Presentation of Axillary Metastases from Occult Breast Carcinoma

Axillary presentation from occult breast cancer is uncommon and continues to be a diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to physicians. Once the diagnosis of adenocarcinoma metastatic to an axillary lymph node has been confi rmed, a preoperative workup should be done. The current experience is based on several relatively small retrospective reviews and case reports. It is diffi cult to determine the best management of occult breast cancer. However, treatment of axillary lymph node dissection is recommended for local control and complete staging information. Treatment of breast should be a choice between breast conservation with whole-breast radiotherapy and mastectomy. Adjuvant systemic treatment should be offered.     

Analysis of Mortality of Stomach Cancer in China from 1990-1992

OBJECTIVE To assess the impact of stom‘ach cancer on the Chinese population by epidemiological analysis of its distributional mortality.METHODS Data from 1990-1992 on stomach cancer mortality collected by a sampling survey involved one tenth of the total Chinese population.RESULTS The crude mortality rate of stomach cancer in China was 25.2per 10^5 (32.8 per 10^5for males and 17.0 per 10^5 for females), which comprised23.2% of the total cancer deaths from 1990 to 1992, making stomach cancerthe leading cause of cancer death. The stomach cancer mortality rate ofmales was 1.9 times of that of females. The Chinese mortality rates ofstomach cancer adjusted by the world standard population were 40.8 per105 and 18.6 per 105 for males and females, which were 4.2-7.9 (for males)and 3.8-8.0 (for females) times of those in developed countries. Age-adjusted mortality rates of stomach cancer in China have distinctgeographical differences: form the lowest of 2.5 per 10^5 to the highest of153.0 per 10^5 in the 263 selected sites, and 15.3 per 10^5 in urban areas and24.4 per 10^5 in rural areas, a difference of 1.6 times.CONCW$10N The prevention and treatment of stomach cancer in L;n~na,especially in the countryside and the under-developed areas in thenorthwest, should be a long-term focus in preventing of cancers of thedigestive system. Urgent measures for prevention and early detection of stomach cancer should be taken.     

Isolation of Side Population Cells and Detection of ABCG2 from SW480

Objective:Side population cells(SP cells)are a new type of stem cells.They mainly express ABCG2/BCRP1 and have the ability to eliminate DNA dye Hoechst33342.Many studies showed that side population cells were able of self-renewal,differentiation and carcinogenesis in cancers.Our investigation aimed at isolation of side population cells and ABCG2 positive subpopulation from colon cancer cell line SW480 and identification of their characteristics of cancer stem cells.Methods:side population cells and non-side population cells of colon cancer cell line SW480 were isolated with DNA dye Hoechst33342 and their cell cycles were measured by flow cytometry.Expression of ABCG2 of SW480 was measured by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence,and its proportion was measured by flow cytometry.Results:SW480 contained 2.29% side population cells.The fraction of side population cells decreased greatly to 0.40% by treatment with verapamil.The fraction of side population cells in S-G2M cell cycle was 16.14%,which was much lower than the fraction(34.05%)of non-side population cells in S-G2M.In SW480,ABCG2 positive cells,which proportion was 9.66%,were small,circular or oval,lack of psuedopods,similar to poor differentiation.On the contrary,the ABCG2 negative cells were large,polygonal,with many psuedopods,similar to high differentiation.Conclusion:our assay identified that side population cells did exist in SW480 and had a quiescence characteristic of stem cells.ABCG2 positive subpopulation occupied about 9.66% of SW480 and may have the ability to promote cell self-renewal and inhibit cell differentiation.Therefore,to isolate ABCG2 positive subpopulation from side population cells may be an alternative to study colorectal cancer stem cells.     

45. Damage effects of sulfur dioxide inhalation on DNA of brain cells from mice

The damage effects of sulfur dioxide (SO2) inhalation on DNA of brain cells from mice were studied with the single cell microgel electrophoresis tecknique (Comet test). The results show that SO2 inhalation caused the damage effects to DNA of the mouse brain cells in a dose-dependent manner. The results indicate that even under SO2 inhalation at low concentrations as 7 mg SO2/m3, The brain cells with DNA damaged also reached to 98.8%, it implies the brain cells of mammalian animals are very sensitive to SO2 inhalation. The results also indicate that DNA damage of the brain cells from male mice is more serious than that from female mice, that remains to be further studied. These results led us to conclusion SO2 pollution even at low concentrations also has a potential risk to damage genetic material DNA of brain cells from mammalian animals. It might be explained by our conclusion that the recently published epidemiological studies of workers exposed to SO2 or it's derivatives (bi)sulfite) found increased mortality for brain cancer.     

Molecular Characterization of β-lactam Resistance of Salmonella Isolates from Pediatric Patients in Romania

Abstract

The molecular characterization of 16 clinical isolates of Salmonella enterica (14 serotype Typhimurium and 2 serotype Kingston) obtained between January and June 1999 from feces of children hospitalized in Iasi, Romania were genotypically compared by pulse field gel electrophoresis of XbaI restricted bacterial DNA. The majority of the clinical isolates (12/16) belonged to cluster A and (4/16) to unrelated strains, correlating to the OMP profile. Two major different patterns of ß-lactamases were identified: the first with pI of 5.4, 8.2 in 6/16 strains and the second with pI of 5.4 in 5/16. The bla _TEM ß-lactamase was identified in 14/16 of the clinical isolates and the bla _SHV-5 gene in one strain. We concluded that extended spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL) with pIs of 8.2 was the most frequent enzyme produced by serotype Typhimurium isolates which were related.     

The clinical epidemiological characteristics of 704 cases of colorectal cancer from 2004–2008

Objective  

The aim of the research was to study the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of incidence of colorectal cancer in North China.     

Estimation of stored energy in deformed metals from EBSD sets

A number of methods for estimating the stored energy of deformation from EBSD data have been examined.The methods are illustrated here using samples of AA1100 deformed to strains of εvM=2.4 and εvM=4.0 using the accumulative roll bonding process.A qualitative method,based on pattern contrast,reveals some aspects of local differences in stored energy in the deformed samples.Quantitative methods where the stored energy is estimated through the use of the Read-Shockley equation have also been examined.A special mean misorientation angle is developed to take account of nonlinearity of the Read-Shockley equation.Two approaches have been considered.One is based on subgrain reconstruction and the other is based on misorientation angles taken directly from an orientation map.Calculations show that the subgrain method is particularly sensitive to orientation noise in the data and care must be taken when using this method.     

In Vitro Anti-irradiation Effects of a Polypeptide from Chlamys Farreri

OBJECTIVE To investigate the anti-irradiation effects of a polypeptide from Chlamys farreri (PCF) on γ-ray induced damage to mouse thymocytes.METHODS Thymocytes were randomly divided into 6 groups including an untreated control, a model group, groups treated with 5, 2.5 and 1.25mg PCF/ml and a 0.1% vitamin C group. Cell viability, morphology, nucleic acid and enzymatic changes of the cells 3h after 3Gy γ-ray irradiation at a dose rate of 0.6Gy/min were determined.RESULTS γ-Ray irradiation decreased the cell viability and SOD activity and increased MDA levels and the apoptotic number Of cells. PCF increased cell viability and SOD activity and decreased MDA levels and the apoptotic number of the cells in a dose-dependant manner.CONCLUSION PCF pretreatment car)attenuate cytotoxicity, inhibit apoptosi.s,.reduce the level of MDA and maintain the activity of SOD.Therefore PCF has anti-irradiation effects on γ-ray induced damage of mouse thymocytes.     

胸中段食管癌胸腹二野淋巴结清扫及其转移规律的临床研究

目的:探讨胸中段食管癌胸腹二野淋巴结转移规律及其清扫方法,指导临床淋巴结清扫的范围。方法:对95例胸中段食管癌采用右胸及上腹正中两切口术式为基础进行胸腹二野淋巴结清扫,并对淋巴结转移规律进行分析。结果:95例胸中段食管患者淋巴结转移度为20.4% ,肿瘤浸润深度和分化程度对淋巴结转移率的影响具有统计学意义。胸中段食管癌既有向上到右颈气管旁、双侧喉返神经链旁、食管旁、癌肿旁、隆突下淋巴结转移,也有向下至贲门旁、胃左动脉旁、胃小弯网膜等处淋巴结转移,呈现双向转移趋势。结论:胸中段食管癌患者淋巴结转移与肿瘤浸润深度及分化程度明显相关。具有胸腹二野淋巴结转移的倾向,右颈气管旁及双侧喉返神经链是淋巴结转移重要区域,右胸及上腹两切口术式更方便胸中段食管癌切除和胸腹二野淋巴结的清扫,并且以此为基础经右胸顶对右颈气管旁及双侧喉返神经链淋巴结清扫也是安全可行的。      

胸段食管鳞癌区域淋巴结组间转移强度分析及重点淋巴结清扫

目的 分析胸段食管癌各组淋巴结的转移强度以及影响淋巴结转移的因素,为手术重点清扫提供依据.方法 对手术切除的730例食管癌患者的临床资料进行分析.结果 730例患者中,隆突下淋巴结转移15例(2.1%),食管旁淋巴结转移166例(22.7%),贲门旁淋巴结转移67例(9.2%),胃左动脉旁淋巴结转移90例(12.3%).隆突下淋巴结转移的单因素分析显示与肿瘤长度和分化程度有关(P＜0.05),多因素分析显示与各因素均无关;食管旁淋巴结转移的单因素与多因素分析均显示与肿瘤长度、侵袭程度和分化程度有关(P＜0.05);贲门旁淋巴结转移和胃左动脉旁淋巴结转移的单因素与多因素分析均显示与肿瘤位置和侵袭程度有关(P＜0.05).结论 食管癌术中行胸腹腔二野淋巴结清扫有重要的临床意义,特别应重点清扫食管旁、贲门旁和胃左动脉处淋巴结;而对一些病变未侵及食管全层、病变长度＜3 cm、胸上段或下段的食管癌患者可不做隆突下淋巴结清扫.     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律的探讨

目的:探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及影响淋巴结转移的因素。方法:对140例胸段食管癌临床资料进行分析和统计学处理。结果:胸上段食管癌主要向颈部淋巴结转移;胸中段食管癌主要向颈部、纵隔、腹部淋巴结转移;胸下段食管癌主要向纵隔、腹部淋巴结转移;各段食管癌均存在淋巴结跳跃性转移;各段食管癌淋巴结转移度无显著性差异(P>0.05);鳞状细胞癌与腺癌、低分化癌之间,肿瘤长度之间淋巴结转移率无显著性差异(P>0.05),浸润深度之间淋巴结转移率有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:胸段食管癌淋巴结转移与浸润深度相关,与肿瘤长度,细胞分化程度无关;跳跃性淋巴结转移是食管癌淋巴结转移的一个特点。     

217例胸段食管癌淋巴结转移及其对预后影响的分析

背景与目的：目前,食管癌术中对淋巴结清扫范围尚有争议。本研究通过了解胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其对预后的影响,探讨合理的淋巴结清扫范围。方法：对217例经“三野”淋巴结清除根治术的食管癌患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。选择9个可能对食管癌切除术后预后产生影响的特征性临床病理因素,通过计算机Cox比例风险模型进行预后分析。结果：全组淋巴结清除术后1、3、5年生存率分别为82．6％、59．8％、和48．8％。淋巴结转移率62．6％,转移度11．38％,淋巴结“跳跃性转移”率为5．5％。胸上、中、下段食管癌颈部、胸部纵隔和腹腔淋巴结转移率分别达到31．7％、21．9％、9．75％,21．2％、30．5％、12.7％和12．1％、15．6％、34．5％。影响淋巴结转移的主要因素为肿瘤浸润深度、分化程度及有无淋巴管浸润;肿瘤长度则影响不大。多因素分析表明,肿瘤浸润深度、分化程度、淋巴结转移区域数和肿瘤部位对预后的影响有显著性意义。随着食管癌淋巴结转移区域数的增加,患者生存率逐渐下降(P=0．0284)。结论：淋巴结转移尤其是淋巴结转移区域数是胸段食管癌预后的主要因素。胸段食管癌表现出上下“双向性”转移和跳跃性转移的特点,应常规行“三野”淋巴结清扫术,以提高患者5年生存率。     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律的临床研究

目的 分析胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律，探讨肿瘤外科淋巴结清扫范围。方法 回顾性分析217例经“三野”淋巴结清除根治术的食管癌患者的临床资料。结果 全组淋巴结转移病例占62．6％，转移率11．38％，淋巴结“跳跃性转移”率为5．5％。胸上、中、下段食管癌颈部、胸部纵隔和腹腔淋巴结转移率分别达到31．7％、21．9％、9．75％、21．2％、30．5％、12．7％和12．1％、15．6％、34．5％。影响淋巴结转移的因素为肿瘤浸润深度，分化程度及有无淋巴管浸润。与肿瘤长度关系不大。结论 胸段食管癌表现上下“双向性”转移和跳跃性转移的特点，应常规行“三野”淋巴结清扫术，以提高患者5年生存率。     

胸段食管鳞癌胸腹部淋巴结转移相关因素研究

[目的]探讨胸段食管鳞癌胸腹部淋巴结转移的相关因素。[方法]回顾性分析612例胸段食管鳞癌患者的临床病理学资料与胸腹部淋巴结转移的关系,应用χ2检验进行单因素分析,应用Logistic回归分析进行多因素分析。[结果]淋巴结转移患者322例,转移率52.6%。清扫淋巴结16513枚,转移1128枚,转移度6.8%。胸部淋巴结转移245例,转移率40%。胸部淋巴结清扫总数8510枚,转移639枚,转移度7.5%。腹部淋巴结转移191例,转移率31.2%。腹部淋巴结清扫总数7765枚,转移458枚,转移度5.9%。Logistic回归分析提示,脉管瘤栓、腹部淋巴结转移、T分期、胸部淋巴结清扫数、分级、病变长度以及年龄是胸部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素,脉管瘤栓、贲门受侵、胸部淋巴结转移数、部位、腹部淋巴结清扫数以及病变长度是腹部淋巴结转移的独立危险因素。[结论]胸段食管鳞癌淋巴结清扫应该参照淋巴结转移的危险因素,合理地进行清扫。     

123例贲门癌外科治疗的临床分析

背景与目的：贲门癌的发病率逐年增高,对其研究逐渐深入,但在临床上还有很多争论。本文总结我们在贲门癌临床外科治疗中的经验。方法：123例手术治疗的贲门癌患者：经胸手术组72例,经腹手术组40例,胸腹联合手术组11例,分析术前检查（腹部B超、胸腹CT、内镜和上消化道造影）、手术入路、淋巴结清扫和术后病理情况。结果：腹部B超对浆膜受侵、淋巴结转移、下段食管受侵、肝转移病变外侵腹水的判断与术后病理的符合率分别达到了71．2％、62．2％、47．8％、100％,胸腹CT则为78．6％、72．7％、51．9％、100％,内镜指示肿瘤距门齿的长度,上消化道造影则显示肿瘤与膈肌的关系。手术切除率94．3％（116／123）．116例切除病例中,贲门腺癌108例,占93．1％,腺鳞癌、鳞癌、不典型类癌、类癌各2例,占6．9％,84例腹腔淋巴结转移（72．4％）,6例胸腔淋巴结转移（7．1％）,40例（34．5％）下段食管受侵。结论：术前腹部B超和胸腹CT检查对判断肿瘤切除有极大帮助。内镜和上消化道造影有助于判断是否开胸。淋巴结转移以腹腔为主。三种手术途径各有优劣,没有任何一种占绝对优势,要依托Siewert分型,因病而定、因人而异。     

胸段食管癌的淋巴结转移规律及其对确定术后放射治疗靶区范围的价值

目的 分析胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的规律及其影响因素,探讨食管癌术后放疗的靶区范围.方法 收集763例接受根治性切除的胸段食管癌患者的临床病理资料,分析淋巴结转移规律及影响因素.结果 763例胸段食管癌患者共清除淋巴结5846枚,病理证实转移711枚,转移度为12.2%;出现淋巴结转移者297例,转移率为38.9%.胸上段癌淋巴结转移率为28.5%,明显低于胸中段癌(38.8%)和胸下段癌(43.4%).胸上段癌以锁骨上和气管旁淋巴结的转移度和转移率最高.胸中段癌的上行和下行转移均存在,上行主要转移至锁骨上、气管旁和食管旁,下行主要转移至贲门和胃左动脉旁.胸下段癌则主要向食管旁、贲门和胃左动脉旁转移,其中胃左动脉旁的转移度和转移率均显著高于胸上段癌和胸中段癌(均P<0.01).采取左胸单切口的592例患者中,胸上、中、下段癌的淋巴结转移率分别为37.0%、37.9%和41.4%,差异无统计学意义(P=0.715).多因素Logistic回归分析表明,病变长度、浸润深度、脉管瘤栓和远处转移是影响胸段食管癌淋巴结转移的主要因素(均P<0.05).结论 临床上可以根据食管癌的病变长度、浸润深度、脉管瘤栓和远处转移选择需行术后预防照射的患者,根据不同病变部位、不同手术方式及TNM分期,确定术后预防照射的靶区范围.     

胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素*

目的:探讨胸段食管癌淋巴结转移规律及其影响因素。方法:选择行根治性手术切除、胸腹二野淋巴结清扫术的229 例胸段食管癌进行研究,手术共清扫淋巴结2 458 枚。分析食管癌不同病变部位淋巴结转移度分布情况以及肿瘤浸润深度、病变长度、大体病理形态、肿瘤分化程度等因素对淋巴结转移的影响。结果:1）102 例食管癌发生淋巴结转移,淋巴结转移率为44.5%（102/229）。 258 枚淋巴结发生转移,淋巴结转移度为10.5%（258/2 458）。2）胸上段食管癌上纵隔、中纵隔、下纵隔和腹腔淋巴结转移度分别为19.0% 、6.7% 、9.8% 和14.2% ;胸中段食管癌分别为26.1% 、7.4% 、11.8% 和11.9% ;胸下段食管癌分别为0、1.6% 、5.3% 和10.0% 。3）Tis期无淋巴结转移。T1、T2、T3、T4 期淋巴结转移率分别为28.6% 、42.9% 、48.3% 和31.3% ;淋巴结转移度分别为7.9% 、10.8% 、10.7% 和10.8% ;T1~T4 期淋巴结转移率和转移度组间比较均无显著性差异（χ2=2.733,P=0.435 和χ2=0.686,P=0.876）。 4）病变长度≤3cm组、
3～5cm组和>5cm组淋巴结转移率分别为45.2% 、43.4% 和46.2% ,淋巴结转移度分别为9.1% 、11.6% 和11.7% ,组间比较差异均不显著（χ2=0.094,P=0.954 和χ2=3.933,P=0.140）。 5）髓质型、溃疡型、蕈伞型和缩窄型食管癌淋巴结转移度分别为14.0% 、9.6% 、4.3% 和18.3%（χ2=19.292,P=0.000）,蕈伞型食管癌淋巴结转移度较低。6）鳞癌、低分化鳞癌淋巴结转移率为42.5% 和75.0%（χ2=4.852,P=0.028）;淋巴结转移度为9.5% 和18.6%（χ2=11.323,P=0.001）。 低分化者易发生淋巴结转移。结论:胸段食管癌淋巴结转移涉及部位多,播散广泛,且食管癌病变早期即可发生癌转移。大体病理形态及肿瘤分化程度是影响淋巴结转移的主要因素。      

胸段食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移特点

目的:了解胸段食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移特点,探讨合理的上纵隔淋巴结的清扫范围.方法:回顾性分析2004年11月至2010年6月150例接受胸段食管癌三切口根治术患者的临床及病理资料.结果:全组淋巴结转移率为60.7%,其中胸廓入口处淋巴结转移率为32.7%,转移度为20.99%.单因素分析显示:胸上、中、下段食管癌均可向胸廓入口处淋巴结转移,其转移率分别为57.7%、28.9%、23.5%;不同分段之间胸廓入口处淋巴结转移率具有统计学意义(χ2=9.020、P=0.010).高、中、低分化食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移率分别为13.0%、40.9%、43.8%;不同组织分化程度的食管癌胸廓入口处淋巴结的转移率有统计学差异(χ2=11.665,P=0.003).肿瘤浸润深度、肿瘤直径与胸廓入口处淋巴结转移比较差异无统计学意义.多因素分析显示:组织分化程度和病变部位是影响胸廓入口淋巴结转移的危险因素.结论:胸廓入口处淋巴结的清扫对预防胸段食管癌术后局部复发和转移有重要意义.