脑室腹腔分流术治疗脑积水83例临床分析

目的探讨脑室腹腔分流术治疗脑积水的手术技巧和并发症的防治,以提高手术疗效。方法回顾性分析83例脑积水患者的临床资料,均行脑室腹腔分流术治疗。结果 83例均获随访,平均18月(9月~6年)。术后症状明显改善57例,好转21例,症状无明显改善5例。11例发生术后并发症,其中分流管阻塞4例,术后感染3例,硬膜下血肿1例,硬膜下积液1例,裂隙脑室1例,癫痫1例。结论正确选择分流装置的置放路径,采用规范的手术操作和严格的无菌技术可有效降低脑室腹腔分流术后并发症的发生,提高临床疗效。     

CSF shunt removal in children with hydrocephalus

Summary The possibility to remove a previously inserted CSF shunt device in hydrocephalic children is a well known though rare event for paediatric neurosurgeons. A retrospective analysis of our experience with a series of 850 children affected by non tumoral hydrocephalus shows that obvious shunt independence could be demonstrated in 3.2% of the patients (27 cases). The time interval between the CSF shunt insertion and removal ranged between 8 months and 12 years (mean: 8 years).Parameters analysed to search for any predictive elements were age at surgery, aetiology, type of prosthesis utilised, time interval between insertion and removal of the shunt, number of the possible revisions. The results of the study suggest that the highest incidence of shunt independence is reached in subjects operated on in early infancy, as 24 of 27 removed shunts were in patients operated on under 6 months of age, and the remaining in 2 children treated when less than 2 years old. Such a finding could be explained on the grounds of a delay in maturation of the CSF absorption mechanisms followed by a late normalisation in these patients.As regards to aetiology, 41% of the 27 patients considered in this series were affected by a post-haemorrhagic hydrocephalus, which was progressive, as demonstrated by serial neuroradiological examinations and echo-Doppler cerebral studies at the time of the surgical treatment. In six children the hydrocephalus was associated with myelomeningocele. Five patients had aqueduct stenosis and 2 communicating hydrocephalus.The types of CSF shunting system we utilised did not play any role in determining or facilitating shunt independence. No correlation was observed with the need and the number of shunt revisions. The role of the interval time between the insertion and the removal of the shunt was not analysable, because of the possible acquisition of the shunt independence prior to its demonstration at the moment of the surgical revision of the CSF shunt (elective lengthening because of the physiological body growth) or to the radiological demonstration of CSF shunt device disconnection. The same constraint prevents the evaluation of the actual overall incidence of shunt independence in shunted hydrocephalic children, as some of them could have harboured a non-functioning CSF shunt device, though unnoticed.     

Abdominal CSF pseudocysts in patients with ventriculo-peritoneal shunts. Report of fourteen cases and review of the literature

Summary The abdominal intraperitoneal cerebrospinal fluid pseudocyst is an infrequent but important complication in patients with ventriculoperitoneal shunts. Since 1954, 115 cases of paediatric pseudocysts have been reported in the literature. One additional report deals with an adult patient.We report on 14 cases of sonographically diagnosed abdominal pseudocysts. Their aetiology, diagnosis, clinical signs and symptoms and surgical management are investigated. In our hydrocephalus series we have an incidence of pseudocyst formation of 4,5%. The most common presentation of the paediatric patients is with symptoms of elevated intracranial pressure and abdominal pain, whereas the adults have predominantly local abdominal signs. Diagnosis is readily made with ultrasonography. Predisposing factors for pseudocyst formation are multiple shunt revisions and infection. Microscopically, the pseudocysts consist of fibrous tissue without epithelial lining. The treatment involves surgical removal of the catheter with or without excision of the pseudocyst wall and placement of a new catheter intraperitoneally in a different quadrant or an intra-atrial shunt. Recurrences are rare, especially under appropriate medical treatment of infection. In our series, microbiologically proven infection was present in 30% of the cases.     

A Giant Adrenal Pseudocyst: Case Report and Review of the Literature

A 45-year-old woman whose MR images revealed a lobulated, complicated cyst with septations on the superior pole of left kidney underwent retroperitoneoscopic cyst marsupialization. In pathologic examination beneath the atrophic adrenal gland, hyalinized, calcification foci cyst wall without any surrounding epithelium was seen microscopically. It was reported to be “adrenal pseudocyst”.     

CSF shunt infections in children: experiences from a population-based study

Summary.  The objective was to identify risk factors for shunt infections, and establish the rate of infection for shunt procedures carried out under standardized conditions in a well-defined population. All (407) paediatric shunt operations (primary and revisions) performed within a total population of 630000 inhabitants between January 1, 1986 and December 31, 1996, were analysed retrospectively. 11 shunt infections were diagnosed in 10 patients, giving an overall infection rate of 2.7% per procedure and 6.2% per patient. Infections were significantly correlated with age, type of operation, and a etiology of hydrocephalus. Thus, infections occurred more frequently during the first 6 months of life, more often following primary shunt insertions compared with revisions, and children with myelomeningocele had a higher infection risk than children with hydrocephalus due to other causes. There was a highly significant male preponderance in the patient material.  Conclusion: The overall infection rate was relatively low. The risk factors for shunt infections appear to relate to epidemiological characteristics rather than to surgical factors. Published online April 28, 2003  Correspondence: Professor Knut Wester, Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, N 5021 Bergen, Norway.     

Shunt malfunction in relation to shunt infection

Summary Ventriculo-peritoneal shunt malfunction may be caused by shunt infection which may not be clinically apparent as the cause of the malfunction by standard diagnostic criteria. This suggests that the real incidence of infected shunts might be higher than previously suspected. In order to study the relationship between infection and shunt malfunction, we followed a protocol over five years (54 V-P shunts) consisting of (1) removal of the malfunctioning shunt and replacement in the same surgical procedure with a new one or institution of an external ventricular drainage for 8 days (if there were clear signs of infection), (2) culturing of CSF and every part of the removed shunt, and (3) intravenous antibiotic treatment (Vancomycin 1g./12h + Ceftriaxone 1g./12h) for five days after the new V-P shunt had been inserted. In those cases in which an external ventricular drainage had been placed, its tip and a portion of the new V-P shunt were also cultured. The results showed that although CSF cultures were negative in 49/54 cases (90.7%), cultures of the removed shunts were positive in 32/54 (59.2%), most of them (21/32, 65.6%) for Staphylococcus coagulase negative organisms.The CSF samples obtained by puncturing the reservoir on admission to Hospital were positive only in 5 out of 54 cases (9.2%), only in those showing clinical features of infection. In the remaining cases, 27 out of 54 (50%) the CSF cultures were negative but the shunt cultures proved positive and required further treatment.For the newly inserted shunts (173) CSF was collected through the shunt during the surgical procedure, and a small piece of the extra-tube from the ventricular and from the peritoneal catheter were obtained and cultured. All the six shunts (6/173, 3.4%) that showed positive cultures after insertion had to be replaced within a period of three to four weeks due to malfunction (range 26±7 days), indicating that the systematic culture of CSF and tubing helps to predict which shunts will soon need to be replaced due to infection.We conclude that CSF culture alone does not rule out infection in cases of shunt malfunction. The percutaneous CSF obtained from the shunt reservoir on admission is particularly prone to show negative cultures even when the shunt is colonized by bacteria.     

Candida Infection of Cerebrospinal Fluid Shunt Devices: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature

Use of CSF shunt devices is a common practice in neurosurgery, and infection of the shunt is the most frequent complication. In spite of the fact that bacteria are the most widely implicated pathogens, reports of fungal infections, especially due to Candida sp., have increased in recent years. Their reported frequency ranges between 6% and 17%. Many factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Candida meningitis, such as broad spectrum antibiotics used in the treatment of a bacterial meningitis, steroids and indwelling bladder and intravenous catheters. The treatment of Candida meningitis still consists of systemic antifungal agents and removal of the shunt.     

Hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus is a common condition in both adult and paediatric neurosurgery. We outline how an understanding of its cause in an individual patient helps to guide treatment. The clinical features, investigation and treatment of hydrocephalus are described.     

CSF hydrocele — unusual complication of V-P shunt

CSF hydrocele as a complication of migration or extrusion of the peritoneal end of the V-P shunt has rarely been reported. Here the case of a 6 month old infant, born at 28 weeks gestational age, is reported. The baby was noted to have scrotal swelling, exacerbated by crying, two months after insertion of ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The hydrocele resolved following revision of the shunt. Possible pathophysiological causes are discussed.     

硅胶囊假体隆乳术并发症

应用硅胶假体的隆乳术在我国普遍开展，各种并发症也屡有报道，手术医生应掌握该方面的相关知识及并发症的防治方法，以使受术者的痛苦减少到最低程度。过去的十年里在我科共施行１１５例硅胶假体隆乳术，发生并发症９例，主要包括血肿、积液、假体破裂、位置不正。血肿和积液早期都会引起局部疼痛且有并发感染的可能，应尽早引流血肿和积液。假体破裂的诊断很重要，最常用的方法是Ｂ超，但以ＭＲＩ最为准确。位置不正可通过准确的分离腔隙和有效的包扎固定得以预防。与硅胶假体隆乳术相关的自身免疫性疾病越来越引起关注，１５例硅凝胶乳房假体的受术者的免疫功能检查，ＩｇＧ，ＩｇＭ及Ｃ３增高提示硅胶做为一种异物长期存在体内引起非特异性免疫活动增强，但这方面尚需做进一步的临床与实验研究证实。     

Low Rate of Shunt Revision in Tumoural Obstructive Hydrocephalus

Summary  The authors calculated the shunt revision rate for 77 consecutive patients with tumoural obstructive hydrocephalus. At a mean follow up of 23.7 months, the annual revision rate was 0.06 which is significantly lower than the annual revision rate of 0.39 for other hydrocephalic patients treated during the same period. Shunted patients who had total excision of their lesions had a significantly lower revision rate than patients who had a partial excision or a biopsy. It is therefore, suggested that cases with tumoural obstructive hydrocephalus may represent a subset of hydrocephalic patients who are associated with a relatively low risk of shunt complications. The observation has to be addressed when the role of endoscopic third ventriculostomy in these patients is being considered.     

Calciphylaxis of the Breast: A Case Report and Literature Review

Calciphylaxis, or calcific uremic arteriolopathy, is a rare but particularly morbid condition involving systemic medial calcification of arterioles causing ischemia and subsequent tissue necrosis. Although most commonly occurring over the abdomen and proximal extremities, calciphylaxis can present on nearly any skin surface with a tendency toward areas of increased adiposity. We report a case of a 53‐year‐old female with end‐stage renal disease who presented with bilateral palpable breast masses and overlying skin changes. Diagnostic mammography and percutaneous biopsy of the lesion facilitated the diagnosis of calciphylaxis and she was treated with medical therapy, local wound care, and eventual tissue extirpation. Due to the morbidity attributed to calciphylaxis and associated wound complications, surgical extirpation is at times unavoidable. Once malignancy has been excluded, we recommend nonoperative management with prompt referral to Nephrology for medical optimization, reserving surgical debridement for nonhealing wounds and superinfection.     

Breast Carcinoma in Childhood and Adolescence: Case Report and Review of the Literature

Secretory breast carcinoma is a rare tumor originally described in children and adolescent women with a characteristic morphology and a controversial choice of treatment. We report an additional case of a 4-year-old girl with a breast tumor diagnosed as a secretory carcinoma without involvement of the axillary lymph nodes. The therapy consisted of simple mastectomy and low axillary dissection. She presented with a local recurrence near the surgical scar 8 months later, and a wide elliptical excision of the scar and underlying tissue was performed with subsequent radiotherapy of the surgical bed. This tumor has a relatively benign behavior and rarely metastasizes. A literature review revealed only 22 cases of breast carcinoma in childhood and adolescence. ▪     

Arterial Shunt with Pump Infusion Line for the Treatment of Chronic Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms: The "Modified Shunt of Gott"

Dissection of the aneurysm is the most dangerous step during graft replacement of the descending thoracic aorta. Sudden hemorrhage may follow wall rupture or disruption of major collaterals before the aorta can be clamped. A simple modification of the classic Gott is illustrated, which makes the shunt work also as a partial bypass if needed, with rapid reinfusion of blood losses. Nineteen of 25 patients requiring resection of descending aortic aneurysms from 1982 to 1990 were treated with this method with no mortality.     

Cowden Syndrome: Serendipitous Diagnosis in Patients with Significant Breast Disease. Case Series and Literature Review

Cowden syndrome (CS) is a multi‐system disease that carries an increased lifetime risk of developing certain cancers as well as benign neoplasms. The presence of features of CS in the general unaffected population results in difficulties in the recognition and diagnosis of this condition. Early diagnosis is essential to prevent the development of malignant neoplasms, yet despite the introduction of diagnostic criteria and risk calculators, accurate diagnosis remains a challenge. We identified three patients who presented to the symptomatic breast unit of a University Teaching Hospital over a period of 12 weeks who subsequently were diagnosed with CS. In this article, we discuss their clinical presentations as well as their path to diagnosis. The short timeframe between the presentations of these patients undoubtedly expedited their diagnosis. Upon application of internationally recognized diagnostic criteria, only two out of our three patients were accurately diagnosed. The risk of breast cancer in CS is comparable with that found in Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer Syndrome and while a protocol for breast screening in these patients exists in most centres, no such protocol exists for patients with CS in our institution. The recommended cancer surveillance programs for patients with CS have not been found to prolong survival, however. CS consists of a vast array of diseases that span the various specialties and the subsequent varied phenotypic presentation poses diagnostic difficulties for clinicians as emphasized in our series. Continued research is required to improve recognition and diagnosis and will hopefully result in the emergence of life prolonging strategies.     

Lethal septicemia caused by calcified cavo-tricuspid thrombus. Case report on a patient with atrial shunt

With the introduction of one way calibrated shunt systems, made of silicon rubber, an efficient treatment of hydrocephalus seemed to be possible. The mortality rate decreased rapidly for example for non-communicating hydrocephalus from 80 to 20% [3]. However, other complications appeared, such as shunt infections, shunt malfunctions and even severe thromboembolic complications and septic shock. This report presents one patient with shunt-treated normal pressure hydrocephalus who developed pulmonary emboli, mural calcified atrial thrombus with involvement of the tricuspid valve and shunt infection with lethal septic shock. Despite of an aggressive treatment, he died of multiple organ system failure.     

The risk of intracranial infection in adults with hydrocephalus after ventriculoperitoneal shunt surgery: A retrospective study

Infection remains the most significant complication of ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) surgery. The objective of this study was to investigate intracranial infections complicating VPS surgery in adults with hydrocephalus. Patients who underwent VPS surgery for hydrocephalus between 2000 and 2016 were included. Clinical data and follow‐up evaluations were examined and analysed retrospectively. A total of 502 patients with hydrocephalus who underwent VPS surgery were included. They were followed up for at least 2 years. Twelve patients with incomplete data were excluded. Four hundred and ninety patients were included in the final analysis. Twenty‐five cases of intracranial infection occurred, accounting for 5.1% of patients with VPS surgery. The mean age of the patients was 57.1 ± 10.1 years (range, 39–72 years). The incidence of intracranial infection in patients over 60 years of age was higher than that in patients under 60 years of age (P = .007). Age (P = .007), diabetes (P = .026), skin infection (P = .028), bed‐ridden (P = .007), and modified operation (P = .011) were highly correlated with the incidence of intracranial infection. The findings of this retrospective study show that age, diabetes, skin infection, bed‐ridden, and modified operation of hydrocephalus significantly and independently correlated with the incidence of infection. Prospective studies are needed to assess the relationship between the incidence of infection and risk factors in patients with hydrocephalus after VPS.     

Invasive Breast Carcinoma Arising in Microglandular Adenosis: A Case Report and Review of the Literature

Abstract:  Microglandular adenosis of the breast is an extremely rare, benign lesion. Carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis has been reported in up to 27% of patients with microglandular adenosis. We reported a case of invasive carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis. A lumpectomy was performed on a 42-year-old female because of a mass in the right breast. Grossly, the lesion was ill-defined with thickened areas. Histologically, this case was consistent with carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis and showed clear transition from microglandular adenosis through atypical microglandular adenosis to in situ and invasive carcinoma. All the epithelial cells were positive for cytokeratin7, S-100 protein, but negative for estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, and Her2/Neu. No myoepithelial cells were demonstrable with immunohistochemical staining for smooth muscle actin, muscle-specific antigen or P63. Periodic acid-Schiff staining showed the presence of a basement membrane in microglandular adenosis, atypical microglandular adenosis, in situ carcinoma and the absence in invasive carcinoma. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of carcinoma arising in microglandular adenosis in China.     

Pancreas Pseudocyst Associated with L-asparaginase Treatment: a Case Report

A major complication of L-asparaginase used in the treatment of paediatric malignancies in children is pancreatitis (2%-16%). However, only seven paediatric cases of pancreatic pseudocyst caused by the utilization of the agent have been reported in literature. We present the case of a 5-year old girl who had abdominal pain and epigastric dullness after the third course of BMF-95 protocol with a diagnosis of ALL. A pancreatic pseudocyst of 10 χ 10 cm size was found by abdominal tomography. The cyst was treated by percutaneous external drainage, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), administration of octreotide and antibiotherapy for one month. Percutaneous external drainage has proven to be an effective, noninvasive method in this special case with a systemic disorder and the high risk of mortality should a surgical intervention have been performed.