Tobacco smoking habits, beliefs, and attitudes among medical students in Tirana, Albania

BACKGROUND: Many surveys throughout the world have evaluated the smoking behaviors, beliefs, and attitudes of medical students, but no information is available from Albania. METHOD: A cross-sectional survey in classroom settings using a self-administered questionnaire was performed at the University of Tirana during October 2000. RESULTS: In the first and fifth years of medical school, 149 (68.5% women) and 185 (55% women) students, respectively, completed the questionnaire, with overall response rates of 82 and 92%. Tobacco smoking prevailed among males. The smoking rates among first-year medical students were 34% among men and 5% among women. Among fifth-year students, 55% of the men and 34% of the women smoked. The percentages of occasional smokers were 29 and 49%, respectively, among the first- and fifth-year students who smoked. Most medical students reported knowing the health hazards of tobacco. Most students in both groups believed that smoking should be restricted in hospitals. Slightly more than half of the students stated that they will regularly advise smokers against smoking in their future jobs. CONCLUSION: Tobacco smoking is common among medical students in Albania. Targeted antismoking training should be mandatory for medical students in Albania.     

医学与非医学大学生吸烟相关KAP的比较分析

目的探讨医学教育对大学生有关吸烟的知识、信念、行为的影响。方法整群抽取某大学1～3年级在校学生8760名，采用自填式结构问卷调查学生的一般特征和吸烟相关的知识、信念、行为。结果女性各年级和男性二、三年级医学生的吸烟相关知识水平显著高于非医学生。二年级男女医学生吸烟相关信念得分显著高于非医学生，其余2个年级，医学生和非医学生之间差异均无统计学意义。入学前的尝试吸烟者中，在入学后发展为不规律吸烟者，医学显著低于非医学生；但形成规律吸烟者在两组学生中差异无统计学意义。入学前未吸烟者中．入学后医学生的尝试吸烟率显著低于非医学生，但两组学生的规律和不规律吸烟率差异均无统计学意义。结论医学教育能够提高医学生吸烟相关的知识，可以降低入学前未吸烟者的尝试吸烟率和入学前已尝试吸烟者的不规律吸烟率。     

医学生智能手机成瘾、冲动性与心理健康相关分析

摘要:目的　探讨医学生智能手机成瘾、冲动性与心理健康的关系。方法　采用中文版智能手机成瘾量表、Barratt冲动性量表、心理健康问卷和手机依赖综合征诊断标准,选取770名医学生为研究对象进行调查。结果　医学生智能手机成瘾者冲动性显著高于非成瘾者（P＜0.001）,心理健康水平显著低于非成瘾者（P＜0.001）;智能手机成瘾与冲动性、心理健康水平显著相关（P＜0.05）;冲动性及智能手机成瘾对医学生心理健康有显著预测作用（χ2/df＝5.12,GFI、NFI、CFI分别为0.95、0.90、0.90,RMSEA＝0.073）。结论　关注医学生心理健康问题应重视其智能手机使用及冲动性人格特征。培养医学生的自我控制能力,学会合理使用智能手机,防范成瘾危害。     

Anxiety, depression and stressful life events among medical students: a prospective study in Antalya, Turkey

OBJECTIVE: To assess psychological changes in medical students in Antalya, Turkey during their undergraduate education. The first-year follow-up outcomes are presented in this article. DESIGN: All first-year undergraduate students were given a detailed, self-report questionnaire and another in the second year. They were asked to complete the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). SETTING: The Faculties of Medicine, Economics and Physical Education (PE) of the Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey. PARTICIPANTS: All first-year undergraduate students in the Faculties of Medicine, Economics and PE who were registered in 1996. RESULTS: The findings showed that psychological test scores on the GHQ, the STAI and the BDI rose significantly in medical students between the first and second years. Using the GHQ, with different cut-off scores, the percentage of students scoring above the thresholds was higher in medical students in year 2, compared with economics and PE students. In addition, the scores for some stressful life events of medical students showed a significant rise from year 1 to year 2. Multiple regression analyses indicated that some stressful life events related to social activities were associated with the psychological test scores for medical students. CONCLUSION: The results indicate that there is a decrease in the psychological health of first-year medical students. Some inadequacies in the social activities of the students might play a role in this type of disturbance.     

2012年湛江市医学院学生捐献血小板的知识、态度与行为调查

[目的]了解医学生对捐献血小板的态度、认知及行为状况,为职能部门进行针对性宣传教育工作提供参考依据。[方法]2012年4～5月,对广东医学院湛江校区部分学生进行调查。[结果]调查471人,经常主动了解血小板捐献相关知识的占19．75％;听说过机采血小板的占59．66％,认为捐献血小板不会影响捐献者的凝血功能的占24．63％,表示可以无条件捐献血小板的占27．60％,各项知识知晓率均为男生高于女生,有随年级的增高而下降的趋势（P〈0.01或〈0．05）;41．19％献过全血,6．58％献过成份血;担心捐献血小板感染疾病的占53．29％;获得血小板捐献相关知识途径主要是课堂（占77．92％）、互联网（占73．04％）、电视广播报纸等媒体（占72．19％）、大众性宣传（占68．37％）、同学朋友（占63．27％）。[结论]该校医学生对机采血小板知识了解较少,对捐献血小板认同度较低。     

广州市大学生乙肝知识认知与态度行为调查分析

目的:了解广州市高校学生对乙肝知识的掌握以及行为态度的情况,对比医科院校与非医科院校学生的差异,为今后有针对性地开展乙肝防治宣传及其他传染病管理的工作提供依据。方法:采用自制问卷对广州市六所医科院校和非医科院校学生878人进行调查,采用SPSS13.0对结果进行统计分析。结果:医科院校与非医科院校学生在乙肝知识知晓率上差距较大,如对乙肝患者和乙肝携带者的区别以及乙肝的传染等相关问题,医科院校学生回答正确率明显高于非医科院校学生;在对待乙肝患者及病毒携带者的态度和行为上,医科院校学生保持一般的交往行为居多,非医科院校学生呈现关心和歧视的两极分化。结论:医科院校学生和非医科院校学生对乙肝的认识各有偏差,应有针对性且各有侧重地进行教育引导。     

重庆市医学生心身健康状况的调查

摘要:目的　医学生的心身健康状况既有一般大学生的共性,又有其特殊性。本文探讨医学生的心身健康状况,以了解医学学习和专业发展是否对其心身健康有更好的指导作用,从而为医学生心身健康状况的促进提出针对性的建议。方法　采用康奈尔医学指数（Cornell Medical Index,CMI）对重庆市两所医科大学的医学生的心身健康状况进行测量并进行统计分析。结果　心身健康的总体水平（t＝-5.02,P＜0.0001）、躯体健康（t＝-4.50,P＜0.0001）及精神健康（t＝-4.71,P＜0.0001）方面均是男生高于女生;不同年级学生的心身健康总体水平（F＝2.70,P＝0.0297）和精神健康水平（F＝2.76,P＝0.0268）有统计学差异,其中大一学生的心身健康状况最好,大二学生的心身健康状况最差,大三、大四处于中间状态;医学生心身健康问题最多的前五位问题分别是不适应、眼与耳、生活习惯、神经过敏、消化系统。结论　医学院校对大二学生及女生应给予更多的关注,并且适度增加课外集体活动,减轻学习压力,开阔心胸,发挥医学专业特长,切实促进医学生心身健康。     

Smoking time evolution among medical students, 1986, 1991, 1996

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate trends in smoking habits among medical students in the last ten years. METHODS: In 1996, a cross-sectional survey of smoking habits was carried out among students in the first to the fifth year of medical school. Four hundred and nine students answered the questionnaire. A regular smoker was defined as someone who smokes one or more cigarettes a day at least for one month; former smokers were the ones who used to smoke in the past but not at the moment. Similar research was conducted in 1986 and 1991. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS: Smoking prevalence was 11% compared with 14% in 1991 and 21% in 1986. Although there was a significant reduction of smoking in the last three years, the actual decrease from 1991 to 1996 was less than that observed from 1986 to 1991. In 1961, the prevalence of smoking increased in the last years of medical school. There were no significant differences regarding gender. Most of the students were in favor of not allowing smoking in both the school areas and hospital wards. They also mentioned in their questionnaire that smoking was poorly approached during medical school.     

医学院学生焦虑、抑郁、孤独及相关因素探讨

目的了解医学院大学生的生活事件与焦虑、抑郁以及孤独之间的关系,并探求情绪对于应对方式的影响。方法采用《焦虑自评量表》、《自评抑郁量表和抑郁状态问卷》、《孤独量表》以及《青少年生活事件量表》和《应对方式量表》,对浙江省某医学院的210名大学生进行集体问卷调查。结果性别、年级以及专业对于大学生的生活事件、情绪以及应对方式均有影响;大学生的情绪状况与生活事件和应对方式有不同程度的相关;不同的生活事件导致学生不同的情绪水平;不同情绪水平的学生倾向于不同的应对方式;最后,我们还得到了生活事件对于不同情绪的回归方程。结论医学院大学生的不良情绪有其各自的成因和特点,医学院大学生的心理健康教育必须针对这些成因和特点来进行。     

Commentary: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Medical Students and Their Ethical Conflicts

There are some studies of the ethical conflicts medical students face generally, but there are no studies that describe the ethical conflicts lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) students face by reason of their sexual and/or gender identities. Given the demonstrated presence of hostility toward homosexuality and transgenderism in medical schools, it cannot be assumed that conflicts about sexual and/or gender identities leave no impact on the personal moral development of future physicians or their views of the integrity of the profession as a whole. There is considerable need for study of the effects of homophobia and unsupportive educational environments on the values and ethical commitments of LGBT medical students. This study is important in its own right and not merely in terms of the improvement of patient care, which has usually been the justification for attention to sexual identity in medical school curricula.     

医学生食品安全知识态度行为调查

目的通过调查某医学院高年级大学生和低年级大学生对食品安全卫生知识的掌握,了解食品安全在医学院校大学生生活中的不同影响,并探索产生影响的因素。方法通过知识、态度、行为问卷调查和统计学分析,利用t检验和χ2分析比较其不同。结果医学院校高年级学生的食品安全知识得分高于低年级学生,其差异具有显著性意义(P<0.05)。医学生人群具有较好的食品安全知识态度和较好的饮食卫生习惯,但也存在一些不良饮食行为。结论医学院要加大对学生食品安全知识教育,采用多种形式不断宣传食品安全卫生知识,使医学生养成良好食品卫生行为。     

Supporting Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Medical Students: Overcoming the Medical Closet

The student bodies of U.S. medical schools have become increasingly diverse. While homosexual people were no doubt present in past medical school classes, the presence of openly lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) students is a recent phenomenon. Because sexual orientation is not necessarily visible, LGB students are frequently presumed not to be present by either fellow students or professors. Often, LGB students cannot make their needs known unless they perform the daunting task of coming out to their entire class. Recent studies have documented high levels of antigay speech and harassment from both faculty and peers, however, inhibiting such self-disclosure. LGB students are therefore vulnerable to isolation. The development of official student–faculty liaisons for LGB issues has been one response to the diffculties experienced by LGB students. LGB student groups often take the initiative in developing mentoring programs. In summary, openly gay students and faculty are a new presence within academic medicine, and medical schools have only recently begun to address their needs.     

Changes in the smoking behaviour, knowledge and opinion of medical students, 1972–1981

To examine changes in medical students' smoking behaviour, knowledge and opinion over the last decade, a survey first conducted at the University of Manchester Medical School in 1972 was repeated in 1981.A postal questionnaire was sent to 1163 students, of whom 1112 (96%) replied. A substantial decline in cigarette smoking among medical students has occurred. This largely follows trends in the general population, medical education itself having made little contribution to the change. In 1972, 29% of students were cigarette smokers compared with 17% in 1981. The fall in cigarette smoking was more marked among men students rather than women, older rather than younger students, clinical rather than pre-clinical students. Cigarette consumption had also decreased as had the use of cigars and pipes among male students. The decline was already evident prior to students beginning their medical studies. A smaller expansion of smoking experience at medical school had occurred among the 1981 students, but, as in 1972, those who took up smoking or increased their consumption exceeded those who gave up or cut down. In 1981 the likelihood of taking up smoking or becoming a regular smoker at medical school was somewhat greater for women students than for men, although the numbers concerned were small. The survey reconfirmed the importance of the social environment in smoking behaviour.Modest changes had occurred in knowledge and opinion about smoking. Both the accuracy and scope of knowledge of students about the health hazards increased between 1972 and 1981, particularly among clinical students, who remained considerably better informed than their pre-clinical colleagues. As in 1972, knowledge had little impact on smoking behaviour. By 1981 nine out of ten students regarded smoking as a major risk to health, both clinical students and smokers being more likely to take this view than in 1972. Almost all students, irrespective of their smoking behaviour, found the evidence linking smoking to serious illness to some extent convincing, and by 1981 a somewhat greater proportion, 60%, found it very convincing, the tendency to do so increasing as they progressed through their course.     

Knowledge,attitudes and practices of Australian medical students towards influenza vaccination

BackgroundAnnual influenza vaccination is recommended but not compulsory for healthcare workers in Australia, including medical students. A quarter of healthcare workers are estimated to have an influenza infection in any given year, with a subsequent transmission risk to colleagues and patients. During clinical placements, medical students are also at risk of influenza. While compliance with other vaccination requirements are high, influenza vaccine uptake of healthcare workers and medical students remain low globally. We aimed to explore medical students’ influenza vaccination rates, attitudes, knowledge and intended practices at a large Australian university.MethodA 35 item self-administered online survey was distributed to medical students enrolled at a large Australian university (UNSW Australia) in April/May 2014. The survey examined the knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical students towards influenza vaccination and identified factors associated with vaccine uptake.ResultsOf the 606 students, 53.8% (95%CI 49.8–57.8%) receiving their most recent influenza vaccine in 2014. Self-protection was the most common motivator (83%) and inconvenience (64%) the most common barrier to vaccination, despite access to on campus clinics. Students generally held positive attitudes to the influenza vaccine and vaccination recommendations, though some misconceptions existed. The majority (61%) were in support of mandatory influenza vaccination policies for medical students. Significant predictors of influenza vaccination included living on campus, clinical experience, awareness of vaccination recommendations and agreeing that vaccination was important for medical students, while those with perceived time constraints were less likely to be vaccinated.ConclusionMisconceptions and access to influenza vaccine were barriers to uptake of influenza vaccine by medical students. Medical programs need to emphasise the benefits of influenza vaccination in the protection of healthcare workers and patient safety across the medical education program. Our results suggesting majority support for mandatory influenza vaccination may represent a shifting perspective in the medical community.     

Differences in medical students' explicit discourses of professionalism: acting, representing, becoming

Medical Education 2011; 45 : 585–602 Context Rather than merely acting professionally, medical students are expected to become professionals. Developing an embodied professional persona is not straightforward as there is no single perspective of what medical professionalism comprises. In the context of this confusion, medical educationalists have been charged with developing a professionalism curriculum that emphasises, supports and measures students’ professionalism. This paper focuses on medical students’ discourses of medical professionalism in order to understand the means through which students conceptualise professionalism. Methods Discourse analysis was undertaken. Two hundred students from three medical schools (in England, Australia and Wales) participated in 32 group and 22 individual interviews. Students’ explicit definitions of professionalism were inductively coded according to the dimensions of professionalism they identified (n = 19) and the discourses of professionalism they used (individual, collective, interpersonal, complexity). Connections were explored between pre‐clinical and clinical students’ understandings of professionalism across the schools and the respective policies, documents and teaching opportunities available to them. Results Understandings of professionalism differed between pre‐clinical and clinical students and between schools with different approaches to professionalism education. Students who experienced early patient interaction and opportunities to engage in conversations about professionalism within clinician‐led small groups demonstrated complex, embodied understandings of professionalism, drawing on all four discourses. Students who learned predominately through lectures used a restricted range of discourses and focused on dressing or acting like a professional. Conclusions Providing students with opportunities to engage in active sense‐making activities within the formal professional curriculum can encourage an embodied and sophisticated understanding of professionalism.     

Nutrition knowledge,attitudes and practices among senior medical students in Taiwan.

Nutrition is an important issue in medical training, but the nutritional knowledge, attitudes and practices of medical students in Taiwan have not been elucidated.

This investigation was a need assessment that examined knowledge, attitude and practices of medical students in selected areas of nutrition. A national sample of 528 senior medical students from nine medical colleges in Taiwan participated in this study by completing a questionnaire.

On a 10-point scale, the average score of students on general and clinical nutritional knowledge was 5.99 +/? 1.51 and 5.15 +/? 1.77, respectively. The percentage of correct answers from questionnaires in both areas was 60% and 52%, respectively. Seventy-seven percent or more of the students reported that they either agreed or strongly agreed with four positive-attitude statements and either disagreed or strongly disagreed with two out of three negative-attitude statements. Between 30% and 61% of the students reported that they practice on nutrition-related individual behaviors.

The knowledge, attitudes and practices of senior medical students in Taiwan suggest the need for education strategies to improve competence in the area of nutrition.     

Second-year medical students' motivational beliefs, emotions, and achievement

Medical Education 2010: 44 : 1203–1212 Context A challenge for medical educators is to better understand the personal factors that lead to individual success in medical school and beyond. Recently, educational researchers in fields outside medicine have acknowledged the importance of motivation and emotion in students’ learning and performance. These affective factors have received less emphasis in the medical education literature. Objectives This longitudinal study examined the relations between medical students’ motivational beliefs (task value and self‐efficacy), achievement emotions (enjoyment, anxiety and boredom) and academic achievement. Methods Second‐year medical students (n = 136) completed motivational beliefs and achievement emotions surveys following their first and second trimesters, respectively. Academic achievement was operationalised as students’ average course examination grades and national board shelf examination scores. Results The results largely confirmed the hypothesised relations between beliefs, emotions and achievement. Structural equation modelling revealed that task value beliefs were positively associated with course‐related enjoyment (standardised regression coefficient [β] = 0.59) and were negatively related to boredom (β = ? 0.25), whereas self‐efficacy beliefs were negatively associated with course‐related anxiety only (β = ? 0.47). Furthermore, student enjoyment was positively associated with national board shelf examination score (β = 0.31), whereas anxiety and boredom were both negatively related to course examination grade (β = ? 0.36 and ? 0.27, respectively). The overall structural model accounted for considerable variance in each of the achievement outcomes: R² = 0.20 and 0.14 for the course examination grade and national board shelf examination score, respectively. Conclusions This study suggests that medical students’ motivational beliefs and achievement emotions are important contributors to their academic achievement. These results have implications for medical educators striving to understand the personal factors that influence learning and performance in medical training.     

2008年某医学院部分医学专业学生营养知识态度和行为调查

[目的]了解医学专业大学生的营养知识、态度和行为,为营养健康教育提供科学依据。[方法]2008年3～5月,在昆明市某医学院抽取2005级医学专业学生318人进行调查。[结果]调查318人,营养知识、态度和行为问卷总分为（34．42±4．69）分,平均分占总分46分的74．83％。换算为百分制后,总分〈60分者所占比例,男生为7．04％,女生为1．21％（P〈0．05）;总分〉80分者所占比例,男生为59．15％,女生为79．35％（P〈0．01）。营养知识得分,全部学生（318名）为（12．09±2．75）分,其中临床医学专业学生（185人）为（11．32±2．82）分,护理专业学生（133人）为（13．16±2．27）分（P〈0．01）;营养态度得分,全部学生为（7．98±2．33）分,其中临床医学专业学生为（7．77士2．45）分,护理专业学生为（8．27±2．13）分（P〉0．05）;营养行为得分,全部学生为（14．35±1．79）分,其中临床医学专业学生为（14．24±1．86）分,护理专业学生为（14．50±1．68）分（P〉0．05）。[结论]医学生营养知识水平有待提高,应改正不良饮食行为。     

医学生与非医学生应对新冠肺炎知信行差异调查分析

目的 了解新冠肺炎疫情下医学生与非医学生对疾病知识、心理及行为状况,为高校开展健康教育及有针对性地开展学生工作提供依据。方法 利用问卷星设计调查问卷,对牡丹江医学院及牡丹江师范学院学生抽样各选取600名进行调查,应用SPSS 25.0软件进行统计学分析。结果 共回收有效为问卷1 193份,总有效回收率为99.53%;医学生对新冠肺炎知识掌握平均得分高于非医学生,差异具有统计学意义(t=3.890,P<0.001);心理方面医学生平均得分17.04±4.63分,非医学生得分19.18±4.31分(t=2.390,P=0.019);行为方面医学生与非医学生的得分普遍较低,但是医学生比非医学生参加抗疫志愿活动的积极性更高,差异具有统计学意义(t=2.755,P=0.007)。结论 大多数医学生相比非医学生对新冠肺炎的知识了解更多,心理状态更积极,但大学生普遍都存在应对行为欠佳的现象,高校应针对不同专业的人群展开有效的宣讲教育、心理干预和活动组织。     

医学生艾滋病知识、态度、行为的现况调查

目的了解医学院校大学生艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为情况,为制定医科大学生预防艾滋病健康教育方案提供依据。方法采用整群抽样方法,对某医学院2130名在校学生的艾滋病相关知识、态度、行为进行问卷调查,其中大一717名,大二533名,大三880名。结果医学本科生对HIV/AIDS相关知识的掌握情况较好,但对于蚊虫叮咬、与艾滋病病人共用毛巾衣物是否会传染艾滋病的正确回答率仅为36.7%和54.3%。医学生对艾滋病病人存在一定歧视,有79.9%的医学生不愿到艾滋病感染者处购物,76.4%的医学生不愿与艾滋病病人或艾滋病感染者共同进餐。与大一新生相比,高年级学生对HIV/AIDS相关知识了解较多,但对艾滋病病人的态度和可能采取的行为却相对较差。结论当今医学生对HIV/AIDS的认识与专业要求尚有较大距离,提示在医学院校大学生中开展艾滋病健康教育仍十分必要。