can be minimally invasive,safe,and effective.     

Diagnosis and endoscopic treatment of esophago-bronchial fistula due to gastric heterotopy

Heterotopic gastric mucosa patches are congenital gastrointestinal abnormalities and have been reported to occur anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract from mouth to anus. Complications of heterotopic gastric mucosa include dysphagia, upper gastrointestinal bleeding, upper esophageal ring stricture, adenocarcinoma and fistula formation. In this case report we describe the diagnosis and treatment of the first case of esophago-bronchial fistula due to heterotopic gastric mucosa in mid esophagus. A 40-year old former professional soccer player was referred to our department for treatment of an esophago-bronchial fistula. Microscopic examination of the biopsies taken from the esophageal fistula revealed the presence of gastric heterotopic mucosa. We decided to do a non-surgical therapeutic endoscopic procedure. A sclerotherapy catheter was inserted through which 1 mL of ready to use synthetic surgical glue was applied in the fistula and it closed the fistula opening with excellent results.     

Resonant tectorial membrane motion in the inner ear: its crucial role in frequency tuning.

The tectorial membrane has long been postulated as playing a role in the exquisite sensitivity of the cochlea. In particular, it has been proposed that the tectorial membrane provides a second resonant system, in addition to that of the basilar membrane, which contributes to the amplification of the motion of the cochlear partition. Until now, technical difficulties had prevented vibration measurements of the tectorial membrane and, therefore, precluded direct evidence of a mechanical resonance. In the study reported here, the vibration of the tectorial membrane was measured in two orthogonal directions by using a novel method of combining laser interferometry with a photodiode technique. It is shown experimentally that the motion of the tectorial membrane is resonant at a frequency of 0.5 octave (oct) below the resonant frequency of the basilar membrane and polarized parallel to the reticular lamina. It is concluded that the resonant motion of the tectorial membrane is due to a parallel resonance between the mass of the tectorial membrane and the compliance of the stereocilia of the outer hair cells. Moreover, in combination with the contractile force of outer hair cells, it is proposed that inertial motion of the tectorial membrane provides the necessary conditions to allow positive feedback of mechanical energy into the cochlear partition, thereby amplifying and tuning the cochlear response.     

Application of MPVR and TL-VR with 64-row MDCT in neonates with congenital EA and distal TEF

AIM:To assess the application of multiple planar volume reconstruction(MPVR) and three-dimensional (3D) transparency lung volume rendering(TL-VR) with 64-row multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) in neonates with congenital esophageal atresia (EA) and distal tracheoesophageal fistula(TEF).METHODS:Twenty neonates(17 boys,3 girls) with EA and distal TEF at a mean age of 4.6 d(range 1-16 d) were enrolled in this study.A helical scan of 64-row MDCT was performed at the 64 mm×0.625 mm collimation.EA and T...     

Esophagotracheal fistula caused by gastroesophageal reflux 9 years after esophagectomy

Fistula between digestive tract and airway is one of the complications after esophagectomy with lymph node dissection. A case of esophagotracheal fistula secondary to esophagitis 9 years after esophagectomy and gastric pull-up for treatment of esophageal carcinoma is described, It was successfully treated with transposition of a pedicled pectoralis major muscle flap,     

三种食管支架覆膜对支架置入术后再狭窄影响的研究

目的探讨3种覆膜支架置入后引起的食管黏膜局部形态学及病理学变化特点。方法将16只新西兰大白兔分为4组,每组4只。A组置入硅橡胶覆膜镍钛合金支架,B组置入有裙边的硅橡胶覆膜镍钛合金支架（作为对照组）,C组置入有裙边的聚四氟乙烯覆膜镍钛合金支架,D组置入有裙边的聚氨酯覆膜镍钛合金支架。X线辅助下置入支架后,各组分别于术后2、4、6、8周处死1只动物,取出置架部位的食管组织分别行肉眼形态、光学显微镜、电子显微镜观察及免疫组化法检测。结果随着支架置入时间的延长,同一组内食管壁厚度相应增加,支架两端增生严重,局部肉芽组织形成及纤维化,管腔狭窄。以B组作为对照,C组相应部位同一观察时点食管壁的厚度较薄（P〈0．05）。术后2、4、6、8周光镜下观察食管黏膜炎症变化,发现A组重于B组,C组轻于B组,D组与B组相似。A组术后2周少量PCNA阳性表达,术后4周明显表达,术后6周少量表达;B、C、D组术后4、6周明显表达,术后8周少量表达。结论再狭窄主要表现为肉芽组织形成和纤维化,发生于支架两端,下端炎性反应重于上端。不同覆膜食管支架置入后引起的食管黏膜炎症变化有所不同,其中聚四氟乙烯组支架引起的黏膜炎症反应最轻,对局部食管壁的损伤出现的最晚。