Essential oils from Schinus terebinthifolius leaves – chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxicity evaluation

Context: In folk medicine, Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae), has been used as a remedy for ulcers, respiratory problems, wounds, rheumatism, gout, diarrhea, skin ailments and arthritis, as well as to treat tumors and leprosy.

Objective: To investigate the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of essential oil from leaves of S. terebinthifolius as well as the identification of active compounds from this oil.

Material and methods: Essential oil from S. terebinthifolius leaves, obtained by hydrodistillation using a Clevenger-type apparatus, was characterized in terms of its chemical composition. Also, the crude oil was subjected to chromatographic separation procedures to afford an active fraction composed of α- and β-pinenes. These compounds, including hydrogenation (pinane) and epoxydation (α-pinene oxide) derivatives from α-pinene, were tested in vitro against murine melanoma cell line (B16F10-Nex2) and human melanoma (A2058), breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), leukemia (human leukemia (HL-60) and cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines.

Results: Forty-nine constituents were identified in the oil (97.9% of the total), with germacrene D (23.7%), bicyclogermacrene (15.0%), β-pinene (9.1%) and β-longipinene (8.1%) as the main compounds. The crude essential oil showed cytotoxic effects in several cell lines, mainly on leukemia and human cervical carcinoma. Fractions composed mainly of α- and β-pinenes as well as those composed of individually pinenes showed effective activities against all tested cell lines. Aiming to determinate preliminary structure/activity relationships, α-pinene was subjected to epoxydation and hydrogenation procedures whose obtained α-pinene oxide showed an expressive depression in its cytotoxicity effect, similar as observed to pinane derivative.

Discussion and conclusion: The obtained results indicated that the monoterpenes α- and β-pinenes could be responsible to the cytotoxic activity detected in the crude oil from leaves of S. terebinthifolius. In addition, it was possibly inferred that the presence of double bond in their structures, mainly at endocyclic position, is crucial to cytotoxic potential detected in these derivatives.     

Chemical composition and in vitro cytotoxic effects of the essential oil from Nectandra leucantha leaves

Abstract

Context: Nectandra (Lauraceae) species have been used in folk medicine as an antidiarrheal, analgesic, antifungal, etc., and have many pharmacological proprieties.

Objective: Investigation of the chemical composition and cytotoxicity of essential oil from Nectandra leucantha Nees & Mart. leaves. This is the first study involving N. leucantha reported in the literature.

Material and methods: The essential oil of N. leucantha leaves was obtained by hydrodistillation. Its chemical composition was determined using a combination of GC/FID, GC/MS, and determination of Kovats index (KI). In vitro cytotoxic activity was evaluated against six cancer cell lines – murine melanoma (B16F10-Nex2), human glioblastome (U-87), human cervical carcinoma (HeLa), human colon carcinoma (HCT), human breast adenocarcinoma (MCF7), and human cervical tumor (Siha) as well as against one non-tumorigenic cell line – human foreskin fibroblast (HFF).

Results: Thirty-three compounds were identified primarily sesquiterpenes (81.41%), the main compounds being bicyclogermacrene (28.44%), germacrene A (7.34%), spathulenol (5.82%), and globulol (5.25%). Furthermore, monoterpenes were also found in the analyzed oil (12.84%), predominantly α- and β-pinenes (6.59 and 4.57%, respectively). The crude essential oil displayed significant cytotoxic activity against B16F10-Nex2 (IC₅₀ 33?±?1?μg/mL) and U87 (IC₅₀ 75.95?±?0.03?μg/mL) and HeLa (IC₅₀ 60?±?12?μg/mL) cell lines. The main identified compound, bicyclogermacrene, displayed IC₅₀ ranging from 3.1?±?0.2 to 21?±?6?μg/mL.

Discussion and conclusion: The results indicate that the crude oils from leaves of N. leucantha displayed cytotoxic activity being bicyclogermacrene, the main compound identified in the crude oil responsible, at least in part, for this potential.     

肉豆蔻挥发油中α-蒎烯,β-蒎烯含量测定及动态分析

目的建立同时测定肉豆蔻挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量的气相色谱法;研究肉豆蔻叶片挥发油中两种成分含量的动态变化。方法水蒸气蒸馏提取挥发油,GC法测定肉豆蔻挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的含量。气相色谱条件:HP-5MS石英毛细管柱(0.25mm×30m×0.25μm);氢火焰离子化检测器(FID);进样口温度240℃;检测器温度250℃;柱温起始温度为40℃,保持1min,以5℃.min-1的速率升高到220℃,保持1min;载气为氮气,流速1mL.min-1,分流比为10∶1,进样量为:1μL。结果α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯在相应的线性范围内呈现良好的线性关系,加样回收率(n=3)分别为:99.2%和98.7%。肉豆蔻不同组织挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量有明显差异。不同月份肉豆蔻叶片挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量变化呈现一定的规律性。结论方法简便快速,可以用于肉豆蔻挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的含量测定。     

Chemical Composition of Essential Oils from Leaves and Twigs of Pistacia lentiscus,Pistacia lentiscus var. chia,and Pistacia terebinthus from Turkey

The composition of the essential oils from the leaves and twigs of Pistacia lentiscus L., Pistacia lentiscus var. chia (L.), and Pistacia terebinthus L. of Turkish origin were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Seventy-seven constituents were characterized from the essential oil of P. terebinthus leaves with α-cadinol (6.9%), phytol (5.4%), δ-cadinene (5.1%), α-terpineol (5.0%), and bornyl acetate (4.4%) as major constituents. Germacrene D (10%), β-pinene (7.5%), bornyl acetate (6.0%), α-cubebene (5.9%), and cubebol (5.4%) were found to be the main components among the 61 compounds characterized in the essential oil of P. terebinthus twigs. Forty-six compounds were characterized from the essential oil of P. lentiscus twigs with sabinene (23.2%), α-pinene (19.4%), germacrene D (14.1%), limonene (6.9%), β-phellandrene (6.5%), terpinene-4-ol (5.7%), and β-caryophyllene (5.7%) as the main constituents. Terpinene-4-ol (29.2%), β-caryophyllene (29.2%), and p-cymene (7.1%) were identified as the major components among the 64 compounds characterized in the essential oil of P. lentiscus leaves. Sixty-eight compounds were found on the essential oil of P. lentiscus var. chia leaves with germacrene D (20.1%), myrcene (13.9%), β-caryophyllene (10.8%), and α-terpinyl acetate (4.8%) as the major constituents. Myrcene (27.4%), germacrene D (21.7%), and β-caryophyllene (7.2%) were found to be the main components among 50 compounds characterized in the essential oil of P. lentiscus var. chia twigs.     

Studies on the constituents of PhilippinePiper betle leaves

Fourteen volatile components including eight allypyrocatechol analgos were isolated and identified from the essential oil and ether soluble fraction of PhilippinePiper betle leaves (Piperaceae). The major constituents of PhilippinePiper betle oil were chavibetol and chavibetol acetate. Capillary GC analysis of the oil showed chavibetol (53.1%), chavibetol acetate (15.5%), caryophyllene (3.79%), allypyroacatechol diacetate (0.71%), campene (0.48%), chavibetol methyl ether (=methyl eugenol, 0.48%), eugenol (0.32%), α-pinene (0.21%), β-pinene (0.21%), α-limonene (0,14%), safrole (0.11%), 1,8-cineol (0.04%), and allylpyrocatechol monoacetate. The major component of the ether soluble fraction was allylpyrocatechol (2.38% of the leaves).     

Chemical composition,antimicrobial, and cytotoxicity studies on S. erianthum and S. macranthum essential oils

Context: Solanum erianthum D. Don and Solanum macranthum Dunal (Solanaceae) are widely used in traditional medicine. The leaves act as an abortifacient and in particular to treat leucorrhoea, sores, and skin irritations.

Objective: This study was undertaken to characterize the volatile constituents of the leaf and fruit essential oils of S. erianthum and S. macranthum; their antimicrobial and in vitro cytotoxic bioassay against human breast and prostate tumor cells.

Methods: The volatile oils were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed for their constituents by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) were determined using the microbroth dilution technique while the cytotoxic potentials were evaluated using the Cell Titre 96^(R) AQ_ueous Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay method.

Results: Solanum erianthum essential oils were characterized by the abundance of α-terpinolene (17.8%), α-phellandrene (17.5%), p-cymene (15.7%) and β-pinene (11.7%) in the leaves; α-humulene (23.1%), humulene epoxide II (20.0%), caryophyllene oxide (16.5%), methyl salicylate (11.8%) and β-caryophyllene (10.9%) in the fruits. The leaf oil of S. macranthum consisted of (E)-phytol (29.0%), pentadecanal (28.1%) and pentadecane (7.7%) while the major fruit oil constituents were α-humulene (36.5%), β-caryophyllene (17.8%), ethyl palmitate (9.4%), and methyl salicylate (8.2%). Solanum erianthum leaf volatile oil demonstrated potent inhibitory activity against Hs 578T and PC-3 human breast and prostate tumor cells respectively. In addition, the Solanum essential oils exhibited significant antimicrobial activity (19.5–625 µg/mL) on pathogens employed in the assay.

Conclusion: The Solanum essential oils possess strong antimicrobial activity in addition to the potent cytotoxic potential of S. erianthum leaf oil against Hs 578T and PC-3 cells.     

不同采收期连翘挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量的比较

目的：建立测定连翘挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量的方法,并比较不同采收期连翘中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量的差异。方法：采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取连翘挥发油,以毛细管气相色谱法测定挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯的含量。色谱柱为HP-5弹性石英毛细管柱（30m×0．25mm×0．25μm）,载气为氮气,程序升温,进样口温度为230℃,检测器（FID）温度为250℃。以环己酮为内标物,用内标法定量。结果：α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯的质量浓度分别在0．1640～0．8200、0．5020～2．5100mg／ml范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好的线性关系（r分别为0．9996、0．9994）;二者精密度、稳定性、重复性试验的RSD〈3％;平均加样回收率分别为100．99％、96．61％,RSD分别为2．19％、2．07％（月均为9）。结论：该方法简便、快速、准确,可用于连翘挥发油中α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量的测定。各采收期连翘挥发油出油率及α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯含量以7月中下旬为最高。     

Anticonflict effects of lavender oil and identification of its active constituents

The pharmacological effects of lavender oil were investigated using two conflict tests in ICR mice, and then the active constituents were identified. Lavender oil produced significant anticonflict effects at 800 and 1600 mg/kg in the Geller conflict test and at 800 mg/kg in the Vogel conflict test, suggesting that the oil has an anti-anxiety effect. Analysis using GC/MS revealed that lavender oil contains 26 constituents, among which α-pinene (ratio, 0.22%), camphene (0.06%), β-myrcene (5.33%), p-cymene (0.3%), limonene (1.06%), cineol (0.51%), linalool (26.12%), borneol (1.21%), terpinene-4-ol (4.64%), linalyl acetate (26.32%), geranyl acetate (2.14%) and caryophyllene (7.55%) were identified. We examined the effects of linalool, linalyl acetate, borneol, camphene, cineol, terpinen-4-ol, α-pinene and β-myrcene using the Geller and Vogel conflict tests in ICR mice. Cineol, terpinen-4-ol, α-pinene and β-myrcene did not produce any significant anticonflict effects in the Geller test. Linalyl acetate did not produce any significant anticonflict effects in either test. Both borneol and camphene at 800 mg/kg produced significant anticonflict effects in the Geller, but not in the Vogel conflict test. Linalool, a major constituent of lavender oil, produced significant anticonflict effects at 600 and 400 mg/kg in the Geller and Vogel tests, respectively, findings that were similar to those of lavender oil. Thus, we concluded that linalool is the major pharmacologically active constituent involved in the anti-anxiety effect of lavender oil.     

Phytochemical composition,anti-inflammatory activity and cytotoxic effects of essential oils from three Pinus spp.

Context: Inflammation and cell differentiation lead to a number of severe diseases. In the recent years, various studies focused on the anti-inflammatory and anticancer activity of essential oils (EOs) of numerous plants, including different Pinus species.

Objective: The phytochemical composition, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic activity of EOs from needles and twigs of Pinus heldreichii Christ (Pinaceae) and P. peuce Griseb., and from needles, twigs and cones of P. mugo Turra were determined.

Materials and methods: For separation and identification of the EOs, gas chromatography/flame ion detector (GC/FID) and GC/mass spectrometry were performed. The amount of secreted IL-6 in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage model was quantified (concentration of oils: 0.0001–0.2%, 3?h incubation). Cytotoxicity on the cancer cell lines HeLa, CaCo-2 and MCF-7 were determined using a MTT (Thiazolyl Blue Tetrazolium Bromide) assay (concentration of oils: 0.001–0.1%, 24?h incubation).

Results: The most prominent members in the oils include: δ-3-carene, α-pinene and linalool-acetate (P. mugo); α-pinene, β-phellandrene and β-pinene (P. peuce); limonene, α-pinene and (E)-caryophyllene (P. heldreichii). EOs showed significant cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines (IC₅₀ 0.007 to >0.1%), with a reduction in cell viability with up to 90% at a concentration of 0.1%, and anti-inflammatory activity (IC₅₀ 0.0008–0.02%) with a reduction of IL-6 secretion with up to 60% at a concentration of 0.01%.

Discussion and conclusion: The EOs of needles and twigs from P. peuce and P. heldreichii as well as of needles, twigs and cones of P. mugo can be considered as promising agents for anticancer and anti-inflammatory drugs.     

Essential oil composition and variability of Hypericum perforatum from wild populations of northern Turkey

Context: Hypericum perforatum L. (Guttiferae) contains many bioactive secondary metabolites including hypericins, hyperforins, and essential oil.

Objective: The present study was conducted to determine the variation in composition of essential oil in H. perforatum accessions from Turkey.

Material and methods: At full flowering, aerial parts of 30 plants were collected from 10 sites of northern Turkey and assayed for essential oil components by GC-FID and GC-MS.

Results: The chemical analysis revealed that the main constituents of the all analyzed samples were hydrocarbon and oxygenated sesquiterpenes such as β-caryophyllene (4.08–5.93%), γ-muurolene (5.00–9.56%), β-selinene (5.08–19.63%), α-selinene (4.12–10.42%), d-cadinene (3.02–4.94%), spathulenol (2.34–5.14%), and caryophyllene oxide (6.01–12.18%). Monoterpenes, both hydrocarbon and oxygenated, were represented by scarce amounts of α- and β-pinene, myrcene, linalool, cis- and trans-linalool oxide, and α-terpineol. Principal component analysis was also carried out and, according to the results, the first nine principal components were found to represent 100% of the observed variation.

Discussion: The chemical variation among the populations is discussed as the possible result of different genetic and environmental factors.

Conclusions: The wild populations examined here are potentially important sources for breeding and improvement of the cultivated varieties.     

中药益智化学成分的研究

目的：研究中药益智Alpinia oxyphylla Miq.的化学成分。方法：利用各种色谱技术进行分离纯化,根据化合物的理化性质和光谱数据进行结构鉴定;用GC-MS联机技术鉴定挥发油的化学成分。结果：从益智分得10种化合物,其中2个二芳基庚酮:yakuchinone A (1)、益智醇(oxyphyllacinol 2),3个eremophilane烷碳架的倍半萜valencene (3)、nootkanone (4)、nootkanol (5),两个黄酮:杨芽黄酮(tectochrysin 6)、白杨素(chrysin 7),以及β-谷甾醇(8)、胡萝卜苷(9)和脂肪酸(10)。用GC-MS鉴定了挥发油中64个化学成分,其中含量较高的有:p-cymene (44.87%), valencene (9.13%), linalool (4.39%), myrtenal (3.90%), β-pinene (3.87%), α-pinene (2.93%), furopelargone (2.62%), terpinen-4-ol (2.56%)等。结论：益智醇(2)为新二芳基庚醇,其化学结构为1-(4′-hyroxy-3′-methoxy-phenyl)-7-phenyl-3-heptanol,3,6和7是首次从该植物分得。     

苏合香挥发性化学成分的GC-MS研究

目的:研究苏合香的挥发性化学成分。方法:通过固相微萃取技术提取苏合香的挥发性成分,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术进行分析鉴定。结果:共鉴定出苏合香28种成分,占总色谱峰面积的90.72%,其中α-蒎烯(15.97%)、莰烯(13.28%)和β-蒎烯(12.82%)的含量较高。结论:本方法简便、高效,可为芳香辛味含挥发性成分药物的成分研究提供参考。     

固相微萃取GC-MS法分析大唇香科科、二齿香科科、长毛香科科的挥发油成分

目的:对大唇香科科、二齿香科科、长毛香科科的挥发油成分进行分析。方法:采用固相微萃取技术提取挥发油成分,用气相色谱-质谱联用技术对挥发油进行分析测定。结果:从大唇香科科、二齿香科科挥发油中共鉴定出33个化学成分,其中含量较高的组分为大栊牛儿烯-D(26.66%、27.88%)、1-辛烯-3-醇(13.19%、13.79%)、α-蒎烯(12.53%、13.07%)、β-芹子烯(5.93%、6.08%)、大栊牛儿烯-B(5.89%、6.20%)等。从长毛香科科挥发油中共鉴定出29个化学成分,其中含量较高的组分为石竹烯氧化物(21.52%)、α-甜没药萜醇(20.35%)、α-蒎烯氧化物(18.25%)、1-辛烯-3-醇(7.26%)、α-甜没药萜醇氧化物B(5.92%)等。结论:本试验可为香科科属植物资源的开发利用提供理论依据。     

Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Acanthopanax leucorrhizus (Oliv.) Harms

The leaf essential oil of Acanthopanax leucorrhizus, a widely used medicinal plant, was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by using combination of capillary GC-FID, GC-MS and RI. Fifty-nine components, representing 93.1% of the total oil, were identified in the essential oil and the main components of the oil were β-pinene (7.3%), linalool (6.5%), p-cymene (6.3%), β-elemene (3.8%), γ-terpinene (3.7%), spathulenol (3.2%) and cis-sabinene hydrate (3.1%). Furthermore, the in vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities of the essential oil were examined. The test results showed that the essential oil exhibited a broad spectrum of anti-microbial activity against all microorganisms tested. Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to the oil than gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. The oil possessed moderate cytotoxicity on human tumor cells with lower IC(50) values of 25.65μg/ml (Hep G2), 28.71μg/ml (Hela), 30.15μg/ml (Bel-7402) and 37.55μg/ml (A-549). The moderate antioxidant activity of the oil was also evaluated by the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical method.     

Anti-inflammatory activity of essential oils from Syzygium cumini and Psidium guajava

Abstract

Context: Despite the many biological activities reported for essential oils, their anti-inflammatory ability is relatively underexplored considering the wide variation in plant sources and in their volatile composition. Oils from Syzygium cumini Skells (SC) and Psidium guajava L. (PG) (Myrtaceae) have been described as having diverse pharmacological activities.

Objective: The current study seeks to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity of the essential oils from the leaves of SC and PG, as well as some of their terpene-enriched fractions (+V?=?more volatile and ?V?=?less volatile) obtained by vacuum distillation. Both the pharmacological responses and chemical compositions were correlated.

Materials and methods: The relative contents of the oils and their fractions were evaluated by gas chromatography. Individual constituents in the oils were characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anti-inflammatory activity was accessed in the lipopolysaccharide-induced pleurisy model, by measuring the inhibition of total leukocyte, neutrophil and eosinophil migration in the mice pleural lavage, after oil treatment with the oils at 100?mg/kg.

Results: Eosinophil migration was inhibited by SC (67%), SC (+V) (63%), PG (76%), PG (+V) (67%) and PG (?V) (74%). This efficacy was correlated with the presence of β-pinene and β-caryophyllene in the oils, a result that was reinforced by evaluating both these pure components (38 and 50% inhibition, respectively). Synergistic effects associated with the presence of α-pinene were speculated.

Discussion and conclusion: Essential oils from SC and PG may be useful to treat inflammatory diseases by mechanisms that include the inhibition of eosinophil migration.     

Essential oil composition and antioxidant and antimicrobial properties of the aerial parts of Salvia eremophila Boiss. from Iran

The essential oil composition and in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil and methanol extract of Salvia eremophila were evaluated in this research. GC and GC/MS analysis of the plant essential oil resulted in the identification of 28 compounds representing 99.24% of the oil. Borneol (21.83%), α-pinene (18.80%), bornyl acetate (18.68%) and camphene (6.54%) were detected as the major components consisting 65.85% of the oil. The plant essential oil and methanol extract were also subjected to screenings for the evaluation of their antioxidant activities using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and β-carotene–linoleic acid tests. While the plant essential oil showed only weak antioxidant activities, its methanol extract was considerably active in both DPPH (IC₅₀ = 35.19 μg/ml) and β-carotene–linoleic acid (inhibition percentage: 72.42%) tests. Appreciable total phenolic content (101.25 μg/mg) was also detected for the plant methanol extract as gallic acid equivalent in the Folin–Ciocalteu test. The plant was also screened for its antimicrobial activity and good to moderate inhibitions were recorded for its essential oil and methanol extract against most of the tested microorganisms.     

Cytotoxic triterpenoids from Azadirachta indica

Two new tirucallane triterpenoids, 24,25-epoxy-3 β-hydroxy-20-oxo-7-tirucallene (1) and 22,23;24,25-diepoxy-3 β-hydroxy-7-tirucallene (2), and a new tetranortriterpenoid, 4 α-hydroperoxy-6- O-acetylnimbandiol (3), along with eight known compounds, were isolated from the branches and leaves of Azadirachta indica. Their structures were elucidated through spectroscopic and chemical methods. The cytotoxic assay showed that the abundant constituent nimbolide (8) had obvious cytotoxic activities against HL-60, SMMC7721, A549, MCF-7, and SW-480 cell lines, with IC?? values of 0.8?±?0.1, 2.2?±?0.2, 1.9?±?1.3, 4.5?±?1.1, and 2.3?±?0.1?μM, respectively.     

气相色谱质谱法鉴定桉叶油中的挥发性成分

目的：分离鉴定桉叶油中的生物活性成分。方法利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪GC-MS分离鉴定桉叶油生物化学成分。结果分离并鉴定α-蒎烯,β-蒎烯,水芹烯,P-伞花烯,桉叶油醇,松油烯, Alpha-松油醇,4-萜品醇等十余种化学成分。结论桉叶油的止血抗炎、止痛消肿及促渗促透作用等功效可能与其醇类及萜类成分有关。     

Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of the leaf essential oil of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eugenia zuchowskiae</Emphasis> from Monteverde,Costa Rica

The leaf essential oil of Eugenia zuchowskiae from Monteverde, Costa Rica, has been obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC–MS. The principal constituents of E. zuchowskiae leaf oil were α-pinene (28.3%), β-caryophyllene (13.2%), α-humulene (13.1%), and α-copaene (8.1%). The leaf essential oil of E. zuchowskiae showed pronounced in-vitro cytotoxic activity against MCF-7, MDA-MB-468, and UACC-257 human tumor cell lines. The major components showed cytotoxic activities comparable to doxorubicin (LC₅₀ 14–70 μg/ml).     

Chemical Composition and Anti–Helicobacter pylori Activity of the Essential Oil of Pistacia vera

The chemical composition of the essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of Pistacia vera L. gum was analyzed using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty compounds were identified, representing 99.5% of the total components. α-Pinene, β-pinene, and α-thujene were found to be the major constituents. The bacteriostatic activity of the essential oil against 12 clinical isolates of Helicobacter pylori was determined using the hole-plate method. All isolates were sensitive to the essential oil, and the Minimum Inhibition Concentration (MIC) was 1.55 mg/ml for all isolates using the agar dilution method.