Acute severe cholecystitis with empyema presenting as a gallbladder mass,jaundice and Mirizzi Syndrome: A case report

IntroductionAcute severe cholecystitis with empyema presenting as a gallbladder mass, jaundice and Mirizzi Syndrome (MS) is a complex surgical problem both diagnostically and in terms of management as it mimics both xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and gallbladder carcinoma.Presentation of caseA 48-year-old gentleman was referred to us with biliary colic and weight loss with ultrasound findings of gallstones. At subsequent follow-up he became deeply jaundiced with deranged liver function and a CT showing a gallbladder mass and dilated biliary tree. Follow-up MRCP suggested XGC and concomitant MS, but a malignant process could not be excluded. Pre-operative fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) at the time of percutaneous biliary drainage for his jaundice demonstrated XGC with no evidence of malignancy. Given the dense inflammation and a tense empyema at laparoscopy, he underwent a subtotal fenestrating cholecystectomy. The final histopathological diagnosis was acute cholecystitis.DiscussionOur patient likely had unrecognised acute cholecystitis which progressed to a complex mass with empyema and type I Mirizzi Syndrome, ultimately resulting in severe obstructive jaundice mimicking gallbladder carcinoma. Given that a laparoscopic total cholecystectomy is dangerous in these cases of severe inflammation, a laparoscopic subtotal cholecystectomy has been shown to be a safe alternative to more invasive strategies and was successfully utilised in our patient.ConclusionAcute severe cholecystitis with empyema presenting as a gallbladder mass, jaundice and Mirizzi Syndrome is a rare manifestation that requires adequate pre-operative work-up to exclude malignancy. Subtotal fenestrating cholecystectomy is a safe and effective alternative to open surgery in these cases of complex inflammation.     

Case report of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis accompanied by Mirizzi syndrome

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare type of inflammatory disease of the gallbladder; this entity has also been termed fibroxanthogranulomatous inflammation, and ceroid or ceroid-like histiocytic granuloma of the gallbladder. Clinically, XGC sometimes is confused with a malignant neoplasm. Recently, we encountered a patient with XGC and Mirizzi syndrome, which was difficult to differentiate from gallbladder cancer accompanied by obstructive jaundice. It is important to realize that, pathologically, XGC is a benign disease, but that, in some cases, patients manifest an unusual clinical course.     

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis: 15 Years’ Experience

The demographic and clinical aspects of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) over a period of 15 years are reviewed. The review entailed examining 12,426 clinical files of patients who had undergone cholecystectomy, including 182 patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of XGC. Altogether, 1.46% of the cholecystectomies performed were done on patients with a diagnosis of XGC. XGC presented in patients over the age of 32, with a male/female ratio of 2:1. Thickening of the gallbladder wall, seen on ultrasonography and computed tomography scans, was demonstrated in 100% of the cases. A total of 17% of the cases presented in acute form. Obstructive jaundice was observed in 23% of the patients, 11 of which cases were associated with choledocholithiasis (30% of these patients had jaundice) and the rest with extrinsic obstruction of the bile tract (Mirizzi syndrome). XGC was associated with lithiasis in 85% of the cases. A malignant lesion was suspected during operation in 30% of the cases, requiring histopathologic examination during surgery. Carcinomatous lesions were found in 3% of the cases. Surgical difficulty was reported in 65% of the cases, resulting in the performance of partial cholecystectomy in 35%. XGC is an infrequent form of chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, the clinical presentation of which is similar to that of cholecystitis; given the thickening of the gallbladder wall, it makes cholecystectomy difficult. As XGC may resemble adenocarcinoma, differentiation is essential by means of intraoperative histologic examination to ensure optimal surgical treatment.     

术中冰冻检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎中的作用

目的探讨术中冰冻切片检查在诊断黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranu lom atous cholecystitis,XGC)中的作用。方法统计我院10年间确诊XGC的33例病例,其中9例行术中冰冻切片检查。结果9例患者术前均行B超及CT检查,术前诊断为慢性结石性胆囊炎3例,胆囊癌5例,胆囊占位1例。所有患者的术中所见均有胆囊壁明显增厚,胆囊与肝脏胆囊床面、大网膜等周围组织明显粘连。行术中冰冻切片检查后,快速病理回报提示,3例明确诊断XGC,4例为慢性胆囊炎性病变,2例提示胆囊壁蜂窝组织炎样改变。4例行胆囊切除术,4例行部分胆囊切除术,1例行胆囊癌根治术。术后病理均诊断为XGC。结论XGC是一种特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎性病变,在临床上非常少见。胆囊慢性炎症使胆囊壁增厚,并与肝脏或临近组织粘连浸润,影像学上和大体上易误诊为胆囊癌。确诊XGC需依赖病理检查。术中冰冻切片检查可明确病变性质,排除胆囊恶性病变,对手术方式的选择有直接影响,避免了术中盲目扩大切除的可能。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎误诊为胆囊癌十例分析

目的 分析黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC）误诊为胆囊癌的原因.方法 分析我院1996-2005年间确诊为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的33例的临床资料,其中10例在术前和术中误诊为胆囊癌.结果 10例患者中B超和CT均诊断为胆囊癌5例,慢性胆囊炎1例;B超诊断为胆囊癌而CT诊断为慢性胆囊炎2例;B超诊断为慢性胆囊炎而CT诊断为胆囊癌2例;术中均见有胆囊壁增厚,胆囊与肝、大网膜等周围组织粘连.3例行胆囊切除＋肝部分切除术,6例行胆囊切除＋肝部分切除术＋肝十二指肠韧带清扫术,1例行部分胆囊切除＋胆囊空肠吻合＋横结肠部分切除.术后病理为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎.结论 黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎影像学表现和肉眼所见易误诊为胆囊癌.确诊需依赖病理检查.术中冰冻组织学检查有助于明确病变性质.     

胆囊切除术的高危因素与医源性胆管损伤(附12例临床分析)

目的分析胆囊切除术中易发生胆管损伤的高危因素,探讨损伤的原因及预防措施。方法统计１９８５年１月至１９９８年７月行胆囊切除术时发生的１２例医源性胆管损伤情况,分析与致伤有关的解剖病理因素。结果１３年中行胆囊切除４８５４例中,易致胆管损伤的高危因素有７种共４９３例,其中高位胆囊３５例损伤１例,左右肝管低位汇合４７例损伤１例,胆囊动脉变异４７例损伤１例,萎缩性胆囊炎８７例损伤１例,胆囊颈结石嵌顿１７３例损伤４例,Ｍｉｒｉｚｚｉ综合征８９例损伤３例,伴门静脉高压症１５例损伤１例。结论在上述高危情况下,行胆囊切除术者易发生医源性胆管损伤。术者应保持警惕,仔细解剖清楚,术中造影、胆道探查以及逆行胆囊切除加胆囊颈部特殊处理等有助于减少医源性胆管损伤的发生。     

Gallbladder Mass with a Carbohydrate Antigen 19-9 Level in the Thousands: Malignant or Benign Pathology? Report of a Case

Tumor markers such as carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA 19-9) are commonly measured in the serum of patients with suspected pancreaticobiliary malignancies. Moderate elevations of CA 19-9 may be seen in benign disease, but levels in the thousands are indicative of malignancy. We report the case of a 64-year-old man with an elevated CA 19-9 of 5791 U/ml and radiological findings suggestive of metastatic gallbladder carcinoma. The patient underwent cholecystectomy and excision of a common bile duct stricture, with hepaticojejunostomy and liver biopsy. The final surgical pathology was consistent with xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and the elevated CA 19-9 returned to normal postoperatively. Thus, an elevated CA 19-9 level, even in the thousands, should not preclude patients from an operation if a mass is deemed resectable. Thorough investigation and treatment may result in a curative operation even if unresectable malignant disease is initially suspected.     

Xanthogranulomatous Cholecystitis: Analysis of 108 Patients

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and radiological features of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) and the results of surgical treatment. This retrospective study concerns clinical, radiological, and surgical data as well as histopathological findings and postoperative results of 108 patients with XGC who were identified after evaluating 7916 cholecystectomy specimens between 2004 and 2014 in a single institute. One hundred eight patients with XGC were evaluated (56 males and 52 females, mean age 62.3 years). Clinical findings at referral included acute and chronic cholecystitis, Mirizzi’s syndrome, choledocholithiasis, cholangitis, and acute pancreatitis. Ultrasound was performed in all patients, CT in 25, contrast-enhanced MRI in 29, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) in 25 patients. None of the patients were diagnosed preoperatively, but mild-moderate degrees of wall thickening were present in most. Fifty-four patients received open cholecystectomy, while 54 received laparoscopic intervention, among whom 23 were converted to open. Partial cholecystectomy was performed in 11 patients. Two patients with gallbladder adenocarcinoma were treated with radical cholecystectomy. XGC has nonspecific clinical and radiological findings; thus, preoperative diagnosis is generally absent. Open cholecystectomy is the recommended treatment modality. Conversion to open is frequently necessary after laparoscopy. Complete cholecystectomy is the ultimate goal; however, partial cholecystectomy may be preferred to protect the structures of the hepatic hilum.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊疗特点

目的探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎(xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis,XGC)的诊断与手术治疗特点。方法回顾性分析13例经病理确诊的XGC病人的临床资料。术前B超检查13例,CT检查5例,MRI检查3例,ERCP检查1例,术前均误诊。结果11例行术中冰冻切片病理检查,确诊9例。9例行胆囊切除术,1例行胆囊切除加胆总管探查T管引流术,1例行胆囊大部切除加十二指肠瘘修补术,2例行胆囊切除加胆囊床部肝组织切除。均治愈,无死亡病例。结论XGC是一种少见的特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎,术前诊断困难,确诊依赖病理检查,开腹胆囊切除是基本手术方式。     

45例黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎临床治疗分析

目的：研究黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊结石及高脂血症的关系,探讨胆囊结石和高脂血症在其发病中的作用。方法：回顾性分析45例经病理确诊为黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎患者的临床资料。结果：45例均行手术治疗,术中发现合并胆囊结石45例,8例合并胆总管结石,3例合并Mirizzi综合征,合并高脂血症11例。经手术治疗后均痊愈。结论：黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的形成与胆囊结石和高脂血症有一定的联系。     

Ezrin蛋白在胆囊癌组织中的表达及其与血清CEA及CA19-9阳性率的关系

目的探讨原发性胆囊癌组织中Ezrin蛋白表达和胆囊癌患者血清中CEA及CA19-9检测阳性率与其临床病理因素之间的关系及其意义;并分析胆囊癌组织中Ezrin蛋白表达与血清CEA和CA19-9阳性率之间的相关性。方法应用免疫组织化学方法检测60例胆囊癌组织和13例慢性胆囊炎组织中Ezrin蛋白的表达;收集所有研究对象的各项临床病理指标和CEA及CA19-9检测值,并进行统计学分析。结果①Ezrin蛋白在原发性胆囊癌和慢性胆囊炎组织中的表达阳性率分别为66.7%(40/60)和30.8%(4/13),前者明显高于后者(χ2=5.57,P0.05)。②Ezrin蛋白在原发性胆囊癌组织中的表达与患者的年龄、性别无关(P0.05),与组织分化程度、淋巴结或远处转移、pNevin分期及pTNM分期均有关(P0.05)。③血清CEA及CA19-9检测阳性率与患者性别和年龄无关(P0.05),分别与pNevin分期、pTNM分期、组织分化程度及淋巴结或远处转移有关(P0.05)。④胆囊癌组织中Ezrin蛋白表达与血清CEA检测阳性率之间存在一定的相关性(rs=0.213,P0.05),与CA19-9检测阳性率之间无明确相关性(rs=0.081,P0.05)。结论Ezrin蛋白在原发性胆囊癌组织中高表达可能促进了肿瘤的发展和转移;检测胆囊癌组织中Ezrin蛋白的表达及血清中CEA和CA19-9水平,将有助于对胆囊癌的发生、发展、转移和预后作出综合判断。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊结石的关系

目的研究黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎（XGC）与胆囊结石的关系，探讨胆囊结石在XGC发病中的作用。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2005年12月33例经病理确诊为XGC的临床资料。结果33例均行B超检查，其中20例行CT检查。全部行手术治疗。术中发现合并胆囊结石32例，单发胆囊结石ll例，多发胆囊结石21例。26例胆囊结石直径≥1．0cm；20例结石位于胆囊颈部，占所有合并胆囊结石病例的62．5％。此外，5例合并胆总管结石，3例合并Mirizzi综合征，无一例合并肝内胆管结石。结论XGC是一种特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎症，伴有黄色肉芽肿形成，重度增生性纤维化，以及泡沫状组织细胞为特征，临床上非常少见，术前诊断困难。需依赖病理检查确诊。几乎所有的XGC均合并胆囊结石。胆囊结石会引起胆汁淤积，使胆汁渗入破损的胆囊壁，从而可能引起XGC的发生。胆囊颈部结石嵌顿很可能在XGC的发病中起着重要作用。     

Clinico-pathological study of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis

Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is an uncommon lesion which may form a tumor-like mass in inflamed gallbladders. In a review of 44 cases there were 40 associated with gallstones which had been incarcerated in the neck of the gallbladder, 10 with past histories of abdominal surgeries, 15 with diabetes mellitus, three with carcinomas in the neck of the gallbladder and four with carcinomas in the other organs. Radiologically the differential diagnosis of gallbladder cancer and XGC was difficult in several cases. Thirty five cases of XGC have been diagnosed as chronic cholecystitis and 7 have been mistaken for feature of XGC in the contrast enhancement CT that is, detection of an intramural low density mass with continuously enhanced internal membraneous layer of the gallbladder wall. In view of the clinico-pathological findings of XGC, the lesions appear to result from intramural extravasation of bile and subsequent xanthogranulomatous reaction under obstructive conditions in the neck of the gallbladder. We conclude that XGC is not an uncommon special type of cholecystitis but an accompanied lesion sometimes seen in a kind of cholecystitis.     

Lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis: A rare cause of acalculous cholecystitis in immunocompetent patients – A case report

IntroductionEosinophilic and lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis are uncommonly encountered causes of acalculous cholecystitis characterised by a clinical presentation of acute cholecystitis with eosinophilic infiltration of the gallbladder. Acalculous cholecystitis is a disease that is traditionally associated with patients who are critically unwell and immunosuppressed.Presentation of caseA fit and well 37-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 12 -h history of constant upper abdominal pain radiating through to his back. Abdominal examination revealed tenderness in the right upper quadrant with a positive Murphy’s sign. An abdominal ultrasound was performed, revealing a thickened gallbladder wall with probe tenderness, but no gallstones. He proceeded to an uneventful emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Histological examination of the gallbladder revealed mucosal and transmural inflammation comprising of lymphocytes and more than 50 % eosinophils. No gallstones were found. A diagnosis of lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis was made. The patient had improvement in his symptoms and was discharged home. He was well at follow-up.DiscussionThere is a small subset of immunocompetent patients who are not critically unwell who present with acalculous cholecystitis. There is significant hesitancy in offering a cholecystectomy to these patients without radiological evidence of gallstones or sludge preoperatively. Cholecystectomy should be offered to these patients if the clinical picture fits acute cholecystitis.ConclusionEosinophilic and lymphoeosinophilic cholecystitis are important causes of acalculous cholecystitis that can occur in immunocompetent patients. The decision to offer the patient a cholecystectomy should be based on clinical presentation and examination, rather than the absence or presence of gallstones.     

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??Differential diagnosis and management strategies of xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis and gallbladder carcinoma WANG Guang-yi, SUN Xiao-dong, QIU Wei.Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, the First Bethune Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
Corresponding author: WANG Guang-yi, E-mail??wgymd@
sina.com
Abstract Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis (XGC) is a rare type of cholecystitis, and the etiopathogenesis of XGC is not fully understood. It is difficult to differentiate XGC from gallbladder carcinoma by symptoms, physical examination, laboratory tests, and radiographic findings because of uneven thickening gallbladder wall and severe adhesions with surrounding organs, especially in some cases associated with gallbladder carcinoma. Preoperative and intraoperative diagnosis rate is poor. Preoperative and intraoperative fine needle aspiration cytology and frozen pathology is important to the intraoperative surgical management. Because of a high conversion rate (laparoscopic to open cholecystectomy) and incidence of complications with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, open surgery is suggested. The appropriate surgical procedures should be performed according to intraoperative frozen pathology results.     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的诊治探讨

目的 探讨黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎的(XGC)的诊断与治疗。方法 回顾10例XGC的临床资料。结果 B超检查10例，CT、检查3例，术前全部误诊，术后病检确诊10例。9例行胆囊切除，1例行胆囊大部切除，其中2例行胆囊床肝脏楔形切除并肝十二指肠韧带淋巴结清扫，1例加胃大部切除。9例治愈，1例死亡。结论 XGC是一种少见特殊类型的慢性胆囊炎，影像学检查易与胆囊癌混淆，确诊依赖病理检查，手术切除胆囊是早期诊断治疗的最佳途径。术中冰冻切片病检．避免手术盲目扩大化。     

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎与胆囊癌的鉴别诊断及术中决策

黄色肉芽肿性胆囊炎是一种少见类型的胆囊炎,发病机制尚未完全清楚。因其胆囊壁弥漫性不均匀增厚及向周围器官浸润等特点而与胆囊癌难以鉴别,其病史体征、肿瘤标记物及影像学特点均不典型,加之部分病例合并有胆囊癌,术前难以做出确定性诊断。术前和术中细针穿刺冰冻病理学检查的诊断率相对较高,对手术方式选择有重要参考意义。因腹腔镜胆囊切除术的术中中转开腹率及并发症发生率很高,故临床多选择开腹胆囊切除术,依术中所见及冰冻病理学检查结果选择恰当的术式。     

Acute acalculous cholecystitis complicated by MRCP-confirmed Mirizzi syndrome: A case report

INTRODUCTIONAcute acalculous cholecystitis can be complicated by extrinsic compression of the common hepatic/common bile duct by the enlarged and inflamed gallbladder followed by jaundice. Its mechanism is very similar to that of Mirizzi syndrome, when the bile duct is compressed from outside due to a stone impacted in the gallbladder neck or cystic duct. This complication of acalculous cholecystitis is rare, with very little number of published cases.PRESENTATION OF A CASEWe present a patient with compression of the common hepatic duct by an inflamed and enlarged gallbladder in the absence of stones as confirmed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP). Acute cholecystitis and jaundice resolved after conservative treatment, and the changes were shown by a follow-up MRCP five months later.DISCUSSIONWe were able to find only three similar cases reported in the literature. In these cases, compression of the common hepatic/common bile duct by the inflamed gallbladder was confirmed by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography and intraoperatively. Terminology to describe this condition has not been agreed upon. We consider it as a special kind of Mirizzi syndrome.CONCLUSIONTo the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of MRCP-confirmed Mirizzi syndrome in acute acalculous cholecystitis.     

胆囊颈管结石嵌顿患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术的体会

目的:探讨胆囊颈管结石嵌顿合并急、慢性胆囊炎的患者行腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)的特点及注意事项。方法:回顾分析78例胆囊颈管结石嵌顿伴急、慢性胆囊炎、胆囊积液患者行LC的临床资料。结果:76例顺利完成LC,其中3例为Mirizzi综合征Ⅰ型;1例因合并胆囊结肠漏、胆囊右肝管漏中转开腹,另1例为Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ型,术中胆总管损伤中转手术行胆总管对端吻合"T"管支撑引流术。结论:腹腔镜手术治疗胆囊颈管结石嵌顿患者(包括Mirizzi综合征Ⅰ型)是安全可行的,术中对解剖困难或合并胆囊与邻近脏器内瘘的形成以及Mirizzi综合征Ⅱ型以上等应及时采取开腹手术。