PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路与结直肠恶性肿瘤

结直肠癌(colorectal cancer,CRC)是世界大多数地区最常见的恶性肿瘤之一。它的发展是一个多步骤过程,以改变正常细胞的分子信号为启动点,促进细胞发展,最终产生一种表型改变的恶性转化细胞。已有报道指出磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白[phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase(PI3K)/protein kinase B(Akt)/the mammalian target of Rapamycin(mTOR),PI3K/Akt/mTOR]信号通路与结直肠恶性肿瘤产生有紧密的联系。也有报道证明约60%~70%的结直肠癌患者存在Akt信号的活化及PTEN的表达受损,进而说明PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路抑制药可以作为恶性肿瘤治疗的潜在靶点。近年来,PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路受到越来越多的关注,在不同的实验模型中利用针对这条通路的天然及合成药物来降低恶性肿瘤负荷。将近年来PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在结直肠恶性肿瘤中的研究做一综述,并就今后结直肠恶性肿瘤中该通路可能的研究方向进行展望。     

PI3K/mTOR信号通路及双重抑制剂NVP-BEZ235的开发

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶/蛋白激酶B/雷帕霉素靶蛋白(PI3K/Akt/mTOR)信号通路与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关.PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂已成为抗肿瘤药物研发的热点之一.近年,NVP-BEZ235因其能有效并特异性地双重抑制PI3K/mTOR信号通路的异常活化而受到关注.本文综述PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路及NVP-BEZ235的开发.     

BAFF/BAFF-R通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号转导通路调节B淋巴细胞功能在类风湿关节炎发病机制中的意义

B淋巴细胞活化和生存在类风湿关节炎(RA)病程中起关键作用。肿瘤坏死因子家族B细胞活化因子(BAFF)是维持B细胞功能的重要细胞因子。BAFF与其受体BAFF-R结合(BAFF/BAFF-R),能够激活PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路,调节B淋巴细胞的增殖、存活和活化。该文就B淋巴细胞、BAFF/BAFF-R以及PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路参与RA的发病机制加以综述。     

PI3K/AKT/mTOR介导自噬在卵巢癌治疗中的研究进展

卵巢癌是妇科常见恶性肿瘤,死亡率居女性生殖系统恶性肿瘤的首位,确诊多属晚期,手术辅以化疗仍是目前的主要治疗手段.但化疗存在严重的不良反应,预后欠佳.卵巢癌发生、发展中磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(AKT)/哺乳动物西罗莫司靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路异常激活,抑制PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路可提高自噬...     

2型糖尿病大鼠心肌PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的改变及Sirt1的调控机制研究

目的检测Sirt1及PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路相关蛋白在糖尿病大鼠心肌及高糖培养的H9C2细胞中的表达变化,明确其在糖尿病心肌病发生发展中的作用。方法高脂饮食联合链脲佐菌素建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型,实验将大鼠分为糖尿病2周、4周、8周模型组和对照组,超声心动图检测大鼠心功能变化,Western blot检测大鼠心肌Sirt1、PI3K、Akt、mTOR、S6K1蛋白表达变化。将H9C2细胞分为正常对照组、DMSO组(78.12 mmol·L~(-1))、高糖(HG)组(33 mmol·L~(-1))、白藜芦醇(Res)组(20μmol·L~(-1))、尼克酰胺(Nam)组(40 mmol·L~(-1)),Western blot及qRT-PCR研究心肌细胞Sirt1、PI3K、Akt、mTOR、S6K1相关蛋白基因转录及表达,研究Sirt1对该信号通路的调控机制。结果在动物实验中,与2周DM大鼠比较,8周DM大鼠心肌Sirt1蛋白表达明显增加。2周模型组大鼠相对于正常对照组心肌PI3K、Akt、mTOR、S6K1表达明显增加,且S6K1表达4周模型组比2周模型组增加更明显,但8周表达降低。在高糖培养的H9C2细胞中,与对照组相比,高糖组Sirt1,PI3K,Akt,mTOR和S6K1表达明显增高。Nam处理组Sirt1表达明显降低,PI3K,Akt,mTOR和S6K1表达增高。Res处理组Sirt1表达明显增高,而PI3K,Akt,mTOR和S6K1表达降低。结论 Sirt1通过负调控PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路参与糖尿病心肌损伤,参与早期糖尿病心肌病的发生发展。     

抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路对MPP+处理的SH-SY5Y细胞自噬、凋亡及PD特征蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP⁺)处理的SH-SY5Y细胞自噬、凋亡及帕金森病(PD)特征蛋白α-突触核蛋白(α-syn)、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达的影响。方法 以MPP⁺、PI3K/Akt激活剂胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002作用于人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞,CCK-8检测细胞存活率;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;吖啶橙(AO)染色检测自噬空泡;Western blot检测α-syn、TH、p62、微管相关蛋白1轻链3B(LC3B)、p-mTOR、mTOR、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt、Akt蛋白水平。结果 MPP⁺干预显著降低SH-SY5Y细胞存活率,且呈现剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。MPP⁺和IGF-1处理后SH-SY5Y细胞存活率降低,凋亡率增高(P<0.05);细胞中自噬空泡减少,LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ降低,p62蛋白水平...     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号传导通路与前列腺癌关系的研究进展

前列腺癌是威胁中老年男性健康的常见肿瘤,成为男性癌症死因的第二位。 PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路能够通过维持细胞生存、抑制细胞凋亡、促进细胞周期运行及血管生成等促进前列腺癌病程发展。本文综合国内外文献,阐述PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路在前列腺癌发生发展中的作用以及和通路相关的药物治疗进展。     

补骨脂素对绝经后大鼠骨质疏松及PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路的影响

目的:研究补骨脂素对绝经后大鼠骨质疏松及磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路的影响。方法:将60只健康雌性SD大鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、阳性对照组(0.09 mg/kg雌二醇)和补骨脂素低、中、高剂量组(22、44、88 mg/kg),每组10只。除正常组外,其余各组大鼠均采用卵巢摘除去势法建立绝经后骨质疏松模型。术后正常饲养2个月,正常组和模型组大鼠灌胃等体积生理盐水,各药物组大鼠灌胃相应药液;灌胃体积均为0.005 mL/g,每天1次,连续98天。末次给药24 h后,测定大鼠右侧下肢股骨和椎骨的骨密度,血清中钙离子、骨钙素、Ⅰ型前胶原N端前肽(P1NP)含量和骨形态发生蛋白2(BMP2)、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)水平,以及股骨组织中PI3K、Akt、mTOR mRNA及蛋白的表达水平。结果:与正常组比较,模型组大鼠股骨和椎骨的骨密度以及血清中钙离子、骨钙素、P1NP含量和BMP2、VEGF水平均显著降低,PI3K、Akt、mTOR mRNA及蛋白的表达水平均显著升高(P<0.05或P<0.01)。与模型组比较,补骨脂素中、高剂量组和阳性对照组大鼠股骨和椎骨的骨密度以及血清中钙离子、骨钙素、P1NP含量和BMP2(补骨脂素中剂量组除外)、VEGF(补骨脂素中剂量组除外)水平均显著升高,各药物组PI3K、Akt、m TOR mRNA(补骨脂素低剂量组除外)及蛋白表达水平均显著降低(P<0.05或P<0.01),且高剂量组股骨骨密度和钙离子、BMP2水平以及PI3K蛋白表达水平均显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.05),mTOR mRNA表达水平显著低于阳性对照组(P<0.05)。结论:补骨脂素可改善绝经后大鼠的骨质疏松,其机制可能与抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路有关。     

磷脂酸肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B信号通路在肺部疾病中的作用研究进展

磷脂酸肌醇-3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)信号通路是细胞内与增殖、分化和凋亡相关的信号通路，是机体自我保护的重要通路。PI3K被激活后会使其下游分子Akt磷酸化，进而抑制细胞凋亡、调控细胞生存及增殖。PI3K/Akt信号通路在众多肺系疾病，如急性肺损伤、肺炎、哮喘、肺纤维化、肺癌等的发展进程中起着重要作用。该文对PI3K/Akt信号通路在肺系疾病进展中的作用机制进行了综述。     

缬沙坦对颈动脉粥样硬化大鼠AT1R/PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路及血管内皮细胞自噬的影响

目的探讨缬沙坦对颈动脉粥样硬化大鼠血管紧张素Ⅱ 1型受体(AT1R)/磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)通路及血管内皮细胞自噬的影响。方法采用高脂饲料饲喂结合颈动脉球囊损伤法制备颈动脉粥样硬化大鼠模型,随机分为模型组(生理盐水),缬沙坦低、中、高(10、20、30 mg/kg)剂量组和阳性对照组(阿托伐他汀,2.5 mg/kg),另取假手术大鼠作为对照组(生理盐水),每组15只,均每天ig给药1次,连续4周,给药体积10 mL/kg。末次给药结束24 h后,全自动生化分析仪检测各组大鼠血脂水平,包括总胆固醇(TC)、三酰甘油(TG)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C);酶联免疫吸附(ELISA)法检测各组大鼠颈动脉血清中白细胞介素6(IL-6)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平;苏木精-伊红(HE)染色观察各组大鼠颈动脉内皮组织病理学变化;单丹磺酰尸胺(MDC)染色法检测各组大鼠颈动脉内皮细胞自噬率;蛋白免疫印迹(Western blotting)法检测各组大鼠自噬标记蛋白LC3-Ⅱ、Beclin 1和通路蛋白AT1R表达水平及PI3K、Akt、mTOR磷酸化水平。结果与对照组相比,模型组大鼠颈动脉组织内皮细胞排列紊乱,内皮破损,大量炎性因子浸润,TC、TG、LDL-C、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6水平及AT1R蛋白表达和PI3K、Akt、mTOR磷酸化水平显著升高(P0.05),HDL-C水平、细胞自噬率、LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin 1蛋白表达水平显著降低(P0.05);与模型组相比,缬沙坦低、中、高剂量组大鼠颈动脉组织中内膜逐渐平滑,炎性因子浸润依次减少,TC、TG、LDL-C、IL-1β、TNF-α、IL-6水平及AT1R蛋白表达和PI3K、Akt、mTOR磷酸化水平依次降低(P0.05),HDL水平、细胞自噬率、LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin 1蛋白表达水平显著升高(P0.05);缬沙坦高剂量组与阳性对照组大鼠各项指标差异无统计学意义。结论缬沙坦可能通过下调AT1R/PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路,提高LC3-Ⅱ和Beclin 1自噬相关蛋白表达水平,促进颈动脉粥样硬化大鼠血管内皮细胞自噬,减轻炎症反应。     

Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin module for acute myelogenous leukemia therapy: from bench to bedside

The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt (protein kinase B, PKB)/mammalian Target Of Rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a critical role in many cellular functions which are elicited by extracellular stimuli. However, constitutively active PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling has also been firmly established as a major determinant for cell growth, proliferation, and survival in an wide array of human cancers. Thus, blocking the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signal transduction network could be an effective new strategy for targeted anticancer therapy. Pharmacological inhibitors of this signaling cascade are powerful antineoplastic agents in vitro and in xenografted models of tumors, and some of them are now being tested in clinical trials. Recent studies showed that PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis is frequently activated in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) patient blasts and strongly contributes to proliferation, survival, and drug-resistance of these cells. Both the disease-free survival and overall survival are significantly shorter in AML cases with PI3K/Akt/mTOR upregulation. Therefore, this signal transduction cascade may represent a target for innovative therapeutic treatments of AML patients. In this review, we discuss the possible mechanisms of activation of this pathway in AML cells and the downstream molecular targets of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling network which are important for blocking apoptosis, enhancing proliferation, and promoting drug-resistance of leukemic cells. We also highlight several pharmacological inhibitors which have been used to block this pathway for targeted therapy of AML. These small molecules induce apoptosis or sensitize AML cells to existing drugs, and might be used in the future for improving the outcome of this hematological disorder.     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors in cancer: a perspective on clinical progress

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-theronine protein kinase Akt (also known as protein kinase B (PKB))/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is a vital transduction cascade that is connected with many essential cellular activities, such as growth and survival. Along with extensive pharmacological studies validating the therapeutic potential of targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway for the treatment of cancer, kinase inhibitors targeting significant knots of this pathway including PI3K, Akt, mTOR, and 3-phosphoinositide-dependent protein kinase-1 (PDK-1) keep arising and entering clinical studies. Herein, we review the most up-to-date landscape on developing small-molecule kinase inhibitors targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, with emphasis on small-molecule inhibitors which have been progressed into clinical studies.     

Targeting the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling network in cancer stem cells

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) comprise a subset of hierarchically organized, rare cancer cells with the ability to initiate cancer in xenografts of genetically modified murine models. CSCs are thought to be responsible for tumor onset, self-renewal/maintenance, mutation accumulation, and metastasis. The existence of CSCs could explain the high frequency of neoplasia relapse and resistance to all of currently available therapies, including chemotherapy. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a key regulator of physiological cell processes which include proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, motility, metabolism, and autophagy. Nevertheless, aberrantly upregulated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling characterizes many types of cancers where it negatively influences prognosis. Several lines of evidence indicate that this signaling system plays a key role also in CSC biology. Of note, CSCs are more sensitive to pathway inhibition with small molecules when compared to healthy stem cells. This observation provides the proof-of-principle that functional differences in signaling transduction pathways between CSCs and healthy stem cells can be identified. Here, we review the evidence which links the signals deriving from the PI3K/Akt/mTOR network with CSC biology, both in hematological and solid tumors. We then highlight how therapeutic targeting of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling with small molecule inhibitors could improve cancer patient outcome, by eliminating CSCs.     

Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling network in acute myelogenous leukemia

Background: The PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway plays a central role in cell growth, proliferation and survival not only under physiological conditions but also in a variety of tumor cells. Therefore, the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis may be a critical target for cancer therapy. Objective: This review discusses how PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling network is constitutively active in acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), where it strongly influences proliferation, survival and drug-resistance of leukemic cells, and how effective targeting of this pathway with pharmacological inhibitors, used alone or in combination with existing drugs, may result in suppression of leukemic cell growth, including leukemic stem cells. Methods: We searched the literature for articles dealing with activation of this pathway in AML and highlighting the efficacy of small molecules directed against the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. Conclusions: The limit of acceptable toxicity for standard chemotherapy has been reached in AML. Therefore, new therapeutic strategies are needed. Targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling network with small molecule inhibitors, alone or in combinations with other drugs, may result in less toxic and more efficacious treatment of AML patients. Efforts to exploit selective inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway that show effectiveness and safety in the clinical setting are currently underway.     

PI3K/Akt/mTOR通路在炎症相关疾病中分子机制研究进展

炎症是一种机体应对感染、组织损伤或者细胞应激的反应,并且可以通过修复机制恢复组织功能。炎症发生时会引起多条信号通路的激活,包括核转录因子-κB（NF-κB）通路、Janus激酶/信号转导与转录激活子（JAK/STAT）通路、丝裂原活化蛋白激酶（MAPK）通路以及磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B /雷帕霉素靶蛋白（PI3K/Akt/mTOR）通路等。本文综述了近年来磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B /雷帕霉素靶蛋白通路在炎症相关疾病中的分子作用机制,为研发以磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶/蛋白激酶B /雷帕霉素靶蛋白为靶点的药物提供理论依据。     

PI3K/Akt信号通路与肝纤维化

PI3K/Akt信号通路为细胞内重要信号传导通路之一,在促进细胞增殖、抑制凋亡的过程中发挥重要作用。PI3K/Akt信号通路与肝纤维化的发生、发展密切相关。通过干预PI3K/Akt信号通路,研究肝纤维化的发病机制和药物治疗是有意义的途径。该文就PI3K/Akt信号通路的构成、转导途径及其在肝纤维化中的作用作一综述。     

用于肿瘤治疗的PI3K/mTOR双重抑制剂的研究进展

磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶（PBK）是细胞内重要的信号转导分子,在细胞存活、增殖和分化过程中起重要调节作用。且是磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶／蛋白激酶B／雷帕霉素靶蛋白信号转导通路的关键节点蛋白,与细胞周期、血管形成、肿瘤发生和侵袭的关系密切,现已证实PBKs是潜力巨大的药物治疗靶点,针对该通路的抑制剂近年来成为研究热点,抗肿瘤治疗前景看好。     

Akt as a therapeutic target in cancer

Background: The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is central in the transmission of growth regulatory signals originating from cell surface receptors. Objective: This review discusses how mutations occur that result in elevated expression the PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway and lead to malignant transformation, and how effective targeting of this pathway may result in suppression of abnormal growth of cancer cells. Methods: We searched the literature for articles which dealt with altered expression of this pathway in various cancers including: hematopoietic, melanoma, non-small cell lung, pancreatic, endometrial and ovarian, breast, prostate and hepatocellular. Results/conclusions: The PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathway is frequently aberrantly regulated in various cancers and targeting this pathway with small molecule inhibitors and may result in novel, more effective anticancer therapies.     

The PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway: A potential pharmacological target in COVID-19

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged as a serious threat to global health. The disregulation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin (PI3K/Akt/mTOR) cell signaling pathway observed in patients with COVID-19 has attracted attention for the possible use of specific inhibitors of this pathway for the treatment of the disease. Here, we review emerging data on the involvement of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and the clinical studies investigating its tailored inhibition in COVID-19. Current in silico, in vitro, and in vivo data convergently support a role for the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in COVID-19 and suggest the use of specific inhibitors of this pathway that, by a combined mechanism entailing downregulation of excessive inflammatory reactions, cell protection, and antiviral effects, could ameliorate the course of COVID-19.