6例原发性脑淋巴瘤^18F-FDG PET／CT表现

[目的]探讨^18F-FDG PET／CT显像对原发性脑淋巴瘤的诊断价值。[方法]6例经病理学证实的脑原发性淋巴瘤患者（男性4例,女性2例）行^18F-FDG PET／CT检查．其中5例为初诊患者,1例为可疑复发的复诊患者。[结果]6例患者共8个病灶,其中基底节区5个,丘脑1个,额叶2个。肿瘤为单发或多发病灶,多位于脑组织深部,边界清楚,大小不等,圆形或卵圆形．周围水肿较轻。18F—FDGPET／CT显像病灶多表现为稍高密度灶,对18F—FDG摄取明显增高。『结论]原发性脑淋巴瘤的18F—FDGPET／CT表现有一定特征性,熟悉其影像特点有助于作出正确的诊断。     

^18F-FDG符合线路SPECT／CT显像寻找肿瘤原发灶35例应用分析

[目的]探讨^18F-氟代脱氧葡萄糖（2-deoxy-2-[F-18]fluoro-D-gluocose,FDG）符合线路SPECT／CT显像在寻找肿瘤原发灶中的价值。[方法]35例原发灶不明的转移瘤患者行^18F-FDG符合线路SPECT／CT显像寻找原发灶。[结果]21例患者符合线路SPECT／CT显像发现可疑原发灶,其中16例被其他影像学检查、活检或手术病理证实,对原发灶的检出率为45．7％（16／35例）,14例未能明确原发灶。^18F-FDG符合线路显像发现其他影像学手段未发现的新病灶13个,8例改变治疗方案。[结论]^18F-FDG符合线路SPECT／CT显像在寻找转移性肿瘤原发灶有较大的临床价值。     

18F-FDG PET/CT在探测卵巢癌术后复发和转移中的价值

[目的]评价^18F-FDG PET/CT显像在探测卵巢癌术后复发病灶中的应用价值。[方法]采用仪器为Siemens Biograph Sensation 16 PET/CT，43例卵巢癌术后患者禁食4～6h，静脉注射^18F-FDG60min后进行PET/CT检查，采集方式为3D模式。PET/CT图像结果与血清CA125、B超及CT或MRI影像学资料进行比较。并与手术病理或临床随访结果比较判断其诊断的准确性。[结果]FDG PET/CT诊断卵巢癌复发的灵敏度、特异性和准确性分别为92.3%、100%和93.0%。血清CA125水平与FDG PET结果有一定相关性，33例CA125升高患者中31例PET显像阳性，10例CA125正常水平患者中仅有5例PET显像阳性。[结论]当常规影像学检查阴性或可疑时，PET/CT显像对卵巢癌复发的检测具有较高的灵敏度和准确性，特别术后患者CA125升高的情况下，FDG PET/CT有助于探测隐匿性复发或转移病灶，指导进一步的治疗。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像在肝脏恶性肿瘤的初步应用

目的：评价^18F-FDGPET／CT对于肝脏恶性肿瘤的诊断、分期及疗效评判的价值。方法：对55例肝脏恶性肿瘤患者的PET／CT检查资料进行回顾性分析。原发性肝细胞性肝癌（PHC）11例,胆管细胞性肝癌1例,转移性肝癌40例,白血病肝浸润1例,淋巴瘤肝浸润2例。其中原发性肝癌经手术或穿刺证实,继发性肝脏恶性肿瘤均有明确肿瘤病史或临床检查随访证实。所有患者均行双时相全身PET／CT显像检查。结果：低分化PHC4例及胆管细胞癌1例,^18F—FDG异常高摄取,延迟后大部分病灶^18F—FDG摄取SUVmax上升;高分化原发性肝癌7例,其中^18F-FDG等摄取5例,相对肝本底为略低摄取2例;9例PHC及1例胆管细胞癌CT表现为低密度灶,2例PHC为等密度,7例患者有肝炎肝硬化基础,另外同时发现肝外病灶6例。继发性肝脏恶性肿瘤43例（含淋巴瘤、白血病肝浸润）中PET／CT上共发现109个病灶;其中99个肝内病灶表现为^18F-FDG高摄取,31个病灶CT未显示,另外有2例患者有4个病灶经手术证实有肝内微小病灶而PET／CT未检出;而淋巴瘤、白血病肝浸润表现为大片状或弥漫性^18F—FDG明显异常高摄取;大部分患者改变了原有的治疗方案。结论：^18F-FDGPET／CT在肝脏恶性肿瘤诊断、分期、评价分化程度及治疗方案的选择有较好的临床价值,PET／CT诊断肝脏恶性肿瘤明显优于单纯PET。充分认识PET／CT在肝脏恶性肿瘤中的应用价值及局限性,有利于临床对肝脏恶性肿瘤的诊治。     

~(18)F-FDG SPECT/PET代谢显像对肺癌的诊断价值

[目的]探讨18F-FDG符合线路SPECT/PET代谢显像在肺癌诊断中的价值。[方法]经临床诊断为肺癌的60例患者进行18F-FDG代谢显像。SPECT/PET图像重建用迭代法(OS-EM)获得三维图像。18F-FDGSPECT/PET图像分析采用T/NT比值法及5点打分法对病灶作出定性分析,计算诊断灵敏度并与CT比较。[结果]60例肺癌患者中,18F-FDG显像阳性55例,灵敏度91.67%;CT阳性54例,灵敏度90%。SPECT/PET提示23例双侧肺门、纵隔、锁骨上及腹主动脉旁淋巴结转移,共发现78个转移的淋巴结;CT提示16例,共发现25个转移的淋巴结。在27例经病理学检查确诊为非小细胞肺癌的患者中,18F-FDGSPECT/PET显像对其纵隔淋巴结转移的灵敏度为85.71%,特异性为83.33%。[结论]18F-FDG符合线路SPECT/PET代谢显像对肺部肿瘤及其转移灶的诊断具有较高的灵敏度,对局部有淋巴结转移的肿瘤较CT检查具有较高的特异性,并可对肿瘤的良、恶性作出定性分析,值得临床推广应用。     

继发性骨淋巴瘤的18F-FDG PET/CT影像诊断及与骨髓活检诊断效能的比较

目的:分析继发性骨淋巴瘤的PET/CT影像特点,比较骨髓活检（bone marrow biopsy,BMB）及PET/CT诊断骨淋巴瘤各自的优势,探讨如何进一步提高骨淋巴瘤的检出率。方法:回顾性分析放化疗前在我院行PET/CT检查的68例继发性骨淋巴瘤影像及骨髓活检资料。所有病例均病理确诊为淋巴瘤。骨淋巴瘤病灶的诊断标准:BMB阳性或骨局灶性FDG代谢增高且治疗后代谢减低或消失。采用SPSS 16.0统计分析不同分组的SUVmax及诊断效能差异。结果:PET/CT与BMB诊断灵敏度比较:68例中63例行BMB。PET/CT的总体诊断灵敏度及对非惰性淋巴瘤的诊断灵敏度高于BMB（P＜0.05）,而对惰性淋巴瘤,BMB灵敏度略高于PET/CT(P＞0.05)。PET/CT表现与BMB结果:根据PET/CT所见分为骨质破坏组（18例）和骨髓浸润组（50例）,骨质破坏组的SUVmax明显高于骨髓浸润组（P＜0.01）。骨质破坏组以弥漫大B细胞淋巴瘤（diffuse large B cell lymphoma,DLBCL）为主,PET/CT均阳性。骨髓浸润组PET/CT阳性41例,表现为局灶性增高、弥漫不均匀性增高和弥漫均匀性增高,弥漫均匀性增高组的SUVmax明显低于其它两组。BMB阴性21例,其中骨质破坏组8例,局灶性骨髓浸润13例。病理类型与PET/CT表现:31例DLBCL、10例其它侵袭性非霍奇金淋巴瘤（non-Hodgkin's lymphoma,NHL）及6例霍奇金淋巴瘤（Hodgkin's lymphoma,HL）均PET/CT阳性;18例惰性淋巴瘤PET/CT仅11例阳性。DLBCL的SUVmax明显高于惰性淋巴瘤（P＜0.05）。结论:继发性骨淋巴瘤骨髓浸润多于骨质破坏。骨质破坏和局灶性骨髓浸润多见于侵袭性骨淋巴瘤,而弥漫性骨髓浸润更多见于惰性淋巴瘤。PET/CT对骨质破坏、局灶性骨髓浸润的诊断优于BMB,而BMB对弥漫性骨髓浸润的诊断优于PET/CT。联合BMB和PET/CT才能更准确地诊断骨淋巴瘤。     

18F-FDG PET/CT显像在胃癌诊断中的应用

[目的]评价18F-FDG PET/CT显像在胃癌诊断中的应用.[方法]49例经胃镜和病理确诊的胃癌患者进行18F-FDG PET/CT显像,其诊断结果与病理学检查、其他影像学检查及临床随访比较.[结果] 49例患者18F-FDG PET/CT阳性44例,阳性率89.8％;39例有淋巴结转移患者中18F-FDGPET/CT显像发现32例,灵敏度为82.1％(32/39); 12例有远处转移患者中18F-FDG PET/CT显像发现11例,灵敏度91.6％(11/12).[结论]18F-FDG PET/CT显像对胃癌原发灶、淋巴结转移和远处转移具有较高的灵敏度,18F-FDG PET/CT显像在胃癌诊断中具有较高的临床价值.     

18F-FDG PET显像在非小细胞肺癌临床分期中的价值

目的 探讨^18F-脱氧葡萄糖-正电子发射体层显像(^18F-FDG PET)在非小细胞肺癌(NscLC)临床分期中的价值。方法 105例NSCLC患者于放射治疗前行^18F-FDG PET检查,进行PET分期,并将PET分期和CT分期结果进行比较分析。结果 ^18F-FDG PET扫描使38例NSCLC患者分期改变,其中分期升级31例,分期降级7例。21例分期升级者PET检查发现了远处转移灶,其治疗方案由根治性治疗改为姑息性治疗;6例分期降级者进行了根治性手术治疗,其中5例PET分期与病理分期一致。PET发现远处转移灶的几率随PET扫描前分期的升级而上升,其中Ⅰ期10．0％(2／20),Ⅱ期14．3％(3／21),Ⅲ期25．0％(16／64)。结论 ^18F-FDG PET显像改变了36．2％(38／105)NSCLC患者的临床分期,影响了其治疗策略。^18F-FDG PET显像对NSCLC患者的临床分期有重要的参考价值。     

^18F-FDG PET显像在食管癌诊断中的临床意义

目的：探讨正电子发射型电子计算机断层(positron emission computed tomography，PET)显像在食管癌早期诊断以及临床分期中的临床应用价值。方法：23例食管癌患者，进行全身^18F-脱氧葡萄糖(^18F-fluorodeoxy-glucose，^18F-FDG)PET显像，并与外科手术或内镜活检病理结果和CT检查结果对照。结果：46倒患者中PET显像食管部位均有异常放射性浓聚灶，经病理确诊，46处食管浓聚灶均为食管癌原发病灶。其中28例为单发病灶，2例为食管多发灶，其余16例除食管原发病灶外，还有其他部位32个病灶，经临床和病理证实为远处转移病灶。与46例PET显像前CT结果相比较，PET共检出食管部位恶性病灶46例，检出率为100．0％，而CT仪检出34例，检出率为73．9％。46例中确诊有其他部位转移者18例，PET检出18例，检出率为100．0％，而PET显像前CT仅检出6例，检出率为33．3％。27例手术治疗者PET分期与临床病理分期一致，而常规检查对食管癌临床分期高估5例，低估12例，PET显像改变了这17例患者的临床治疗方案。结论：^18F-FDG-PET显像对食管癌的诊断、淋巴结和远处转移的分期、治疗方案的制定有重要的临床应用价值。     

FDG—PET显像技术在恶性淋巴瘤诊断与治疗中的应用

对大多数肿瘤而言，^18F—FDGPET具有敏感性高、特异性强的优点。在淋巴结和结外淋巴瘤的诊断检出率、淋巴瘤分期和再分期、疗效预测和评估、检测微小残留病灶、监测复发和预后判断均优于CT或^67Ga。PET常上调淋巴瘤分期（约40％），PET的检出效能随淋巴瘤的组织类型而变动，尤其对弥漫性大B细胞淋巴瘤（DLBCL）和霍奇金病诊断率高。对骨髓累及的检出PET／CT可补充骨髓活检（BMB），但不能取代BMB。PET较^67Ga对脾淋巴瘤有更高的检出率。治疗早中期PET／CT是无进展生存期和总生存期独立的预后指标。FDG并非肿瘤特异性物质，FDG—PET存在假阳性和假阴性，需注意鉴别，可能时进行组织活检。     

Last Marrow Standing: Bone Marrow Transplantation for Acquired Bone Marrow Failure Conditions

Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, aplastic anemia, and myelodysplastic syndrome are a spectrum of acquired marrow failure, having a common pathologic thread of both immune dysregulation and the development of abnormal hematopoiesis. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation plays a critical role in the treatment of these disorders and, for many patients, is the only treatment modality with demonstrated curative potential. In recent years, there have been many breakthroughs in the understanding of the pathogenesis of these uncommon disorders. The subsequent advances in non-transplant therapies, along with concurrent improvement in outcomes after hematopoietic cell transplantation, necessitate continual appraisal of the indications, timing, and approaches to transplantation for acquired marrow failure syndromes. We review here contemporary and critical new findings driving current treatment decisions.     

Long-Term Bone Marrow Cultures Established from Bone Marrow Transplant Recipients

Following bone marrow transplantation (BMT), the stroma remains host-derived, and has therefore been exposed to the high doses of chemoradiotherapy used in BMT conditioning. We have used long term bone marrow culture (LTBMC) to study the effect of this conditioning therapy on the stroma. Twenty-five BMT recipients were studied, comprising 13 allografts and 12 autografts. Marrow was aspirated prior to transplant (6 cases) and at 3, 6 or 12 months post-BMT. Fifteen haematologically normal subjects were studied in parallel. The stromal layer of LTBMC was visually assessed at weekly intervals and supernatant cells counted and assayed for colony forming unit-granulocyte/macrophage (CFU-GM).

Five of the six cases studied both before and after BMT formed less confluent stroma following the procedure. A successive improvement in the proportion of patients forming good stroma was observed with increasing time from BMT. Supernatant cell and CFU-GM counts were not significantly different from normal following BMT. No clear relationship was observed between stromal confluence and any of the following: supernatant cell and CFU-GM counts, transplant type, underlying disease, conditioning regime or time to engraftment. These data support the view that BMT conditioning regimes cause stromal damage, and that this damage gradually improves with time.     

Bone Marrow Transplantation in Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis

Two important syndromes of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) have to be considered in infants and young children with recurrent fever, organomegaly and cytopenias. Familial hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (FHLH) is a genetically heterogeneous autosomal recessive disease with histiocytic and lymphocytic infiltrations in multiple organs and is currently curable only by bone marrow transplantation (BMT). Secondary HLH most commonly results from viral infections and some patients may be cured by treating the causative organism, others will need chemotherapy and immunosuppression. Since infections can also trigger disease episodes in FHLH, making the correct diagnosis can prove difficult. The published experience of BMT in HLH is reviewed. Taken together, cure of the majority of patients with HLH by matched related BMT, unrelated or haploidentical BMT is possible. Incomplete resolution of disease activity does not necessarily impede a successful outcome. Central nervous system involvement will eventually develop in many HLH patients and may cause considerable morbidity. Appropriate early treatment and a timely BMT will hopefully decrease mortality rates and improve neurodevelopmental outcome in this disease.