儿童系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血淋巴细胞表面CD95的表达及临床意义

目的:探讨儿童系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)外周血淋巴细胞表达CD95的特征及与疾病活动性和其他免疫学指标间的关系。方法:使用流式细胞术检测60例SLE患儿和20例对照外周血T淋巴细胞亚群和B淋巴细胞表面CD95的表达,并分析其与SLE疾病活动性以及实验室检查之间的关系。结果:初发SLE患儿外周血中CD4+T细胞表面CD95的表达显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);初发SLE患儿外周血中CD19+B细胞表面CD95的表达显著高于健康儿童(P0.05);CD19+CD95+B细胞的比例和SLE疾病活动性呈正相关(r=0.4,P0.05);CD4+CD95+T细胞的比例和SLE疾病活动性呈正相关(r=0.3,P0.05),CD4+CD95+T细胞的比例和外周血抗双链DNA抗体(anti-ds DNA Abs)的水平呈正相关(r=0.2,P0.05);治疗后SLE患儿外周血中CD19+CD95+B细胞和CD4+CD95+T细胞的比例均有显著下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论:儿童SLE患者外周血中淋巴细胞表达CD95的水平显著升高,且与SLE的疾病活动性及血清中抗双链DNA抗体相关,可以作为SLE的评价指标。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者的外周血淋巴细胞亚群结果分析

目的研究40例系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者不同状态的外周血总T淋巴细胞(CD3+)、T辅助淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD4+),T抑制淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD8+),B淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD19+),NK淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD16+CD56+)的差异并初步探讨其在SLE发病中的意义。方法根据SLE疾病活动积分(SLEDAI)将SLE患者分为活动组(24例)和非活动组(16例),流式细胞仪检测外周血CD3+/CD4+,CD3+/CD8+,CD3-/CD19+,CD3-/CD16+CD56-表达百分率,对其与SLE临床活动度、尿蛋白、补体和抗dsDNA抗体水平的相关性进行研究。结果活动组和非活动组SLE患者外周血总T细胞(CD3+)与健康对照组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);活动组和非活动组SLE患者外周血T细胞(CD3+/CD4+、CD3+/CD8+)、B淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD19+)、NK淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD16+CD56-)表达百分率与健康对照组相比,T、B淋巴细胞表达的分率差异均有统计学意义(P=0.043,P=0.027);NK淋巴细胞(P=0.612)差异无统计学意义;活动组与非活动组的总T细胞,差异无统计学意义,而T辅助淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD4+)、B淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD19+)差异具有统计学意义,提示T辅助淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD4+)、T抑制淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD8+),与SLE活动度相关。T、B、NK细胞与SLE临床表现相关性分析显示,T辅助淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD4+)与SLEDAI,抗dsDNA抗体呈正相关(P=0.096);B细胞与C3呈负相关(P=0.048);NK细胞与SLEDAI和抗dsDNA抗体呈负相关(P=0.096)。结果显示T、B、NK细胞异常与SLE临床表现明显相关。结论 SLE患者的外周血总T细胞(CD3+)、T辅助淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD4+)、T抑制淋巴细胞(CD3+/CD8+)、B淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD19+)、NK淋巴细胞(CD3-/CD16+CD56+)可作为SLE诊断及评价活动性的指标。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群分析

目的研究系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群的变化。方法应用流式细胞仪检测了65例SLE患者(其中活动期30例,非活动期35例)及32例健康体检者外周血淋巴细胞亚群。结果与健康对照组相比,活动期患者的CD4+、NK细胞(CD16+CD56+)百分率明显降低(P<0.05),CD8+、B(CD19+)细胞百分率明显升高(P<0.05),CD4+/CD8+比值显著降低(P<0.05)。SLE患者活动期与非活动期比较,CD4细胞数低于稳定期,CD8细胞数明显高于稳定期。结论 SLE患者外周血淋巴细胞亚群细胞的变化与疾病的病情变化相关联。     

血清MIF及BCMA表达水平与SLE活动性的相关性研究

摘要：目的：观察SLE患者血清巨噬细胞移动抑制因子(MIF）及B淋巴细胞成熟抗原（BCMA）水平的变化,探讨其与SLE疾病活动性的关系,分析两蛋白质分子间的相关性。 方法：用ELISA测定32例活动期和20例非活动期SLE患者血清MIF、BCMA浓度,并以30例健康人作对照,观察SLE患者血清MIF、BCMA水平的改变,分析MIF、BCMA水平与疾病活动性及相互之间相关性。 结果：SLE患者血清MIF、BCMA水平较对照组显著升高,且与SLE疾病活动指数（SLEDAI）呈显著正相关（r分别为0.76和0.78,P值均<0.01）。SLE患者血清中BCMA浓度与抗dsDNA抗体、抗核抗体浓度显著相关（r分别为0.75和0.64）,MIF浓度与抗dsDNA抗体显著相关（r=0.65）,与抗核抗体浓度无显著相关性（r=0.15）。MIF与BCMA间无相关性。 结论：血清BCMA、MIF水平可作为反映SLE活动性的重要指标之一。T、B淋巴细胞活化均参与SLE发病机制,B淋巴细胞活化程度与SLE活动性有关。     

黄芪对红斑狼疮细胞凋亡和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响

目的:研究黄芪对系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)细胞凋亡和T淋巴细胞亚群的影响,探讨其对SLE的治疗作用。方法:将80例初发SLE患者随机分为常规治疗组和黄芪治疗组(常规治疗的基础上加用黄芪注射液)。观察两组患者治疗前后外周血淋巴细胞上Fas、Bcl-2抗原的表达和T淋巴细胞亚群的变化。结果:两组患者治疗后外周血淋巴细胞上Fas抗原的表达下调(P<0.01),Bcl-2抗原的表达以及CD4+亚群、CD4+/CD8+比值上升(P<0.01);其中,治疗后Fas抗原表达的下调、CD4+亚群及CD4+/CD8+比值的上升在黄芪治疗组更显著(P<0.05)。结论:黄芪在一定程度上增加了激素/免疫抑制剂对细胞凋亡的抑制作用,调节T淋巴细胞亚群比例和功能趋于正常,可以作为提高SLE疗效的重要治疗措施。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及Ag-NORs的变化

目的探讨系统性红斑狼疮(SLE)患者外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及Ag-NORs的变化及意义。方法49例SLE病人及43例健康体检者分别检测外周血T淋巴细胞亚群(CD3 、CD4 、CD8 )及Ag-NORs。结果T淋巴细胞Ag-NORs含量在SLE初发病例升高,经治疗后有一定程度降低(P<0.05);稳定期与正常人相比无显著性差异(P>0.05)。CD3 T细胞SLE各期与对照组相比均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在初发病例及活动期,CD4 T细胞及CD4 /CD8 均降低(P<0.05),CD8 细胞均升高(P<0.05)。在SLE稳定期各亚群正常人相比均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。T淋巴细胞Ag-NORs与T淋巴细胞亚群间无相关性(P>0.05)。结论外周血T淋巴细胞亚群及Ag-NORs分析有助于了解SLE患者免疫功能紊乱的状况。     

血清BLyS和APRIL水平与系统性红斑狼疮关联性研究

目的：探讨系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）患者血清B淋巴细胞刺激因子（BLyS）和增殖诱导配体（APRIL）蛋白水平与疾病活动性的关系。方法：应用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）法检测SLE活动组（13例）和SLE缓解组（10例）患者血清BLyS和APRIL水平,以健康志愿者（23例）作为对照;同时将血清BLyS和APRIL水平与患者的临床检验指标（尿蛋白、抗dsDNA抗体）分组进行分析。结果：SLE患者组血清BLyS水平高于健康对照组,且活动期高于缓解期（P〈0.05）;尿蛋白阳性组血清APRIL水平明显低于尿蛋白阴性组患者（P〈0.05）;抗dsDNA抗体升高组血清BLyS和APRIL均高于抗dsDNA抗体滴度正常组,但均无统计学意义。结论：SLE患者血清BLyS水平增高,且增高与疾病的活动性有关;尿蛋白阳性组血清APRIL水平明显低于尿蛋白阴性组SLE患者,提示BLyS和APRIL可能参与SLE的发病过程。     

系统性红斑狼疮患者树突状细胞CD11c^＋，CD123^＋亚群与疾病活动性的关系

目的 探讨系统性红斑狼疮(systemic lupus erythematosus,SLE)患者外周血树突状细胞CD11c+,CD123+亚群与疾病活动性、肾脏损伤及血清抗ds-DNA抗体产生的关系.方法 选定SLE疾病组51例、疾病对照组30例(类风湿关节炎、舍格伦综合征患者各15例)和正常对照组30例,采用流式细胞术检测上述指标.结果 ①SLE患者外周血树突状细胞CD11c+,CD123+亚群比例均显著低于正常对照组(P<0.01),而疾病对照组与正常对照组之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).②疾病活动期SLE患者外周血树突状细胞CD123+亚群比例显著高于稳定期患者(P<0.01),而两者CD11c+亚群比例之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).③SLE肾病组外周血树突状细胞CD123+亚群比例显著高于非肾病组患者(P<0.01),两者CD11c+亚群比例之间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);ds-DNA+组SLE患者外周血树突状细胞CD11c+,CD123+亚群比例均显著低于ds-DNA-组(P<0.05).结论 树突状细胞CD11c+,CD123+亚群的变化可能是SLE发病机制中的关键环节之一.     

血清BCMA和MIF含量与系统性红斑狼疮疾病活动性的关联度研究

目的探讨血清B淋巴细胞成熟抗原（BCMA）和巨噬细胞游走抑制因子（MIF）含量与系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）疾病活动性的关联度,并分析BCMA与MIF含量之间的相关性。方法 50例SLE患者根据疾病活动指数（SLEDAI）分为活动期组（n=29）和非活动期组（n=21）。应用双抗体夹心酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA）测定50例SLE患者血清BCMA与MIF含量,并与健康对照组31例进行对比,分析SLE患者血清BCMA与MIF含量变化与疾病活动性以及两者之间的相关性。结果与对照组相比,SLE患者血清BCMA与MIF浓度均显著上升,且活动期患者的BCMA与MIF浓度显著高于非活动期患者,差异均显著（P均〈0.01）。SLE患者血清BCMA、MIF浓度与SLEDAI结果呈明显的正相关（r=0.75,0.77,P均〈0.01）。SLE患者的BCMA浓度与ANA及抗dsDNA抗体的浓度呈明显正相关（r=0.74,0.63）;SLE患者的MIF水平与抗dsDNA抗体呈明显正相关（r=0.62）,但和ANA含量不具相关性（r=0.15）。BCMA与MIF两者的浓度之间无相关性（r=0.124,P〉0.05）。结论血清BCMA与MIF含量能够明显反映出SLE疾病的活动性情况。T与B淋巴细胞活化均与SLE发病密切相关。     

雌激素对系统性红斑狼疮外周血T、B细胞BCL-2表达的影响

目的：探讨雌激素对系统性红斑狼疮（SLE）外周血淋巴细胞B细胞凋亡抑制基因(BCL－2）表达的影响。方法：用流式义双标免疫荧光法对29例SLE患者外周血淋巴细胞体外经雌二醇处理后测定BCL－2的表达。结果：雌二醇可使活动期SLE病人T细胞CD3^ ,Cd4^ ,CD8^ 亚群BCL－2蛋白表达增加，而不增加非活动期SLE病人、正常人T细胞BCL－2的表达。CD19^ B细胞BCL－2蛋白表达在各组间无显著差异。结论：雌二醇能上调活动期SLE病人T细胞BCL－2的表达而参与SLE的发生。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.