断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成及其防治

目的 目的 探讨肝硬化门静脉高压症断流术后门静脉系统血栓的发生情况及其防治。方法 方法 回顾性分析113例肝 硬化门静脉高压症断流术后患者的临床资料, 患者肝硬化均由晚期血吸虫病和乙肝导致, 分析其术后门静脉系统血栓形 成的时间、 部位, 并探讨预防和治疗方法。结果 结果 113例患者中, 33例断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成, 血栓形成发生率为 29.2%。血栓形成时间为术后2～15 d, 中位时间为术后6 d; 单纯脾静脉和门静脉血栓各19例和10例, 另4例脾静脉和门 静脉均有血栓形成。经溶栓治疗后, 30例血栓消失。结论 结论 多数患者断流术后门静脉系统血栓形成位于脾静脉。术中 避免钳夹脾静脉主干、 术后早期采取全身抗凝治疗能有效预防血栓形成。     

肝硬化原发性门静脉系统血栓27例临床分析

肝硬化门静脉系统血栓(portal vein thrombosis,PVT,简称门静脉血栓)形成除可继发于脾切除等手术后,多数患者无明确诱因,起病隐匿,呈慢性过程,在本文中无明确诱因的肝硬化门静脉血栓形成称为肝硬化原发性门静脉血栓形成.     

门脉高压症术后抗凝治疗下门静脉血栓形成的因素研究

目的分析探讨门脉高压症术后采用抗凝治疗下门静脉血栓形成的因素,为临床防治提供理论依据。方法纳入我院2013年6月~2015年6月收治的门脉高压症手术治疗且术后行抗凝治疗患者86例为研究对象,回顾分析其临床资料,根据有无形成门静脉血栓分为非血栓组与血栓组,分析探讨门静脉血栓形成的因素。结果 86例患者中出现门静脉血栓37例(43.0%),术前脾静脉内经为门静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素,OR=1.376,P=0.003。结论脾静脉内径是门脉高压症术后抗凝治疗下门静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素,术前采用多普勒检测脾静脉直径可对患者术后门静脉血栓形成起到预测作用。     

肝硬化门静脉血栓形成37例临床分析

目的探讨门静脉血栓（PVT）形成对肝硬化病程的影响。方法回顾我院2003～2010年肝硬化伴PVT形成的患者资料。18例肝硬化伴PVT形成患者入选血栓组;随机选择同阶段肝硬化门静脉高压症的无门静脉血栓形成患者19例作为对照组,比较两组患者的门静脉宽度及脾脏厚度,食管胃底静脉曲张、腹水及上消化道大出血发生等情况。结果血栓组的门静脉宽度及脾脏厚度大于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。血栓组患者的上消化道大出血发生率、重度食管胃底静脉曲张程度、大量腹水患者数量明显高于对照组。结论 PVT形成加重门静脉高压的程度,从而增加上消化道出血机率,使腹水难以消退,预防门静脉血栓形成有助于延缓肝硬化病情发展。     

肝硬化并发门静脉血栓的研究进展

门静脉血栓在肝硬化中常见。肝硬化患者出现门静脉血栓,但并未引起临床医生重视,相关研究信息也较少。到目前为止,肝硬化基础上门静脉血栓的诊治仍未达成共识。近年来,随着临床诊疗技术的提高及对该疾病认识的深入,其对肝硬化患者的病程影响越来越被临床医生所重视。详细探讨了肝硬化患者门静脉血栓形成的发生发展机制、诊断、预防及相关治疗。     

肝硬化门静脉高压脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成的预测因素分析

目的探讨肝硬化门静脉高压患者接受脾切除断流术后门静脉血栓形成的原因。方法回顾性分析2012年1月-2016年8月青岛大学附属医院收治的123例脾切除断流术后患者临床资料,根据术后门静脉血栓发生与否分为血栓组与非血栓组。计量资料组间比较采用t检验,计数资料组间比较采用χ~2检验。采用logistic回归模型进行多因素分析,受试者工作特征曲线下面积(AUC)比较影响因素预测价值。结果 37例脾切除断流术后患者发生门静脉血栓,发生率为30.08%。血栓组与非血栓组单因素分析结果显示,术前BMI(t=2.291)、MELD评分(t=1.852)、门静脉直径(t=1.982)、脾静脉直径(t=2.582)、肠系膜上静脉直径(t=2.186)、脾静脉流速(t=2.109)、脾蒂切除方式(χ~2=4.505)比较,差异均有统计学意义(P值均0.05);肝功能Child-Pugh A级患者血栓组与非血栓组比较显示,脾静脉直径、肠系膜上静脉直径、门静脉直径、术前BMI组间差异有统计学意义(t值分别为2.347、2.654、2.312、2.187,P值均0.05)。多因素logistic回归分析显示,BMI[比值比(OR)=0.859,95%可信区间(95%CI):0.750~0.983,P=0.027]、脾静脉直径(OR=1.191,95%CI:1.035~1.370,P=0.015)、脾静脉流速(OR=1.125,95%CI:1.004~1.262,P=0.043)、肠系膜上静脉直径(OR=1.202,95%CI:1.001~1.444,P=0.048)、Ⅰ级脾蒂切除(OR=2.815,95%CI:1.056~7.503,P=0.039)是术后门静脉血栓形成的独立危险因素。术前BMI22.54 kg/m2(敏感度75.9%,特异度58.3%)或术前脾静脉直径11.50 mm(敏感度72.7%,特异度62.9%)时,提示脾切除断流术后更容易形成门静脉血栓。结论术前脾静脉直径、BMI与术后门静脉血栓形成有关,针对二者监测可能有助于早期预测门静脉血栓形成。     

肝硬化患者门静脉血栓的诊断与治疗

<正>门静脉血栓(PVT)的发现源自19世纪末20世纪初,当时的临床医生发现门静脉血栓形成与肝硬化、门静脉高压(PH)、恶性肿瘤、腹腔感染以及腹部术后遗症等多种疾病相关~[1]。虽然肝脏有门体两套循环系统,以保证器官的血供充盈,防止发生缺血性损伤。但是,当门静脉血流受阻时,仍会产生严重的后果。门静脉和相关内脏支流的非肿瘤血栓是由PH、高凝状态和血管内皮损伤等多种潜在病因导致。在初步诊断时,首先要鉴别的是肝硬化相关PVT(常见)和非肝硬化     

门静脉血栓及肝动脉-门静脉瘘诊治再认识

<正>1 门静脉血栓门静脉血栓(portal vein thrombosis, PVT)是指门静脉主干和(或)其肝内分支发生血栓,伴或不伴有肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉血栓,导致门静脉系统完全或不完全阻塞。1.1 原因及危险因素与其他部位静脉血栓形成的机制相似,PVT发生的基本病理生理机制也可归纳为“Virchow三角”,即血流淤滞、血管壁损伤(或内皮损伤)、高凝状态[1]。PVT发生的原因可分为肝硬化和非肝硬化性。     

肝硬化并发门静脉血栓临床表现和诊断进展

正门静脉血栓形成(portal vein thrombosis,PVT)是晚期肝硬化的常见并发症之一~([1])。近年来,文献报道PVT在肝硬化患者的患病率为0.6%～26.0%~([2,3])。PVT的临床表现差异很大,可无症状,也可表现为致命性并发症,如静脉曲张破裂出血、肠梗死等。随着影像学技术的不断提高,越来越多不同程度的PVT被诊断出来~([4～6])。1肝硬化并发PVT的临床特点1.1急性PVT PVT的临床表现取决于血栓形成的     

从Virchow三要素分析肝硬化患者发生门静脉血栓危险因素

肝硬化患者门静脉血栓(PVT)的发生率明显高于健康人群。门静脉血栓形成会影响患者预后。Virchow三要素(血液高凝状态、血管内皮损伤、血流速度减慢)是经典的血栓形成理论。肝硬化患者脾功能亢进、肝功能下降导致与出凝血相关的血液成分发生变化,肝纤维化压迫肝内血管,硬化剂治疗、腹部手术、感染、内毒素血症等损伤血管内皮,压迫或药物原因导致门静脉血流受阻等均可以是门静脉血栓形成的危险因素。本文主要从Virchow三要素角度入手,描述与肝硬化患者PVT形成相关的危险因素,为制定准确预测PVT发生的方法,预防和治疗PVT提供理论依据。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.