Power Doppler and gray-scale sonography standardized by BI-RADS for the differentiation of benign postoperative lesion and local recurrence after breast-conserving therapy

The diagnosis of ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving therapy is of great interest to breast physicians. The present study compared the utility of gray-scale sonography standardized by a breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) and power Doppler sonography for differentiating between benign scar formation and IBTR after breast-conserving therapy. Gray-scale sonography detected 83 solid breast lesions classified as BI-RADS categories?3-5 in 272?patients after breast-conserving therapy, and these lesions were entered into the study (53?lesions as category?3, probably benign; 30 lesions as categories?4-5, suspected malignancy). Power Doppler sonography revealed intratumoral flow in 19 of 83 solid breast lesions. BI-RADS category?3 was accepted as probably benign and BI-RADS categories?4-5 were considered as suspicious for breast tumor recurrence in the gray-scale ultrasound criteria. Positive and negative intratumoral flow were employed as suspicious for breast tumor recurrence and probably benign, respectively, in the power Doppler sonography criteria. Sensitivity was higher for power Doppler sonography (94.7±10.0%) than for gray-scale sonography (57.9±22.2%). Specificity was also higher for power Doppler sonography (98.4±3.0%) than for gray-scale sonography (70.3±0.6%). These results suggest that power Doppler sonography can complement gray-scale sonography standardized by BI-RADS in differentiating between IBTR and benign scar lesions.     

Utilization of Professional Supportive Care Services by Women with Breast Cancer

Purpose.To assess the value of 99m-Tc-tetrofosmin (tetrofosmin) scintigraphy in patients with palpable and non-palpable breast lesions. Patients and methods.Prospective, blinded trial. One hundred and fifty-nine consecutive patients with 163 breast lesions detected by clinical examination and mammography were included. Tetrofosmin scintigraphy of the breast was performed additionally to the regular diagnostic procedure. Using histologic assessment as the golden standard, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value for tetrofosmin scintigraphy of the breast were assessed. Results.Overall sensitivity and specificity were 82% and 84%. The sensitivity for palpable tumors (65%) was 93% compared to 62% for non-palpable breast lesions. Malignant lesions were nearly twice as big as benign lesions (31.5mm±2.4 vs. 16.9mm±2.4). Specificity, positive and negative predictive value (84%, 89%, and 66%) did not differ significantly in palpable versus non-palpable tumors. Of malignant tumors 18% were found false negative by tetrofosmin scintigraphy. Conclusion.The results suggest that tetrofosmin scintigraphy is a valuable tool for the evaluation of palpable breast cancer. In patients with non-palpable tumors, tetrofosmin scintigraphy may not add to the work-up of patients with breast cancer due to a low sensitivity rate.     

Ultrasonographic findings of missed breast cancer: pitfalls and pearls

Breast ultrasonography (US) is an indispensable tool for diagnosis of palpable and non-palpable breast masses and can facilitate good patient care for breast cancer. However, it is of limited value in cases of isoechoic lesions surrounded by fat, heterogeneous echoic lesions surrounded by a heterogeneous background, deep lesions in huge breasts, subareolar lesions, and lesions caused by poor and underdeveloped operator skills. Some breast tumors such as ductal carcinoma in situ and invasive lobular carcinoma are easily missed on US because of the nature of the lesions. Recent studies have emphasized the use of tools complementary to B-mode US, including real-time elastography and Doppler imaging, in the evaluation of breast lesions missed on US. Radiologists can take a number of steps that will enhance the accuracy of US image interpretation and decrease the rate of false-negative findings. These steps include reviewing clinicopathological data, using mammography and MRI to help assess breast lesions missed on US, strictly adhering to positioning and technical requirements, being alert to subtle features of missed breast lesions, and judging a lesion by its most malignant feature.     

Ultrasound-guided fine needle aspiration cytology of axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients. A preoperative staging procedure

Currently, axillary lymph node dissection is increasingly being replaced by the sentinel node procedure. This method is time-consuming and the full immunohistochemical evaluation is usually only first known postoperatively. This study was designed to evaluate the accuracy of preoperative ultrasound-guided fine needle aspirations (FNAs) for the detection of non-palpable lymph node metastases in primary breast cancer patients. We evaluated the material of 183 ultrasound-guided FNAs of non-palpable axillary lymph nodes of primary breast cancer patients. The cytological results were compared with the final histological diagnosis. Ultrasound-guided FNA detected metastases in 44% (37/85) of histologically node-positive patients, in 20% of the total patient population studied. These pecentages are likely to be higher when women with palpable nodes are included. Cytologically false-negative and false-positive nodes were seen in 28 (15%) and three cases (1.6%), respectively. Interestingly 25% (n=7) of the false-negative nodes, revealed micrometastases on postoperative histology. The sensitivity was 57%, the specificity 96%. We conclude that ultrasound-guided FNA of the axillary lymph nodes is an effective procedure that should be included in the preoperative staging of all primary breast cancer patients. Whether lymph nodes are palpable or not, it will save considerable operating time by selecting those who need a complete axillary lymph node dissection at primary surgery and would save a significant number of sentinel lymph node dissections (SLNDs).     

钼靶钩丝定位在切除触诊阴性的BI-RADS Ⅳ级以上乳腺病变中的意义

  目的  探讨乳腺钼靶X线摄影引导下钩丝定位活检技术对临床触诊阴性或触诊不良的BI-RADS Ⅳ级及以上乳腺病变的诊断意义。  方法  选取2012年1月至2014年8月48例乳腺钼靶BI-RADS Ⅳ级及以上但临床触诊阴性或触诊不良的乳腺病变患者（其中双侧病变4例、单侧病变44例、共计52处病灶）,进行钼靶X线摄影引导下钩丝定位活检术。  结果  所有52处病灶中恶性病变13例（均单侧）,其中0期占46.15%（6/13）,Ⅰ期占38.46%（5/13）,Ⅱ期占15.39%（2/13）;良性病变39例,乳腺癌检出率为25.0%。钼靶BI-RADS Ⅳ级患者中良性病变39例,恶性病变10例;BI-RADS Ⅴ级患者中良性病变0例,恶性病变3例。Ⅳ、Ⅴ级中乳腺癌的阳性检出率分别为25.6%和100%。  结论  钼靶辅助下钩丝定位活检可以精确切除临床触诊阴性或触诊不良的BI-RADS Ⅳ级及以上乳腺病灶,提高患者生活质量和改善预后,是一种安全、准确、费用低廉的诊断方法,值得国内临床广泛推广。      

B超引导空芯针穿刺活检对于乳腺肿块诊断作用的分析

目的：评价B超引导空芯针穿刺活检（core needle biopsy,CNB）在可触及的乳腺肿块中的临床应用价值,同时讲述操作中的技术事项。方法：回顾分析可触及肿块的乳腺疾病住院患者的临床和病理资料,总结B超引导CNB的适应证、优缺点、注意点。结果：CNB的敏感性为94.85%,假阴性为5.15%;病理低估为5.83%;诊断符合率为89.32%。14Gauge穿刺针的标本数应该是3根以上的合格标本;行ER、PR、neu检测的患者,需取合格穿刺标本4根以上。结论：对于临床可触及的乳腺肿块,该检测方法有较高的临床应用价值。B超引导CNB适用于超声发现的乳腺病灶。B超引导的CNB的优点是明显缩短手术时间和避免了手术切除肿块时可能带来的肿瘤播散。从术中冰冻病理到术前明确诊断是一种治疗模式的转变。     

临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶超声定位活检

目的：探讨超声引导下皮肤标记定位活检对临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶的应用价值及可行性。方法：收集内蒙古医学院第一附属医院自2007年3月-2010年9月116例（137个病灶）触诊阴性乳腺病例的临床资料,进行单纯彩超下乳腺皮肤十字交叉标记定位手术活检及病理检查。结果：116例（137个病灶）乳腺病变中,恶性病变17个（12.4%）,其中导管内癌4个,浸润性导管癌13个,良性病变120个（87.6%）,其中乳腺纤维腺瘤85个,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤18个,乳腺非典型增生6个,乳腺小叶增生11个。结论：单纯彩超下乳腺皮肤标记定位手术活检对触诊阴性的乳腺病变的定位切除有重要价值。     

临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶超声定位活检

目的 探讨超声引导下皮肤标记定位活检对临床触诊阴性乳腺病灶的应用价值及可行性.方法 收集内蒙古医学院第一附属医院自2007年3月-2010年9月116例(137个病灶)触诊阴性乳腺病例的临床资料,进行单纯彩超下乳腺皮肤十字交叉标记定位手术活检及病理检查.结果 116例(137个病灶)乳腺病变中,恶性病变17个(12.4%),其中导管内癌4个,浸润性导管癌13个,良性病变120个(87.6%),其中乳腺纤维腺瘤85个,乳腺导管内乳头状瘤18个,乳腺非典型增生6个,乳腺小叶增生11个.结论 单纯彩超下乳腺皮肤标记定性手术活检对触疹阴性的乳腺病变地定位切除有重要价值.     

The use of colour-coded and spectral Doppler ultrasound in the differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of colour-coded and spectral Doppler sonography to predict the benign or malignant nature of breast lesions. A total of 112 women with mammographically suspicious breast lesions were investigated prior to surgery. Thirty-nine breast carcinomas and 73 benign lesions were evaluated for the resistance index, pulsatility index and the flow velocity. A resistance index of > or = 0.70 was characteristic of malignant tumours with a sensitivity of 82% and a specificity of 81%. The positive predictive value was 70% and the negative predictive value 89%. Doppler sonography offers one possible method for further investigation of patients with mammographic abnormalities.     

X线立体定位活检在触诊阴性的乳腺微小病灶中的应用

目的 探讨乳腺X线及立体定位活检在临床触诊阴性的乳腺内微小病灶的应用价值.方法 回顾性分析81例临床触诊阴性而乳腺摄片发现微小病变并进行立体定位穿刺活检患者的病例资料.结果 81例中乳腺良性病变58例(71.6%),恶性病变23例(28.4%).结论 临床触诊阴性的乳腺微小病变应积极活检,乳腺X线及立体定位活检术是提高早期乳腺癌检出率的有效方法并能指导治疗和选择最佳的手术方式.     

Biopsy sampling of breast lesions: comparison of core needle- and vacuum-assisted breast biopsies

Needle biopsy is now the initial investigation of choice for the pre-operative diagnosis of breast lesions. This includes core needle biopsy (CNB) and vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB) with or without radiologic assistance. The performance indices of both of these biopsy techniques were evaluated. In a large cohort of patients with breast lesions including 464 cases (285 CNB and 179 VAB), with confirmed outcomes, the diagnostic accuracy was compared using parameters including quantitation of the sampling based on the total number of cores taken, cores containing breast parenchyma, and cores with lesion; and non-epithelial changes including necrosis and calcification. CNB showed a 99% PPV, 94% NPV, 96% sensitivity, and 99% specificity, whereas VAB demonstrated a 100% PPV, 100% NPV, 100% sensitivity, and 100% specificity. The correct diagnosis in CNB was proportional to the number of cores extracted, whereas accuracy of VAB was independent of the total number of cores taken. There was a positive correlation between the presence of calcification and malignancy in CNB, but not detected under VAB. CNB and VAB were equally efficient in palpable lesions, in detecting necrosis, and calcification. Large calcification was found to be associated with malignancy in both CNB and VAB. In non-palpable lesions, VAB was more effective in the detection of calcification. The diagnostic accuracy of VAB appeared to be independent of number of cores sampled, whereas CNB required a minimum of 3–4 cores to achieve high diagnostic accuracy.     

立体定位针吸活检与导丝导向切除活检对隐匿性乳腺病变诊断价值的比较

临床触诊阴性而乳腺摄片或者高频超声探头探测的微小病灶分别用钼靶X线或B超立体定位下穿刺活检病理检查 ,随后将头端带有倒勾的钢丝头端置于病灶中心 ,指导手术切除病理检查。结果示 5 1例患者 ,穿刺活检检出 2 3例恶性病变 ,良性病变 2 8例 ;此 2 8例良性肿瘤 ,其中 4例在导丝导向活检中诊断恶性疾病 ,针吸活检乳腺癌的诊断符合率 92 2 % ( 4 7/ 5 1) ,假阴性率 7 8% ( 4 / 5 1)。初步研究结果提示 ,X线或B超下乳腺病灶穿刺活检及钢丝导向手术切除病灶活检均具有定位准确、创伤小 ,是诊治隐匿性乳腺疾病的可靠方法。但针吸活检有一定的漏诊率     

Modified core wash cytology (CWC), an asset in the diagnostic work-up of breast lesions

Aim

A quick and reliable preliminary diagnosis is essential in the management of a same-day breast clinic. In a preclinical study we developed an alternative method of core wash cytology (CWC). This study is an evaluation of this new CWC method introduced into the clinical setting.

Methods

From April 2008 to April 2009, biopsies were taken from lesions in the breast. CWC was obtained from core needle biopsy (CNB) with a modified technique and classified into the categories: malignant, suspicious for malignancy, atypical, benign and inadequate. CWC and CNB diagnoses were correlated with the histopathology of subsequently obtained resection specimens. The sensitivity and specificity were calculated.

Results

CWC was obtained from 226 breast lesions. In 167 of these cases subsequent resection of the lesion was performed revealing 149 carcinomas and 18 benign lesions.Of the 149 malignant cases, 136 were considered as either malignant or suspicious for malignancy by CWC, 7 as atypical, 4 as benign and 2 as inadequate. None of the 18 benign lesions were classified as suspicious or malignant on CWC. Eight out of 149 resected carcinomas were not recognized as malignant by histological analysis of the CNB, while 7 of these cases the CWC was considered malignant. The sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 100%, respectively.

Conclusions

In the vast majority of patients the modified CWC technique can provide a quick and reliable diagnosis of malignant breast lesions. Furthermore, combining CWC with CNB histology can improve adequate, preoperative recognition of the malignant character of breast lesions.     

数字乳腺断层融合X线摄影与常规影像学检查诊断效能的对比研究

背景与目的:乳腺癌已成为女性最常见的恶性肿瘤,乳腺X线摄影新技术的出现对乳腺癌诊断起重要作用;该研究旨在对比数字乳腺断层融合X线摄影(digital breast tomosynthesis,DBT)与常规影像学检查诊断乳腺良、恶性病变的效能.方法:收集2015年3月—2015年12月在复旦大学附属肿瘤医院就诊且经临床或超声检查怀疑乳腺病变的227例患者.所有患者均行B超、全屏数字乳腺X线摄影(full-field digital mammog-raphy,FFDM)、DBT和MRI检查.高年资影像医师双盲阅片,参照2013版BI-RADS分类标准,以病理结果为金标准,采用受试者工作特征(operating characteristic,ROC)曲线分析各种检查方法的诊断效能,并利用Z检验比较DBT与其他检查方法的统计学差异.结果:30例患者因图像不符合诊断要求而排除,剩余197例患者共发现205个病灶,其中良性病灶73例,恶性病灶132例.B超、FFDM、DBT、DBT+FFDM和MRI基于BI-RADS分类诊断乳腺良、恶性病变的ROC曲线的曲线下面积(area under the curve,AUC)分别为0.8308、0.8592、0.9167、0.9198和0.9354;两两比较结果显示,DBT的AUC高于B超和FFDM,且差异均有统计学意义(比B超相比,Z=7.36,P=0.0067;与FFDM相比,Z=4.89,P=0.0271);DBT与MRI、DBT+FFDM的AUC差异无统计学意义(与MRI相比,Z=0.02,P=0.9002;与DBT+FFDM相比,Z=0.69,P=0.4048).结论:DBT较B超、FFDM能显著提高乳腺良、恶性病灶的诊断效能;并与MRI诊断效能相当.DBT作为乳腺X摄影新技术,具有良好的应用前景.     

Lesiones no palpables de mama: estudio de los márgenes tras resección con el sistema ABBI

Introduction. ABBI system (Advanced Breast Biopsy Instrumentation) provides a realiable and efficient histological diagnosis in non palpable breast lesions. The objetive of this study has been to examine the presence of residual tumour after surgery in patients with malignant non palpable lesions extirpated by ABBI. Material and method. A total of 91 patients were studied from January 1999 to October 2002 with non palpable breast lesions suggestive of malignancy. The lesion was extirpated using the ABBI system and, following confirmation of malignancy, the patient underwent surgical resection of the affected area. The presence of residual tumour was examined after surgery. Results. Pathology findings were invasive ductal carcinoma in 54 cases (59.34%), invasive lobular carcinoma in 1 (1.09%), ductal carcinomain situ in 25 (27.46%), microinvasive carcinoma in 4 (4.39%), tubular carcinoma in 5 (5.49%), colloid carcinoma in 1 (1.09%) and papillary carcinoma in 1 (1.09%). The following surgical treatment consisted in resection of the affected area plus the marking of limits and clearing of axillary nodes in 63 patients (69.23%), resection and marking of limits only in 21 (23.07%), simple mastectomy in 4 (4.39%) and resection plus marking limits plus axillary sentinel node excision in 3 (3.29%). Pathology study showed no residual tumour on resection of 57 patients (62.63%). However differentiation according to tumour size showed that a mammography size of lesion less than or equal to 10 mm, demostrated no residual tumour in a 73.17% of patients. Conclusions. ABBI system used for biopsy of non palpable breast lesions enabled diagnosis in all cases. In lesions of less than or equal to 10 mm it affored complete excision of same in the 73% of cases, percentage than is not enough. That factor joined to the existance of the other factors such as determined type of tumours, above all the ductal carcinomain situ, this make it more difficult to consider the ABBI system a therapeutic technique.     

Pathological aspects of core needle biopsy for non-palpable breast lesions

Recently, the incidence of non-palpable or noninvasive breast cancer has increased. Consequently, criteria for choosing procedures to obtain pathological materials had changed. Fine needle aspiration biopsy cytology (FNA) and core needle biopsy (CNB) are both reliable procedures for detecting breast cancer. However, for non-palpable lesions, the diagnostic accuracy of CNB is higher. The main limits of FNA are the high rate of insufficient sampling and inability to determine invasiveness. CNB is an established alternative to surgical biopsy, and CNB can avoid excess surgical biopsies in a large number of patients. In addition to accurate histological diagnosis, there is interest in obtaining prognostic information from CNB, especially for patients being considered for preoperative (neoadjuvant) therapy. CNB provides useful information about histologic type and grade. However, an unavoidable problem of CNB is underestimation of invasion. On the other hand, there is good concordance in particular for estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) between CNB and surgical excision. Several aspects of CNB remains controversial, such as diagnosing papillary lesions by CNB, problems regarding tumor cell displacement after CNB, and management of lobular neoplasia (LN) on CNB.     

86例乳腺肿瘤彩色多普勒检查及其定性诊断价值

[目的]探讨彩色多普勒超声在乳腺肿瘤中的诊断价值.[方法]采用SIEMENS SONOLINE和GELOGICAL 7,探头频率为7.5MHz～10MHz,二维超声和彩色多普勒超声检测86例乳腺肿瘤.[结果]良性肿瘤超声诊断符合率为78.9%(30/38),误诊率10.5%(4/38);恶性肿瘤超声诊断符合率为89.6%(43/48),误诊率为4.2%(2/48).超声未定性者占4.7%(4/46),未发现肿瘤者占3.5%(3/86).乳腺恶性肿瘤诊断敏感性为91.5%(43/47),特异性为93.8%(30/32).与乳腺良性肿瘤相比,恶性肿瘤无血流(0级)检出率为6.3%,显著低于良性肿瘤无血流检出率(50%,P＜0.01),而中等至多血流(Ⅱ级)检出率显著增高(P＜0.01).恶性肿瘤动脉阻力指数平均为0.79,良性肿瘤平均为0.62,两者相比具有显著性差异(P＜0.01).[结论]彩色多普勒超声提高了对乳腺恶性肿瘤的定性诊断能力,对于指导临床治疗有重要意义.     

False-positive and false-negative cases of fine-needle aspiration cytology for palpable breast lesions.

BACKGROUND: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNA) is less traumatic and technically easy to apply to small breast tumors. METHODS: A total of 382 cases of palpable breast lesions that had undergone fine needle aspiration and histopathologic diagnosis were reviewed with an emphasis on the rate of false positive diagnoses in benign breast lesions. RESULTS: A diagnosis of " malignant " was made in 98 of the 382 specimens (25.6%). The predictive value for malignancy was 97.9%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FNA were 86.3%, 98.2%, and 93.2%, respectively, when the " suspicious " group was considered positive for malignancy. The histologic subtypes of the 4 false-positive cases were epithelial proliferative lesions, ductal or lobular hyperplasia. None of these 4 cases were definitely diagnosed as " malignant " by radiological studies. Four false-negative cases by FNA were suspicious for malignancy radiologically. There was no specific pathological subtype associated with false-negative status on FNA in this study. CONCLUSION: Palpable breast tumors can be definitively diagnosed based on a combination of physical examination, radiological studies and FNA, when the radiological studies concur with the diagnosis by FNA.     

The Current Role of Vacuum Assisted Breast Biopsy System in Breast Disease

The gold standard for breast biopsy procedures is currently an open excision of the suspected lesion. However, an excisional biopsy inevitably makes a scar. The cost and morbidity associated with this procedure has prompted many physicians to evaluate less invasive, alternative procedures. More recently, image-guided percutaneous core-needle biopsy has become a frequently used method for diagnosing palpable and non-palpable breast lesions. Although sensitivity rates for core-needle biopsy are high, it has the disadvantage of histological underestimation, which renders the management of atypical ductal hyperplasia, papillary lesions, and fibroepithelial lesions somewhat difficult. Vacuum assisted breast biopsy (VABB) was developed to overcome some of these negative aspects of core-needle biopsy. VABB allows for a sufficient specimen to be obtained with a single insertion and can provide a more accurate diagnosis and completely remove the lesion under real-time ultrasonic guidance. The advantage of complete lesion removal with VABB is to reduce or eliminate sampling error, to decrease the likelihood of a histological underestimation, to decrease imaging-histological discordance, to decrease the re-biopsy rate, and to diminish the likelihood of subsequent growth on follow-up. In recent years, with the advancement of VABB instruments and techniques, many outcome studies have reported on the use of VABB for resecting benign breast lesions with a curative intent. VABB is highly accurate for diagnosing suspicious breast lesions and is highly successful at treating presumed benign breast lesions. Thus, in the near future, VABB will be routinely offered to all appropriately selected patients.