2008年青海省饮水型地方性氟中毒病情调查分析

目的 掌握2008年青海省地方性氟中毒病情,为地方性氟中毒防治提供科学依据.方法 将青海省所有地方性氟中毒病村以改水前的水氟分为轻、中、重3类,分别抽取2、4、4个调查村.对未改水的村按东、西、南、北、中5个方位采集5份水样,测定水氟;对已改水病村,抽检3份末梢水样和1份水源水样测定水氟,水氟测定用<地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法>;用Dean法对调查村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,并按年龄段各抽检6人的尿氟;尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法;对调查村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,在中等病区和重病区调查村,每村按年龄段抽取约20人进行X线氟骨症检查.结果 共检查8～12岁儿童562名,氟斑牙检出率为43.59%(245/562);检测300例8～12岁儿童尿样,尿氟为1.52 mg/L:对3144名16岁以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,临床氟骨症检出率为50.32%(1582/3144);对163名成人进行了X线拍片检查,氟骨症检出率为29.45%(48/163).结论 青海省地方性氟中毒病情仍然很严重,并且有回升趋势,须进一步加强防治措施.     

山东省嘉祥县地方性氟中毒流行病学调查研究

目的了解山东省嘉祥县地方性氟中毒流行现状。方法采用流行病学抽样调查方法,对嘉祥县的郭庄等7个地方性氟中毒病村的居民饮水含氟量、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出情况、25岁以上成人临床与X线氟骨症检出情况及8～12岁儿童与成人尿氟水平进行调查。结果7个病村饮水含氟量有6个超过国家标准(≤1．0 mg/L),最高者达9．67 mg/L；8～12岁儿童及成人尿氟几何均值平均分别为3．52、4．49 mg/L,均明显超过正常上限值(1．50 mg/L)；8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率平均为73．1%,缺损率21．3%,氟斑牙指数1．60,病情最重的郭庄村氟斑牙检出率达93．9%,缺损率和氟斑牙指数分别为53．7%、2．45；对94例25岁以上成年人进行临床检查与X线拍片,临床氟骨症检出率及X线阳性检出率均为53．2%,并出现2例临床3度与8例X线Ⅲ期氟骨症患者,病情以郭庄村最重,氟骨症阳性检出率高达78．9%。结论嘉祥县地方性氟中毒病情仍然较重,尚未达到有效控制要求,应加大防治工作力度,以期早日摆脱高氟危害。     

辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区病情调查

目的掌握辽宁省饮水型地方性氟中毒的流行现况,评价改水措施的防病效果。方法按病区分层抽取的85个病区村进行8-12岁儿童氟斑牙、16岁以上成人临床氟骨症的普查,采集饮用水和儿童尿样进行氟含量的检测。结果抽样病区8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为16.74%,尿氟几何均值0.97 mg/L。8-12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率重病区高于中病区,中病区高于轻病区,未改水病区儿童尿氟水平明显高于改水病区。16岁以上人群临床氟骨症检出率为4.98%,随着年龄的增长氟骨症检出率逐渐升高。结论地方性氟中毒病情随着病区水氟含量的增高而逐渐加重。     

内蒙古呼伦贝尔市饮茶型氟中毒调查与分析

目的了解呼伦贝尔市牧区饮茶型氟中毒病区分布、病情程度、氟骨症X线特征等流行病学特点。方法采用现场流行病学调查方法,在呼伦贝尔市牧区4个旗调查儿童氟斑牙、成人氟骨症、儿童和成人尿氟以及砖茶氟、奶茶氟、水氟水平。结果8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率均为29.34%;成人氟骨症X线检出率平均为46.71%;儿童尿氟在0.18～10.60mg/L,成人尿氟在0.11～10.40mg/L;砖茶氟平均为(569.45±65.50)mg/kg,奶茶氟平均为2.5mg/L。结论呼伦贝尔市牧区4个旗均为饮茶型氟中毒病区,部分病区还并存饮水型氟中毒,由于叠加作用,造成呼伦贝尔市氟中毒病情比较严重。     

2008年陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒调查分析

目的 掌握2008年陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒流行现状,为防治工作提供依据.方法 根据陕西省饮水型地方性氟中毒历史资料,将榆林、渭南、咸阳市15个病区县(区)按照饮水含氟量或病情分为轻、中、重病区,在上述病区分别抽取12、39、45个调查村.对每个调查村全部8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,对16岁及以上人群进行I临床氟骨症检查.在轻、中、重病区中分别抽取30%的调查村,每个村抽取男女各10人进行X线氟骨症检查;在未改水调查村,按东、西、南、北、中采5份水样,水源不足5个的全部采集,对已改水调查村,采3份末梢水样及1份水源水样,水氟测定采用氟离子电极法.在各病区中抽取50%的调查村,每个村采集8～12岁儿童尿样30份,每个年龄组6份,总数不足30人或各年龄组不足6人时全部采集其尿样,采用氟离子电极法测定尿氟.结果 共调查8～12岁儿童3652人,检出氟斑牙患者1930例,检出率为52.85%,氟斑牙指数为1.22.其中定边、靖边、蒲城县的检出率较高,分别为90.43%(170/188)、82.89%(126/152)、80.65%(325/403).共调查16岁及以上成人加543人,检出临床氟骨症患者5935例,总检出率为14.64%.轻、中、重度检出率分别为9.17%(3717/40 543)、4.36%(1769/40 543)、1.11%(449/40 543).X线拍片706例,检出阳性人数280例,总阳性率为39.66%.轻、中、重度阳性率分别为17.28%(122/706)、17.00%(120//06)和5.38%(38/706).采集饮用水水样427份,水氟为(2.22 ±1.41)mg/L,超标率为85.01%(363/427).采集儿童尿样1393份,尿氟中位数为2.37 mr/L.结论 陕西省饮水型氟中毒流行仍然较为严重,改水防治措施应进一步加强和完善.、     

2008年福建省饮水型地方性氟中毒病区监测结果分析

目的了解福建省地方性氟中毒轻、中病区现状。方法按照分层整群抽样的原则,抽取轻病区村6个,中病区村4个作为调查点,每个调查点测定饮用水氟、8～12岁儿童氟斑牙和尿氟、对16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查和X线检查。结果10个病区村饮水氟均值均低于1.0 mg/L,9个村儿童氟斑牙低于30%,10个病区村儿童尿氟几何均数均未超过1.4 mg/L。临床氟骨症检出率4.42%,X线氟骨症检出率19.82%。结论饮水型氟中毒实施改水措施效果显著,临床与X线氟骨症诊断标准的衔接还有待于进一步探讨。     

青海省贵德县饮水型氟中毒防治现状调查

目的 掌握青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒防治现状及改水降氟工程修建、使用情况,为深入开展氟中毒的防治提供科学依据.方法 在2005年,对贵德县未改水病区村进行普查,并对病区村及周边非病区村进行高氟水源筛查,每个村按东、西、南、北、中五个方位采集居民户家中饮用水水样;对已改水病村,进行工程运转状况调查、采集全部水源水、末梢水进行改水工程质量监测,水氟测定采用<地方性氟中毒病区饮水氟化物的测定方法>.在2008年,按改水前水含氟量,将贵德县氟中毒病区村按轻、中、重分类,分别抽取其中1、1、3个村作为调查村,采用Dean法对调查村所有8～12岁儿童进行氟斑牙检查,每个年龄段抽检尿样6份,尿氟测定采用离子选择电极法;对调查村16岁及以上成人进行临床氟骨症检查,在中、重病区村,每村按年龄抽取20人(男女各半)进行X线氟骨症检查.结果 共对85个村进行了高氟水源筛查,其中有3个村饮水含氟量超过国家饮用水标准(<1.0 mg/L);在16个改水降氟工程中,有8个间歇供水,3个报废,工程正常使用率仅为31.25%.8～12岁儿童氟斑牙检出率为41.13%(116/282);尿氟中位数为1.06 mg/L,范围为0.20～9.44 mg/L;16岁以上成人临床氟骨症检出率为47.95%(969/2021),X线氟骨症检出率为20.73%(17/82).结论 青海省贵德县地方性氟中毒病区大部分改水工程供水不正常,病情有回升趋势,地方性氟中毒防治的重点应放在保证改水降氟工程的正常使用上.     

内蒙古新巴尔虎右旗地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 确定贝尔湖附近牧区是否是病区，搞清病情现状及摄氟来源。方法 现况流行病学调查，按Dean氏法调查8-12岁儿童氟斑牙患病情况；检查30岁以上成年人氟骨症患病情况；用氟离子选择电报法测定儿童尿氟、饮水氟、奶茶氟及砖茶氟含量，入户调查饮奶茶量，计算人均日饮奶茶摄氟量。结果 宝东和贝尔2个调查点儿童氟斑牙患病率分别为58．65％和66．00％：成人X线氟骨症检出率分别为39．33％和31．46％，以轻度和中度为主；饮水含氟量均值分别为4．37mg／L和4．12mg／L;奶茶氟含量均值分别为5．80mg／L和5．88mg／L；人均日饮奶茶摄氟量分别为8．70mg和9．50mg。结论 贝尔湖附近牧区是以饮水型为主的饮水饮茶混合型病区；饮水含氟量和奶茶含氟量及儿童尿含氟量均较高，达到重病区水平，但儿童氟斑牙和成人氟骨症相对较轻，其原因有待进一步研究。     

2007年山东省博兴县地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的 了解山东省博兴县地方性氟中毒的病情现状,为制订预防控制策略提供科学依据.方法 选择博兴县2个镇中的8个地方性氟中毒病村作为调查点.在每个调查点选择8-12岁儿童和30岁以上成年人作为调查对象.水、尿含氟量测定采用氟离子选择电极法,8-12岁儿童氟斑牙诊断采用Dean法,30岁以上成人氟骨症检查采用临床和X线摄片方法.结果 8个村的水氟均值均＞4.50 mg/L,最大值为5.78 mg/L;8-12岁儿童氟斑牙总检出率为90.70%(195/215),氟斑牙指数为2.15,缺损率为24.65%(53/215);30岁以上成人的氟骨症临床和X线检出率分别为30.71%(78/254)、16.54%(42/254);儿童和成人尿氟均值在1.50 mg/L以上的人数分别占98.95%(189/191)、97.92%(235/240),最高值分别为14.50、17.99 ras/L.结论 博兴县地方性氟中毒病情尚未得到控制,须进一步加大控制力度.     

河北省阳原县地方性氟中毒流行病学调查

目的掌握河北省阳原县地方性氟中毒流行现况。方法采用分层整群抽样法在非、轻、中、重病区分别抽取调查点,检测居民饮用水氟和儿童尿氟,检查儿童氟斑牙患病情况。结果共采集测定居民饮用水水样59份,水氟中位数为1.11mg/L;非、轻病区的水氟中位数在正常标准内;中、重病区的水氟中位数超过正常标准,所有水样的水氟均不合格。共采集并测定8～12岁儿童尿样405份,尿氟中位数为2.05mg/L,中、重病区儿童尿氟中位数明显高于非、轻病区。共检查8～12岁儿童1276名,氟斑牙检出率为37.7%,氟斑牙指数为0.69,非、轻、中、重病区的检出率差异有统计学意义(χ2=214.29,P<0.05);中、重病区的氟斑牙检出率和氟斑牙指数均较高,为轻微和中等流行。结论阳原县地方性氟中毒病情尚未完全得到控制;今后应进一步加大改水力度,有效地控制地方性氟中毒的发生。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

CagA-Hp抗体IgG与胃炎的组织学分析

研究幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染与胃炎的关系。方法对204例慢性胃炎患者胃粘膜进行观察分析,并测定其中137例Hp阳性患者血清CagA-Hp抗体IgG水平,与组织学对照。结果慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生患者血清CagA抗体IgG明显高于对照组(P＜0.01);其他类型胃炎患者血清CagA抗体IgG水平无明显增高(P＞0.05)。结论CagA-Hp可能是导致慢性萎缩性胃炎伴肠上皮化生的因素之一,对这类患者应密切随访观察。     

慢阻肺急性加重期患者预后的影响因素分析

目的探讨慢性阻塞性肺病急性加重期(AECOPD)患者预后的相关危险因素。方法回顾性调查、收集58例AECOPD患者可能影响其预后的相关因素,并对其分别进行单因素分析。并进行Logistic多元逐步回归进行多因素分析,筛选影响AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素。结果单因素分析后将结果 P0.1的因素纳入多因素Logistic回归,分析发现是否合并呼吸衰竭、气促程度、白细胞计数、APACHEⅡ、应用抗氧化剂、慢阻肺治疗依从性为影响AECOPD患者预后不佳的独立因素(P0.05)。结论根据AECOPD患者预后的独立危险因素,及早判断,选择合适的后续治疗方案,对提高其生存率及生存质量具有重要意义。     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

Results of treatment of fistula-in-ano

To evaluate the application of Parks' classification in the management of patients with fistula-in-ano, a study was undertaken to assess the outcome of surgery, especially with respect to the recurrence rate and alteration of continence. A retrospective analysis of 160 consecutive patients who were classified at the time of operation was conducted. The distribution of fistulas was as follows: intersphincteric, 41.9 percent, transsphincteric, 52.1 percent, suprasphincteric, 1.3 percent, extrasphincteric, 0. A horseshoe extension occurred in 8.8 percent of the fistulas and 3.8 percent did not exactly conform to the classification as they were either complex or combinations of more than one type of fistula. The sole immediate postoperative complication was bleeding, which occurred one week postoperatively and ceased spontaneously (0.7 percent). Alteration in continence occurred in 6 percent of patients with 2.6 percent experiencing temporary incontinence to flatus, 1.3 percent to liquid stool, and 0.7 percent to solid stool. Permanent loss of control for flatus occurred in one patient (0.7 percent) and for liquid stool in one patient (0.7 percent). No patients suffered loss of control for solid stool. Recurrence developed in 6.3 percent of patients, all between five and 25 months postoperatively. Classifcation was found to be a useful guide in the operative management of patients with fistula-in-ano. Read at the joint meeting of the American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons with the Section of Colo-Proctology, Royal Society of Medicine, and the Section of Colonic and Rectal Surgery, Royal Australasian College of Surgeons, New Orleans, Louisiana, May 6 to 11, 1984.     

Intake of energy drinks in association with alcoholic beverages in a cohort of students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina

BACKGROUND: Energy drinks (ED) are a widely used group of beverages known for their stimulant effects on central nervous system (CNS). The main components of ED are caffeine, taurine, carbohydrates, glucuronolactone, inositol, niacin, pantenol, and beta-complex vitamins. The studies evaluating the effects of ED describe improvements in attention and/or reaction times and indices of alertness. It has been also shown that combination of caffeine and glucose, fundamental constituents of ED, can ameliorate deficits in cognitive performance and subjective fatigue during extended periods of cognitive demand. Moreover, the associated ingestion of alcohol and ED has recently been observed to be becoming more and more widespread. METHODS: With the aim to know the habits and uses of students, we administered a questionnaire containing questions regarding ED drinking alone or in association with alcoholic beverages. Five hundred students of the School of Medicine of the University of Messina were interviewed, and 450 filled the questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 56.9% of students declared using ED. A great part of users (48.4%) associate frequently ED and alcohol. In particular, 35.8% of ED + alcohol users have used ED + alcohol more than 3 times in the last month. Distinguishing the users into 2 groups (users of ED + alcohol and users of both ED and ED + alcohol), we observed in the second group a major use of cocktail containing a mix of ED and alcoholic beverages. This difference between the 2 groups is less represented about the ingestion of ED + alcohol in the night. CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that association of ED + alcohol is very popular among students. This behavior can be dangerous. In fact, the combination of ED + alcoholic drinks can reduce adversive symptoms of alcohol intoxication including the depressant effects. As consequence, users of ED + alcoholic beverages might not feel the signs of alcohol intoxication, thus increasing the probability of accidents and/or favoring the possibility of development of alcohol dependence.