Observation of Intensity-Modulated Radiotherapy with Different Fractionated Doses Used in 58 Cases with Astrocytoma

OBJECTIVE To analyze the therapeutic effects and side effects of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with different fractionated doses in treating astrocytoma. METHODS During a period from October 2001 to December 2006, 58 patients with astrocytoma were treated using IMRT. Based on the World Health Organization (WHO) classification, 32 of the 58 cases were grade-II, 20 grade-III and 6 grade-IV (glioblastoma multiforme, GBM). Thirty-two of the 58 patients (3 with grade IV, 11 with grade III, and the other 18 with grade II who were over 40 years) were treated with hyperfractionated IMRT (Hyper Fr IMRT), and the other 26 patients were treated with standard fractionated IMRT (St Fr IMRT).RESULTS The 1-, 3- and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates were respectively 86%, 52%, and 45%, and the 1-, 3- and 5-year progression-free survival (PFS) rates were respectively 77%, 38%, and 25%. Using an analytical hierarchy process it was shown that concerning the patients with grade II astrocytoma classified based on WHO grading, the therapeutic effect was much better in the group of Hyper Fr IMRT than in the St Fr IMRT group. There was no statistical significance of the differences in the OS and PFS rates between the 2 groups (P = 0.049 and P = 0.006). The OS and PFS rates of the patients with grade-III astrocytoma were both higher in the group with Hyper Fr IMRT than in the St Fr IMRT group. However, there was no statistical significance of the differences between the 2 groups. Advanced RTOG grade-III (radiation therapy oncology group, RTOG) neurotoxicity occurred only in 1 of the cases. CONCLUSION Compared with the St Fr IMRT, the Hyper Fr IMRT may help to prolong the survival of patients with astrocytoma.     

原发性肝癌三维适形放疗114例疗效评价

观察三维适形放射治疗（three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3DCRT）原发性肝癌的临床疗效.对114 例原发性肝癌患者在CT 定位下以3～5 mm层厚连续扫描,静脉双期碘造影剂增强扫描,精确定位治疗靶区并制定3DCRT计划,使90%等剂量曲线包绕计划靶体积（planning target volume,PTV）.以Varian 2100C 直线加速器实施放疗计划照射剂量1.8～2 Gy/次,5次/周,总剂量50～66 Gy,总疗程5～7周.治疗后1个月33例部分缓解,3个月42例部分缓解,6个月53例部分缓解.1、2和3年生存率分别为52.6%、35.1%和 28.9%.初步研究结果提示,3DCRT是原发性肝癌的有效无创治疗手段.     

36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤的治疗

目的比较松果体区生殖细胞瘤的不同治疗方法间疗效的差异。方法回顾分析36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤，病理诊断13例，临床诊断23例。治疗采用局部放疗15例，全脑放疗9例，全脑全脊髓放疗10例。应用SPSS10．0软件包分析各组的差别。结果总体3年无瘤生存率62．41％，5年无瘤生存率54．61％。结果显示全脑全脊髓放疗组有最低的转移率及最高的长期生存率，但无统计学差异。结论推荐全脑全脊髓放疗为松果体区生殖细胞瘤的首选治疗方法。     

36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤的治疗

目的比较松果体区生殖细胞瘤的不同治疗方法间疗效的差异。方法回顾分析36例松果体区生殖细胞瘤,病理诊断13例,临床诊断23例。治疗采用局部放疗15例,全脑放疗9例,全脑全脊髓放疗10例。应用SPSS10.0软件包分析各组的差别。结果总体3年无瘤生存率62.41%,5年无瘤生存率54.61%。结果显示全脑全脊髓放疗组有最低的转移率及最高的长期生存率,但无统计学差异。结论推荐全脑全脊髓放疗为松果体区生殖细胞瘤的首选治疗方法。     

鼻咽癌调强放疗中肿瘤和正常组织体积-剂量变化的研究

目的:研究鼻咽癌在调强放射治疗过程中,肿瘤和正常组织的体积、形态变化对各自剂量受量的影响。方法:2009年1月-2010年6月间初诊经病理明确诊断的鼻咽癌患者42例,所有患者经头颈肩膜固定行模拟CT,在CT图像上逐层勾画治疗靶区和正常组织,采用6MV X线9野共面调强放射治疗计划（IMRT）。鼻咽原发灶及颈部转移淋巴结照射剂量66Gy/30f/6w,鼻咽部和颈部淋巴引流区亚临床病灶照射剂量60Gy/30f/6w。治疗设备为西门子ONCOR直线加速器。治疗期间每日采集患者治疗体位0度和90度正交二维摄片图像,同原始计划DRR图像对比,在三维方向对患者进行摆位误差校正,然后实施放射治疗。每周采集一次患者治疗体位头颈部CT图像,把治疗计划按照标记点移植到每周CT上,重新进行计量计算,分析患者在治疗期间靶区及正常组织剂量分布变化。同步化疗采用多西他赛加顺铂方案,每三周一次,在放疗开始前1周内开始同步治疗。结果:所有患者放疗前GTV1平均体积39.19cc,GTV2平均体积16.59cc,放疗第4周及第6周GTV1平均退缩分别为26.41%、62.68%,GTV2平均退缩分别为28.43%、53.93%。治疗前双侧腮腺体积平均为24.16cc,放射治疗第4周,平均腮腺体积为19.04cc,第6周平均腮腺体积为17.54cc。正常组织计量受量方面,脊髓（D1%）、脑干（D1%）、颞叶（D1%）、内耳（Dmean）、腮腺（V30）,原计划计量分别为:（41.2±0.98）Gy、（51.26±1.57）Gy、（59.95±2.11）Gy、（45.02±1.98）Gy、（47.87±18.05）%。照射第4周分别为:（44.09±1.88）Gy、（52.81±2.47）Gy、（62.04±2.43）Gy、（47.24±3.68）Gy、（49.03±15.68）%。第六周（44.44±2.7）Gy、（54.14±2.51）Gy、（62.34±2.86）Gy、（48.37±5.37）Gy、（52.19±15.51）%。结论:随着鼻咽癌调强放射治疗的进行,照射肿瘤靶区同原始计划剂量分布会有一定差异,除1例淋巴结退缩及病人消瘦等原因而造成外轮廓内收较大的患者以外,其余CTV实际照射剂量为处方剂量95%以上。正常组织在整个治疗过程所受照射剂量同原始计划比较有所增加。     

眼眶原发恶性淋巴瘤的临床分析

目的　分析眼眶原发恶性淋巴瘤的治疗方法。方法　１５ 例眼眶原发恶性淋巴瘤均为非霍奇金淋巴瘤。 Ａｎｎ Ａｒｂｏｒ 分期：Ⅰ Ａ 期１１ 例,Ⅱ Ａ 期４ 例。放射治疗剂量３０ ～５８ Ｇｙ ,３ ～６ 周。结果　１ ,３ ,５ 年局部控制率分别为９４ ．１ ％ ,９２ ．３ ％ 和９２ ．３ ％ 。３ ,５ ,１０ 年生存率分别为１００ ％ ,９０ ％ 和７５ ％ 。有５ 例疾病进展。结论　放射治疗为主要治疗手段。推荐放射治疗剂量为３５ ～４５ Ｇｙ ,３ ．５ ～４ ．５ 周。不需行淋巴引流区预防照射。对恶性程度高及有眶外侵犯者应加化疗。     

三维适形放射治疗原发性肝癌65例疗效分析

[目的]观察三维适形放射治疗（3DCRT）治疗原发性肝癌的疗效、副反应及生存率。[方法]对65例不能手术的原发性肝癌患者进行3DCRT治疗,单次剂量3.54Gy～7Gy,照射次数7～15次。[结果]65例患者中,完全缓解（CR）率21.5%,部分缓解（PR）率41.5%,总有效（CR＋PR）率为63.1%。1、2、3年生存率分别为67.2%、19.1%和10.3%。Cox多因素分析显示肿块〉5cm、等效生物剂量≥60Gy以及合并门静脉癌栓为影响生存率的主要因素。[结论]3DCRT对原发性肝癌有良好的治疗效果,毒副反应低。     

肺癌术后支气管切缘阳性病例术后放疗疗效分析

目的 评价立体定向放疗配合常规放疗对非小细胞肺癌术后支气管切缘阳性患者的疗效。方法 共搜集非小细胞肺癌术后支气管切缘阳性患者41例，对其中18例在常规放疗后采用立体定向放疗进行缩野治疗(RT SRT组)，而将另外23例单纯采用常规放疗的作为对照(RT组)。结果 RT SRT组l、2、3年局部无复发率分别为92．3％、83．1％、83．1％，RT组为80．2％、60．2％、39．5％；RT SRT组1、2、3年生存率分别为70．6％、58．5％、41．2％，RT组为68．7％、45．8％、22．9％。RT SRT组的局部复发率明显低于RT组，而2个组间的并发症发生率和生存率的差异均无显著性意义。结论 对非小细胞肺癌术后支气管切缘阳性患者，立体定向放射治疗可作为常规放疗后局部增量的有效手段，它可能有助于进一步提高局部控制率。     

45例骨转移疼痛不同分割剂量放疗疗效分析

[目的]探讨不同分割剂量放疗对骨转移癌止痛的疗效。[方法]45例骨转移癌病人采用三种不同分割剂量放疗,分别为DT40Gy/(20F·4w)、DT30Gy/(10F·2w)和DT20Gy/(5F·1w)。[结果]患者止痛有效率为88.89%(40/45),其中25例获得完全缓解。DT40Gy/(20F·4w)组、DT30Gy/(10F·2w)组及DT20Gy/(5F·1w)组的CR率分别为63.64%、57.14%、33.33%;PR率分别为36.36%、32.14%和33.33%,差异均无显著性(P>0.05)。[结论]不同分割剂量放疗对骨转移癌疼痛的缓解程度无影响。     

Kaposi's sarcoma: Report of five cases treated with radiotherapy

Five patients with Kaposi's sarcoma seen and treated at the Louisiana State University Medical Center in Shreveport from 1970 to 1984 are presented. A complete response was observed in two patients who received extended-field irradiation. Results obtained with external beam radiotherapy for this disease from other reported patients series are summarized.     

鼻咽癌螺旋断层放射治疗过程中实际受照射剂量的研究

  目的  通过螺旋断层放射治疗（tomotherapy）系统的自适应模块,分析鼻咽癌患者靶区和危及器官的剂量在治疗过程中与初始计划的差异,为临床提供帮助。  方法  回顾性分析2014年2月至2015年2月昆明医科大学第一附属医院运用tomotherapy系统治疗的10例鼻咽癌患者,通过tomotherapy系统中的自适应模块和Mimvista 6.50软件的计算,将初始计划定义为Plan 1;进行图像引导患者总的实际受照射剂量定义为Plan 2。比较两项计划中肿瘤靶区及危及器官的剂量学差异。  结果  Plan 2中计划靶区体积（planning gross target volume,PGTV）的D98、D95的剂量较Plan 1分别下降11.91%、6.88%（P=0.001,P=0.006）。Plan 2中左侧腮腺的Dmean、D50较Plan 1分别增加42.23%、63.82%（P＜0.001、P=0.001）;Plan 2中右侧腮腺的Dmean、D50较Plan 1分别增加38.64%、66.76%（P=0.002,P=0.004）。Plan 2中脊髓的D2剂量较Plan 1也明显增加,增加了16.49%（P=0.026）。  结论  鼻咽癌患者在行tomotherapy过程中,非常有必要进一步纠正因解剖结构和摆位所带来的误差,保证放疗计划的精准性。      

934例鼻咽癌单纯放疗远期疗效分析

目的 分析鼻咽癌患者单纯根治性放疗的远期疗效.方法 回顾分析1999年全年934例鼻咽癌初治患者临床资料及其主要预后影响因素.934例中男676例,女258例.按1992年福州分期标准分期,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ.期分别为35、215、488和196例.全组病例均采用低熔点铅挡块而颈联合野等中心照射技术给予单纯常规分割放疗,原发灶总剂量66～88 Gy,颈淋巴结转移灶总剂量60～70 Gy,颈预防照射剂量50～56 Gy.结果 随访3.0～94.2个月,中位随访期67.1个月.全组病例5和8年总生存率、无瘤牛存率、无复发牛存率、无转移牛存率分别为68.3%、67.3%、64.4%、72.4%和48.0%、66.6%、50.8%、68.0%(χ2=49.74,P=0.000).无论是5和8年总牛存率、无瘤牛存率、无复发生存率或无转移生存率,N1期患者均显著低于N0期患者[66.0%:77.4%和50.3%:59.8%(χ2=33.34.P=0.000)、66.8%:76.1%和66.1%:76.1%(χ2=29.08,P=0.000)、63.4%:72.9%和48.9%:58.7%(χ2=27.65,P=0.000)、71.0%:80.8%和63.4%:68.0%(χ2=26.13,P=0.000)],N1与N2期的相似,N1～2期的显著高于N3期的.多因素分析表明性别、年龄、T分期及N分期是影响总牛存的独立预后因素.结论 早期鼻咽癌患者单纯根治性放疗可取得较好远期疗效,但局部晚期患者的总牛存率则仍未理想,主要火败丁局部区域复发和远处转移.临床分期及N期不同期别是影响顶后的主要因素.     

Design and implementation of a system for treating paediatric patients with stereotactically-guided conformal radiotherapy

Background and purpose: Stereotactically-guided conformal radiotherapy (SCRT) allows the delivery of highly conformal dose distributions to localised brain tumours. This is of particular importance for children, whose often excellent long-term prognosis should be accompanied by low toxicity. The commercial immobilisation system in use at our hospital for adults was felt to be too heavy for children, and precluded the use of anaesthesia, which is sometimes required for paediatric patients. This paper therefore describes the design and implementation of a system for treating children with SCRT. This system needed to be well tolerated by patients, with good access for treating typical childhood malignancies.

Materials and methods: A lightweight frame was developed for immobilisation, with a shell-based alternative for patients requiring general anaesthetic. Procedures were set up to introduce the patients to the frame system in order to maximise patient co-operation and comfort. Film measurements were made to assess the impact of the frame on transmission and surface dose. The reproducibility of the systems was assessed using electronic portal images.

Results: Both frame and shell systems are in clinical use. The frame weighs 0.6 kg and is well tolerated. It has a transmission of 92–96%, and fields which pass through it deliver surface doses of 58–82% of the dose at d_max, compared to 18% when no frame is present. However, the frame is constructed to maximise the availability of unobstructed beam directions. Reproducibility measurements for the frame showed a mean random error of 1.0±0.2 mm in two dimensions (2D) and 1.4±0.7 mm in 3D. The mean systematic error in 3D was 2.2 mm, and 90% of all overall 3D errors were less than 3.4 mm. For the shell system, the mean 2D random error was 1.5±0.2 mm.

Conclusions: Two well-tolerated immobilisation devices have been developed for fractionated SCRT treatment of paediatric patients. A lightweight frame system gives a wide range of possible unobstructed beam directions, although beams that intersect the frame are not precluded, provided that output corrections are applied. A shell system allows the use of general anaesthesia. Both systems give reproducible immobilisation to complement the high-precision treatment delivery.     

三维适形放射治疗宫颈癌60例临床观察

 目的 探讨三维适形放射治疗宫颈癌的临床效果，并与传统的腔内放射治疗进行比较。方法 将60例中、晚期宫颈癌患者，随机分为治疗组及对照组，治疗组30例为三维适形放疗治疗；对照组患者30例为腔内后装放射治疗。结果 治疗组近期总有效率96.7 %，对照组为93.3 %，两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。治疗组的1，2，3年的生存率分别为90 %，73.3 %，67.7 %，对照组分别为86.7 %，70 %，56.1 %，两组比较差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。直肠放射性近期反应发生率治疗组、对照组分别为33.3 %和60 %；膀胱放射性近期反应，治疗组为13.3 %，对照组36.7 %，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。直肠放射性远期并发症发生率治疗组、对照组分别为13.3 %和36.7 %，放射性膀胱炎的发生率治疗组、对照组分别为10 %和33.3 %，两组比较差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。结论 三维适形放疗治疗宫颈癌与腔内照射的疗效相似。而并发症发生率低，治疗时间短。     

A higher radiotherapy dose is associated with more durable palliation and longer survival in patients with metastatic melanoma

BACKGROUND: Oncologists are often reluctant to recommend radiotherapy (RT) to palliate metastatic melanoma due to a perception that this tumor is "radioresistant." The Mayo Clinic experience was analyzed to determine the efficacy of palliative RT. METHODS: Eighty-four consecutive patients with 114 lesions that were not metastatic to the central nervous system (CNS) were evaluated for the response of the presenting symptom, the duration of response, and survival after RT. The median dose delivered was 30 grays (Gy) and the median biologic effective dose (BED) was 39.0 Gy(10). Performance status was not uniformly available for all patients. RESULTS: Complete resolution of the presenting symptom occurred in 10 lesions (9%). Of the lesions treated, there was partial improvement in 86 (75%), no change in 12 (11%), and worsening in 6 (5%) lesions. The median survival was 3.8 months and freedom from disease progression (FFP) for individual lesions was 6 months. Patients treated with >30 Gy had significantly longer FFP compared with patients given 30 Gy had a significantly longer survival than those given a lesser dose (median of 2 months vs 8 months; P < .0001). Similarly, patients receiving a BED >39.0 Gy(10) also were found to have longer FFP (P = .03) and survival (median of 2 months vs 8 months; P < .0001) compared with those receiving a BED 30 Gy and a BED >39.0 Gy(10) were found to be associated with longer palliation.     

宫颈癌术后适形调强放疗与三维适形放疗同步化疗的对比研究

背景与目的:适形调强放疗(intensity-modulated radiotherapy,IMRT)是一项很有前景的技术,不仅能提高靶区的照射剂量及适形度,而且减少了周围正常组织受照剂量。本文旨在评估IMRT联合化疗作为宫颈癌术后辅助治疗的局部控制及急性不良反应。方法:2005年7月—2010年11月在我科治疗的61例早期宫颈癌术后高危和中危患者行术后辅助放疗联合化疗,每周顺铂25 mg/m2同步化疗,26例行三维适形放疗(three dimensional conformal radiotherapy,3D-CRT),35例行IMRT,放疗剂量45～50.4 Gy。两组患者的病理类型和FIGO分期差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结果:所有患者1、3年的总生存率分别为100%和95.1%。1年的的局控率IMRT与3D-CRT分别为94%和92%(P=0.01),急性消化系统不良反应,IMRT与3D-CRT发生率分别为42.9%和80.9%(P=0.005),泌尿道系统不良反应IMRT与3D-CRT发生率分别为28.6%和57.7%(P=0.034)。在血液系统不良反应的发生率方面,IMRT较3D-CRT有明显的优势(P=0.006)。结论:IMRT与3D-CRT相比,虽然局部控制率相似,但急性不良反应发生率较低。     

多发脑转移瘤放疗方式与预后

 目的 探讨多发脑转移瘤放疗方式与预后的关系。方法 112例多发脑转移瘤患者分别采用全脑照射、立体定向放射治疗以及全脑照射结合立体定向放射治疗，分析不同放疗方法的生存期及脑转移致死率。结果 全脑照射、立体定向放射治疗以及全脑照射结合立体定向放射治疗组的中位生存期分别为3．8、7．8及8．0个月。脑转移致死率全脑照射组67．7％，立体定向放射治疗组15．7％，全脑照射结合立体定向放射治疗组11．6％。结论 立体定向放射治疗可使脑转移灶较少的患者局控率提高，生存期延长。     

鼻咽癌超分割合并缩野加量放射的前瞻性随机研究

目的比较超分割合并缩野加量与常规放射治疗鼻咽癌的局部控制率、生存率和并发症等。材料与方法从１９９０年１０月到１９９２年１月，４８例鼻咽癌患者随机分入超分割合并缩野加量组（研究组）和常规放射组（常规组）。研究组的总剂量为７３～７５Ｇｙ，照射６０次／６周；对照组总剂量为７０．２Ｇｙ，照射３９次／７．５周。总疗程从常规放射的７．５周缩短到６周，总剂量则由７０．２Ｇｙ提高到７４Ｇｙ，获得治疗增益２０％。结果（１）研究组无１例鼻咽部复发而常规组则有６例复发。研究组和常规组的５年局控率分别为１００％和７５．０％（Ｐ＜０．０５）；（２）研究组和常规组的５年生存率分别为６２．５％和５８．３％；（３）研究组的急性粘膜反应明显高于常规组，但能耐受，尚无严重后期并发症发生。结论超分割合并缩野加量治疗鼻咽癌的局控率高于常规放射，且能耐受。     

前程加卡铂后程野中野加速超分割放射治疗食管癌90例临床观察

目的探讨前程加卡铂后程野中野加速超分割放射治疗食管癌的疗效。材料与方法自１９９１年１０月至１９９３年６月对９０例食管癌病人随机分常规放射治疗组（常规组）和前程加卡铂后程野中野加速超分割放疗组（前化后超组）各４５例。两组临床资料相近，具备可比性。常规组每周照５次，每次２Ｇｙ，总量６０～７０Ｇｙ；前化后超组前３周放疗同常规组，配合卡铂每周两次，每次１００ｍｇ，总量６００ｍｇ。第４，５周在原照射野中设小野（同病变长度），每次１．５Ｇｙ，每周５次，上午照大野，下午照小野，总量５周６５Ｇｙ，其中大野５周５０Ｇｙ，小野后两周１５Ｇｙ。结果放疗结束时Ｘ线改善前化后超组病灶全消和消失１／２以上８６．７％（３９／４５），常规组５７．８％（２６／４５）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。１，２，３，４年生存率分别为７５．６％、５３．３％、４２．２％、３３．３％和５５．６％、３１．１％、２０．０％、１５．６％。前化后超组明显好于常规组（Ｐ＜０．０５）。结论前程配合卡铂后程大野套小野加速超分割放射治疗能显著提高食管癌１，２，３，４年生存率，病人能顺利完成疗程。     

Impact of pelvic nodal irradiation with intensity-modulated radiotherapy on treatment of prostate cancer

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of treating the pelvic lymphatic regions during prostate intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) with respect to our routine acceptance criteria. METHODS AND MATERIALS: A series of 10 previously treated prostate patients were randomly selected and the pelvic lymphatic regions delineated on the fused magnetic resonance/computed tomography data sets. A targeting progression was formed from the prostate and proximal seminal vesicles only to the inclusion of all pelvic lymphatic regions and presacral region resulting in 5 planning scenarios of increasing geometric difficulty. IMRT plans were generated for each stage for two accelerator manufacturers. Dose volume histogram data were analyzed with respect to dose to the planning target volumes, rectum, bladder, bowel, and normal tissue. Analysis was performed for the number of segments required, monitor units, "hot spots," and treatment time. RESULTS: Both rectal endpoints were met for all targets. Bladder endpoints were not met and the bowel endpoint was met in 40% of cases with the inclusion of the extended and presacral lymphatics. A significant difference was found in the number of segments and monitor units with targeting progression and between accelerators, with the smaller beamlets yielding poorer results. Treatment times between the 2 linacs did not exhibit a clinically significant difference when compared. CONCLUSIONS: Many issues should be considered with pelvic lymphatic irradiation during IMRT delivery for prostate cancer including dose per fraction, normal structure dose/volume limits, planning target volumes generation, localization, treatment time, and increased radiation leakage. We would suggest that, at a minimum, the endpoints used in this work be evaluated before beginning IMRT pelvic nodal irradiation.