1747例空气污染与妊娠不良结局之间关系的调查研究

目的：定量分析和评价武汉市大气污染对新生儿早产、低出生体重及出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局的影响。方法：收集武汉市硚口区妇幼保健院2011年3月—2013年6月分娩个案资料,对妊娠结局的相关危险因素及不同妊娠大气中PM10和SO2浓度对妊娠结局的影响进行分析。结论：武汉市空气污染已对妊娠结局造成一定影响,应采取严格的空气污染控制措施,降低不良妊娠结局发生率。     

环境污染对妊娠结局影响的研究进展

环境污染不仅能直接导致人群死亡率和呼吸循环等疾病的发病率升高,而且能引起不良妊娠结局的发生增多。作者综述了国内外环境污染重金属污染、大气污染、电磁污染、交通污染、持久性有机污染物污染)对妊娠结局的影响与不良妊娠结局(早产、低出生体重、出生缺陷、死产等)的文献,提出了环境污染对不良妊娠结局风险的统计学关联证据,并在生物学机制上做了相关探讨。     

湖北麻城市2007-2012年不良妊娠结局的流行病学特征

不良妊娠结局包括早产、低出生体重、出生缺陷、、窒息、死胎、死产等,不仅会增加新生儿病死率,还会增加社会负担.随着社会的发展和进步以及医疗保健水平的不断提高,婴幼儿的健康水平得到显著改善.但是早产、低出生体重、出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局并没有得到有效的控制,成为威胁婴幼儿健康和公共卫生的重要危险因素.研究发现,近年来西方发达国家的低出生体重发生率仍居高不下,甚至有上升的趋势[1].在我国低出生体重和早产等不良妊娠结局的发生率也处于较高水平[2,3].研究采用湖北省麻城市妇幼保健院的出生分娩资料,分析麻城市不良妊娠结局流行病学的发生变化情况,从而为预防和减少麻城市不良妊娠结局的发生提供依据.     

不良妊娠结局的环境因素研究进展

妊娠不良结局的相关因素很多,这些危险因素影响着孕妇的健康,增加不良妊娠结局风险,包括早产、低出生体重、出生缺陷等。导致妊娠不良结局的原因目前主要分为母体、胎儿、环境三方面。研究环境因素与不良妊娠结局的关系,减少孕妇高危环境暴露,提前采取干预措施,可避免不良妊娠结局的发生。该文就不良妊娠结局的环境因素研究进展进行综述。     

电磁辐射对妊娠及子代的影响

近年来,电磁辐射对妊娠的影响越来越引起人们的关注,并开展了大量的流行病学研究和实验研究。电磁辐射对妊娠及子代的影响主要有自发性流产、早产、低出生体重、出生缺陷及儿童肿瘤等,但由于现有的研究方法和研究结果存在不一致性,关于电磁辐射对妊娠及子代的影响还在很多方面值得进一步研究及探讨。该文综述了国内外电磁辐射与各种异常妊娠结局之间关系的研究结果 。     

石油化工厂周围妇女不良妊娠结局危险性流行病学研究

收集了１９８５￣１９９２年某石油化工厂（简称石化厂）周围四家综合性医院７６９５例立妇分娩资料，结合区和该厂环境监测站大气监测和暴露估计指标－距离测量结果，分析石化厂大气污染与不良妊娠结局（先天畸形、死胎、出生低体重、早产等）的关系。结果显示：不同半径距离居住产妇不良妊娠结局发生率间的差异有显著性，并有随距离增大而下降的趋势。随机抽取３９０名正常结局产妇为对照，与３２５病例比较，经非条件ｌｏｇｉｓｔ     

北京市大气污染对不良妊娠结局影响的病例对照研究

目的 定量分析和评价北京市大气污染对新生儿早产、低出生体重及出生缺陷等不良妊娠结局的影响.方法 收集北京市海淀区妇幼保健院2007年7月-2009年7月分娩个案资料、同期北京市大气污染物二氧化硫(SO2)、二氧化氮(NO2)、可吸入颗粒物(PM10)及气象因素资料.采用多因素Logistic回归模型调整气象因素和妊娠期妇女个体信息的基础上,研究北京市大气污染物对不良妊娠结局的影响.结果 控制气象因素、孕妇分娩次数、年龄、胎儿性别、不良接触史等因素后,妊娠后第1个月SO2浓度每升高100μg/m3,对低出生体重的影响的OR值为1.50(95％CI:1.09～2.05);妊娠后前3个月、分娩前第1个月SO2浓度每升高100 μg/m3,对早产影响的OR值分别为1.50 (95％CI:1.04～2.18)和1.79(95％CI:1.30～2.46);分娩前第2个月PM10浓度每升高100 μg/m3,对早产的影响的OR值为1.45(95％CI:1.15～1.84);妊娠后3～8周内,NO2浓度每升高100 μg/m3,对出生缺陷的影响的OR值为2.85(95％CI:1.08～7.50).结论 本次调查的北京市妊娠期妇女在妊娠后期的大气PM10暴露浓度、妊娠早期的大气SO2暴露浓度与早产的发生存在统计学关联;妊娠3～8周时NO2暴露浓度与出生缺陷的发生存在统计学关联.     

城市优生促进工程工作服务模式探索

在我国,早产、低出生体重以及出生缺陷是最主要的不良妊娠结局,早产占我国分娩总数的5％～15％,低出生体重发生率达4％～7％,而出生缺陷占我国每年出生人口总数的4％～6％。     

陕西省不良妊娠结局的流行病学研究

目的 了解陕西省不良妊娠结局的流行病学现况。方法 利用2010-2013年陕西省出生缺陷现况及其危险因素调查数据,提取不良妊娠结局的数据资料进行统计描述与分析。结果 2010-2013年陕西省不良妊娠结局发生率为25.45%,其中各年份分别为26.84%、26.11%、24.96%、24.80%。不良妊娠结局顺位依次为巨大儿（31.91%）、低出生体重儿（23.42%）、自然流产（18.94%）、早产（16.65%）、出生缺陷（7.38%）和死胎及死产（1.70%）。不良妊娠结局在不同年龄组间差异有统计学意义（P<0.001）,年龄越大,不良妊娠结局发生率越高（P<0.001）。不良妊娠结局在不同年份间差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。不良妊娠结局发生率最高的区县是礼泉县（37.49%）,其次是武功县（35.50%）、乾县（35.13%）。结论 陕西省不良妊娠结局发生率较高,且有地区差异,以巨大儿、低出生体重儿、自然流产为主,高龄孕产妇不良妊娠结局发生危险增高。     

石油化工厂周围妇女不良妊娠结局危险性流行病学研究

收集了1985年～1992年某石油化工厂(简称石化厂)周围四家综合性医院7695例产妇分娩资料,结合区和该厂环境监测站大气监测和暴露估计指标—距离测量结果,分析石化厂大气污染与不良妊娠结局(先天畸形、死胎、出生低体重、早产等)的关系。结果显示:不同半径距离居住产妇不良妊娠结局发生率间的差异有显著性,并有随距离增大而下降的     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.