大学生中庸思维在情绪调节和情绪间的作用

目的探讨大学生情绪调节、中庸思维与情绪状态间的关系。方法通过收集369份在校大学生的量表结果,其中包括情绪调节问卷、中庸信念/价值量表、正负情绪检核表。结果①认知重评与正性情绪正相关、与负性情绪负相关,表达抑制与负性情绪正相关(r=0.259～0.159,P>0.05);中庸思维与认知重评有显著正相关,与负性情绪有显著负相关(r=0.312,0.160;P>0.05);②中庸思维在认知重评与情绪之间没有起到显著的调节作用,在表达抑制与负性情绪之间起到了显著的负调节作用(β=-0.114,P>0.05),中庸思维程度较高时表达抑制与负性情绪无显著相关(r=0.107,P>0.05),中庸思维程度较低时表达抑制与负性情绪显著正相关(r=0.225,P>0.01)。结论中庸思维使个体倾向使用认知重评的情绪调节,较高的中庸思维程度不易受到表达抑制的负面影响。     

羞怯对青少年情绪调节策略使用频率的影响:情绪调节自我效能感的中介作用

目的:从情绪调节自我效能感的角度入手,探讨羞怯对青少年情绪调节策略(认知重评和表达抑制)使用频率的影响。方法:选取786名11-20岁之间的中学生为研究对象,采用羞怯量表、情绪调节策略量表、情绪调节自我效能感量表进行测量。结果:表达积极情绪自我效能感在羞怯与认知重评和表达抑制策略使用频率之间起中介作用;管理消极情绪自我效能感在羞怯与认知重评和表达抑制策略使用频率之间起中介作用。结论:情绪调节自我效能感在羞怯与青少年情绪调节策略使用频率之间起中介作用。     

大学生情绪表达灵活性对正念和情绪调节能力的调节效应

目的:考察情绪表达灵活性对正念和情绪调节策略使用频率的调节效应。方法:选取222名大学生被试,采用正念注意觉知量表(MAAS)、斯坦福情绪调节量表(ERQ)、情绪表达灵活性量表分别测试正念注意觉知水平、情绪调节策略(认知重评和表达抑制)使用频率和情绪表达灵活性水平。结果:情绪表达灵活性得分与正念水平呈正相关(r=0.363,P0.01),与认知重评呈负相关(r=-0.214,P0.01),情绪表达灵活性可以调节正念与认知重评的关系(β=-0.131,P=0.006),对于低情绪表达灵活性组,正念水平可以对认知重评策略使用频率有正向预测作用(β=0.1483,P=0.0049);但对于高情绪表达灵活组,正念水平对认知重评策略使用频率无预测作用(β=0.001,P0.05);情绪表达灵活性在正念水平与表达抑制关系中同样存在调节效应。对于低情绪表达灵活性组,正念水平可以对表达抑制策略使用频率有正向预测作用(β=0.12,P0.01);但对于高情绪表达灵活组,正念水平对表达抑制策略使用频率无预测作用(β=-0.02,P0.05)。结论:对于低情绪表达灵活性个体,可以用提高其正念水平的方法来提高其使用认知重评及表达抑制的情绪调节策略。     

自动情绪调节策略对焦虑个体负性情绪的作用

目的:探讨自动情绪调节策略对焦虑者负性情绪的调节作用。方法:以状态—特质焦虑量表(SATI)为标准,筛选出焦虑组和正常组被试各90名,以句子整理任务启动不同的自动情绪调节策略。结果:①启动自动表达抑制策略时焦虑组对情绪图片的唤醒度显著高于正常组,而启动自动认知重评策略时两组无显著差异;②焦虑个体在自动认知重评策略的调节下对情绪图片的唤醒度最低,而无策略组的唤醒度最高。结论:自动认知重评和自动表达抑制均能有效下调焦虑个体的负性情绪体验,且自动认知重评的效果优于自动表达抑制,因此自动情绪调节策略有助于缓解焦虑个体的焦虑感。     

影院员工工作压力和工作结果的关系——情绪劳动的中介作用

目的:考察影院员工的情绪劳动(表层动作和深层动作)、情绪调节策略(认知重评和表达抑制)对工作压力和工作倦怠的中介作用;从情绪调节策略作为特质性静态概念的角度,探讨情绪劳动在情绪调节和工作倦怠关系中的中介作用。方法:以全国44家城市影院的1067名员工为研究对象,采用情绪劳动量表(ELQ)测量个体的表层动作与深层动作、采用情绪调节量表(ERQ)测量个体的表达抑制与认知重评、采用工作压力源量表(OSI-2)测量个体的工作压力情况、采用工作倦怠量表(MBI)测量个体工作倦怠状态、采用工作满意度量表测量个体的工作满意度。选取2个时间点(间隔2个月)进行纵向研究,建立结构方程模型。结果:表达抑制得分与工作压力得分呈负相关(r=-0.16,P0.01),与工作满意度得分呈正相关(r=0.17,P0.01)。以工作压力得分为预测变量,情绪劳动得分和情绪调节策略得分作为中介变量,工作倦怠得分作为结果变量建立的结构方程模型均拟合良好,认知重评得分在工作压力与工作倦怠得分间起纵向中介作用,95%可信区间为(0.01~0.03);表层动作和深层动作得分在工作压力与工作倦怠得分间起纵向中介作用,95%可信区间分别为(0.03~0.05)及(0.02~0.05)。结论:情绪劳动机制与情绪调节策略在工作压力和工作结果间起到纵向中介作用。表达抑制在中国文化背景下具有积极作用;惯于使用认知重评的员工能够通过更多的深层动作和更少的表层动作导致更好的工作结果。     

情绪调节自我效能感对中学生考试焦虑的影响:情绪调节策略的中介作用（英文）

本研究拟从情绪调节策略角度入手,探讨情绪调节效能感对中学生考试焦虑的影响。研究以年龄15~18岁(M=16.42,SD=1.08)之间的757名中学生为研究对象,采用考试焦虑量表、情绪调节自我效能感量表以及情绪调节策略量表,探讨了情绪调节自我效能感、情绪调节策略(认知重评、表达抑制)与考试焦虑三者之间的关系。研究结果发现,中学生考试焦虑与表达积极情绪自我效能感和管理消极情绪自我效能感之间呈显著负相关,与认知重评策略使用频率之间呈显著负相关;中学生认知重评策略使用频率与表达积极情绪自我效能感和管理消极情绪自我效能感之间呈显著正相关;中学生表达抑制策略使用频率与表达积极情绪自我效能感呈显著负相关,与管理消极情绪自我效能感呈显著正相关;中学生认知重评策略在管理消极情绪自我效能感与考试焦虑之间起部分中介作用。     

负面身体自我在情绪调节策略与社交焦虑间的中介作用

目的:考察贵州大学生社交焦虑的基本情况以及负面身体自我在情绪调节策略和社交焦虑之间的中介作用。方法:使用分层抽样的方法抽取1804名大学生为研究对象,采用GROSS情绪调节策略量表(EPQ)、负面身体自我量表(NPSS)以及社会交往焦虑量表(SIAS)进行问卷调查,使用SPSS 22.0及AMOS进行数据分析。结果:①有45.7%(802名)大学生存在明显的社交焦虑问题;②情绪调节策略的表达抑制和认知重评策略均与社交焦虑呈显著正相关(r表达抑制-社交焦虑=0.18,r认知重评-社交焦虑=0.08,P0.01),个体的负面身体自我与表达抑制呈显著正相关(r=0.18,P0.01),但与认知重评相关不显著;③结构方程模型检验发现,负面身体自我在表达抑制与社交焦虑中起部分中介作用,直接效应值为0.16,间接效应为0.0735,中介效应量为0.32。结论:负面身体自我在情绪的表达抑制和社交焦虑水平中起中介的作用;可基于个体情绪调节策略以及对自我身体的认识特点出发进行干预以降低学生的社交焦虑水平。     

认知情绪调节策略在职业人群失眠与负性心境间的中介作用

目的:探讨职业人群失眠、认知情绪调节策略与负性心境的关系.方法:采用匹兹堡睡眠质量问卷(PSQI)、认知情绪调节策略量表(CERQ)和简式心境状况量表(POMS-SF)对355名成人进行测量.结果:①失眠与负性心境、认知情绪调节策略的灾难化因子呈显著正相关,与积极重新关注、重新关注计划、积极重新评价因子呈显著负相关:②回归分析显示失眠、灾难化、重新关注计划、沉浸能够预测负性心境,在控制了失眠之后,灾难化、重新关注计划、沉浸仍有显著的预测作用;③路径分析证实了认知情绪调节策略在失眠与负性心境之间的部分中介作用.结论:失眠、认知情绪调节策略和负性心境之间有着密切的联系,认知情绪调节策略在其中起着重要的中介作用.     

大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式

目的 探讨大学生情绪调节策略与父母教养方式的关系.方法 翻译并修订英文版情绪调节策略问卷,采用父母教养方式问卷和修订的情绪调节策略问卷对360名大学生进行测查.结果 大学生使用认知重评的频率高于使用表达抑制,差异具有统计学意义(t=15.92,P＜0.01);男生比女生更多地应用表达抑制策略(t=3.842,P＜0.01);积极的情绪调节策略(认知重评)与父亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.133,P＜0.05),与母亲惩罚严厉呈显著负相关(r=-0.130,P＜0.05);消极的情绪调节策略(表达抑制)与父亲拒绝否认呈显著正相关(r=0.135,P＜0.05),与父亲过度保护呈显著正相关(r=0.117,P＜0.05).结论 大学生情绪调节策略的使用与父母教养方式有关.父亲越多地使用拒绝否认、过度保护教养方式,大学生使用表达抑制策略越多;父亲母亲越多地使用惩罚严厉教养方式,大学生越少使用认知重评策略.     

情绪抑制和认知重评对BPD患者负性情绪的影响

目的:比较情绪抑制和认知重评两种调节方式对BPD患者负性情绪的影响.方法:以20名BPD患者为被试,采用生理心理实验法测量被试观看电影片段的主观体验变化和生理反应变化.结果:在观看负性情绪片段3期间,认知重评组的负性体验较少、生理唤起较低;在情绪恢复阶段,认知重评组的负性情绪恢复得更快.结论:认知重评能有效调节BPD患者的负性情绪.     

Pain and Effusion and Quadriceps Activation and Strength

Context:

Quadriceps dysfunction is a common consequence of knee joint injury and disease, yet its causes remain elusive.

Objective:

To determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.

Design:

Crossover study.

Setting:

University research laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants:

Fourteen (8 men, 6 women; age = 23.6 ± 4.8 years, height = 170.3 ± 9.16 cm, mass = 72.9 ± 11.84 kg) healthy volunteers.

Intervention(s):

All participants were tested under 4 randomized conditions: normal knee, effused knee, painful knee, and effused and painful knee.

Main Outcome Measure(s):

Quadriceps strength (Nm/kg) and activation (central activation ratio) were assessed after each condition was induced.

Results:

Quadriceps strength and activation were highest under the normal knee condition and differed from the 3 experimental knee conditions (P < .05). No differences were noted among the 3 experimental knee conditions for either variable (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Both pain and effusion led to quadriceps dysfunction, but the interaction of the 2 stimuli did not increase the magnitude of the strength or activation deficits. Therefore, pain and effusion can be considered equally potent in eliciting quadriceps inhibition. Given that pain and effusion accompany numerous knee conditions, the prevalence of quadriceps dysfunction is likely high.Key Words: arthrogenic muscle inhibition, central activation failure, voluntary activation, muscles

Key Points

• Knee pain and effusion resulted in arthrogenic muscle inhibition and weakness of the quadriceps.
• The simultaneous presence of pain and effusion did not increase the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction.
• To reduce arthrogenic muscle inhibition and improve muscle strength, clinicians should employ interventions that target removing both pain and effusion.

Quadriceps weakness is a common consequence of traumatic knee joint injury^1,2 and chronic degenerative knee joint conditions.^3,4 Arthrogenic muscle inhibition (AMI), a neurologic decline in muscle activation, results in quadriceps weakness and hinders rehabilitation by preventing gains in strength.⁵ The inability to reverse AMI and restore muscle function can lead to decreased physical abilities,⁶ biomechanical deficits,⁷ and possibly reinjury.⁵ Furthermore, researchers^8,9 have suggested that quadriceps weakness resulting from AMI may place patients at risk for developing osteoarthritis in the knee. In light of the substantial influence of quadriceps AMI on these clinically relevant outcomes, we need to improve our understanding of the factors that contribute to this neurologic decline in muscle activity so efforts to target and reverse it can be implemented and gains in strength can be achieved more easily.Joint injury and disease are accompanied by numerous sequelae (ie, pain, swelling, tissue damage, inflammation), so ascertaining which one ultimately leads to neurologic muscle dysfunction is difficult. Whereas a joint effusion can result in AMI,^10–12 the effects of pain are less understood despite many clinicians attributing AMI to pain. Using techniques that introduce knee pain without accompanying injury may provide insights into the role of pain in eliciting AMI.The degree of knee joint damage may play a role in the quantity of AMI that manifests. Hurley et al^13,14 demonstrated that quadriceps AMI, measured using an interpolated-twitch technique, was greater in patients with extensive traumatic knee injury (eg, fractured tibial plateau, ruptured medial collateral ligament, and medial meniscectomy) than patients with isolated joint trauma (ie, isolated anterior cruciate ligament [ACL] rupture). Similarly, patients with more knee joint symptoms (ie, greater number of symptoms and increased severity of symptoms) may present with greater magnitudes of quadriceps inhibition. Recently, investigators¹⁵ have suggested that patients with more pain display less quadriceps strength, supporting this tenet. Given that effusion and pain often present simultaneously with joint injuries and diseases, such as ACL injury and osteoarthritis, examining both the isolated and cumulative effects of these sequelae appears warranted to determine if they influence the magnitude of muscle inhibition.Experimental joint-effusion and pain models are safe and effective experimental methods that allow for the isolated examination of their effects on muscle function. The effusion model, whereby sterile saline is injected directly into the knee joint capsule,⁷ produces a clinically relevant magnitude of the joint effusion that may be present with traumatic injury. Effusion is thought to activate group II afferents responding to stretch or pressure,^16–18 which in turn may facilitate group Ib interneurons and result in quadriceps AMI.⁵ The pain model involves injecting hypertonic saline into the infrapatellar fat pad to produce anteromedial knee pain similar to that described in patients with patellofemoral pain syndrome.¹⁹ Pain is considered to initiate AMI through activation of group III and IV afferents that act as nocioceptors to signal damage or potential damage to joint structures.^16–18 The firing of these afferents then may lead to facilitation of group Ib interneurons, the flexion reflex, or the gamma loop, ultimately resulting in quadriceps inhibition.²⁰ Thus, these models allow us to create symptoms that are associated with knee injury and have the added benefit of providing a way to examine their effects in isolation.Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the effects of pain on quadriceps strength and activation and to learn if simultaneous pain and knee joint effusion would affect the magnitude of quadriceps dysfunction. We hypothesized that pain alone would result in quadriceps inhibition and that the magnitude of inhibition would be greater when effusion and pain were present simultaneously.     

即早基因c-fos与脑血管病及学习记忆

即早基因c-fos是广泛存在于原核细胞和真核细胞的高度保守基因.在正常情况下,c-fos基因参与细胞生长、分化、信息传递、学习和记忆等生理过程,而在病理情况下c-fos基因表达及调控变化与多种疾病的发生和发展有关.C-fos在中枢神经系统的某些部位可有基础水平的表达,但表达很低,当受到如脑缺血、脑出血、痫性发作、应激等刺激后,其在数十分钟内做出反应,在对外界刺激-转录耦联的信忠传递过程中起着核内第三信使的重要作用.     

Opportunities and challenges in the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases: children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to review the role of behavioral research in disease prevention and control, with a particular emphasis on lifestyle- and behavior-related cancer and chronic disease risk factors--specifically, relationships among diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity with adult cancer, and tracking developmental origins of these health-promoting and health-compromising behaviors from childhood into adulthood. METHOD: After reviewing the background of the field of cancer prevention and control and establishing plausibility for the role of child health behavior in adult cancer risk, studies selected from the pediatric published literature are reviewed. Articles were retrieved, selected, and summarized to illustrate that results from separate but related fields of study are combinable to yield insights into the prevention and control of cancer and other chronic diseases in adulthood through the conduct of nonintervention and intervention research with children in clinical, public health, and other contexts. RESULTS: As illustrated by the evidence presented in this review, there are numerous reasons (biological, psychological, and social), opportunities (school and community, health care, and family settings), and approaches (nonintervention and intervention) to understand and impact behavior change in children's diet and nutrition and weight and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: Further development and evaluation of behavioral science intervention protocols conducted with children are necessary to understand the efficacy of these approaches and their public health impact on proximal and distal cancer, cancer-related, and chronic disease outcomes before diffusion. It is clear that more attention should be paid to early life and early developmental phases in cancer prevention.