丝光绿蝇室内种群连续2代产卵动态观察

目的观察丝光绿蝇室内种群在整个产卵期内的产卵量动态变化规律.方法观察丝光绿蝇室内种群第6代及第7代成虫整个产卵期内每天的产卵量,并进行分析.结果第6代成虫于产卵期第4天和第11天出现2个产卵高峰,产卵量分别为1 252和1 290粒;第7代成虫于产卵期第1天和第8天出现2个产卵高峰,产卵量分别为858和763粒,后期产卵相对较少.结论丝光绿蝇室内种群产卵期内产卵量不稳定,后期产卵能力较低.     

丝光绿蝇室内连续5代成虫产卵特征观察

目的　观察丝光绿蝇室内连续人工饲养的各代成虫产卵特征。　方法　将丝光绿蝇引入室内 ,采用人工配制的幼虫饲料在室内进行连续饲养 ,观察记录其室内第 1～ 5代成虫产卵结果。　结果　成虫第 1～ 5代产卵天数 (x± s)分别为 :5 .5 0± 0 .17,8.2 5± 0 .96 ,8.2 5± 0 .5 0 ,7.2 5± 1.5 0 ,8.5 0± 1.2 9;产卵次数分别为 :18.0 0± 1.41,2 7.75± 9.0 0 ,2 3.0 0± 8.12 ,2 3.5 0± 11.5 6 ,33.2 5± 12 .89;第 1、2、4、5代产卵指数分别为 :0 .36 0± 0 .0 18,0 .788± 0 .32 0 ,0 .6 42± 0 .2 91,0 .819± 0 .40 6。室内第 1代产卵天数少于第 2、3、5代 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,与第 4代无显著性差异 ,第 2～ 5代间产卵天数均无显著性差异 ;产卵次数及产卵指数室内第 1～ 5代间均无显著性差异。　结论　本次实验丝光绿蝇引入室内连续饲养的各代成虫产卵特征比较稳定。     

福建省不同地区蝇类种群密度与季节消长

[目的]了解福建省不同地区蝇类种群密度及其季节消长现状。[方法]在沿海宁德市和山区周宁县、武夷山 市城区调查不同环境蝇种组成和种群密度、重要蝇种季节消长。以笼诱法计算密度指数(只/笼·日)。[结果]在3县市 共查获各种蝇类6科34属55种,山区种类较沿海丰富,武夷山查获48种,周宁38种,宁德23种。家蝇(34.4%)和大头 金蝇(34.9%)为优势蝇种。密度最高的环境分别是周宁县农贸市场(密度指数382.8)、宁德市垃圾场(361.3)和屠宰场 (331.9);小饮食店和农贸市场以家蝇为优势种;垃圾场、屠宰场以大头金蝇和家蝇为优势种。沿海地区种群密度明显较 山区高,活动季节较长;山区密度高峰期迟于沿海约1个月。[结论]沿海地区蝇类种群密度较高,活动季节较长;山区种 类较丰富。环境整治是控制重要蝇类种群密度的根本措施。     

丽蝇蛹集金小蜂和球孢白僵菌对家蝇的协同控制作用

目的探讨丽蝇蛹集金小蜂和球孢白僵菌对家蝇的协同控制作用,为家蝇防制提供科学依据。方法通过"Y"形管气味选择和寄生选择实验,研究表面黏附球孢白僵菌孢子对丽蝇蛹集金小蜂雌蜂寄主选择性和寄生的影响;利用生态模拟实验研究蝇蛹表面喷洒孢子对羽化家蝇生殖能力和寿命的影响。数据分析采用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析。结果丽蝇蛹集金小蜂雌蜂对表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子后0、1、3、5、7 d蝇蛹的选择性与对照蝇蛹比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);在表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子蝇蛹中羽化出的家蝇雌虫平均产卵前期为(6.00±0.94)d,对照组为(6.07±0.78)d,差异无统计学意义(P=0.200);表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子蝇蛹中羽化出的家蝇和对照组家蝇的单雌产卵量分别为(152.20±14.37)和(633.17±17.08)枚,卵孵化率分别为(20.64±1.74)%和(88.63±2.05)%,雌蝇寿命分别为(4.93±1.74)和(28.93±2.70)d。家蝇蛹表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子可使其单雌产卵量和卵孵化率均下降为对照组的1/4,雌蝇寿命下降为对照组的1/6,生殖潜力下降为对照组的1%。结论在蝇蛹孳生地周围释放丽蝇蛹集金小蜂可控制80%以上的蝇蛹,同时在孳生地表面喷洒球孢白僵菌孢子,可使未被寄生蝇蛹中羽化出家蝇的生殖潜力下降近99%,从而达到双重控制家蝇的目的。     

实验室内家蝇的生态学观察

关于家蝇(Musca domestica)的生活史,实验观察结果表明:①家蝇生活史:在实验室内从卵→成虫需要9.5～12天以上。卵的孵化率为82～88.4%,幼虫化蛹率为71.5～78.7%,蛹的羽化率为71.3～79%。②成虫羽化后,展翅时间在10～15分最多;静止时间以60～120分为最多;变色时间以24～53分为最多;取食时间为羽化后2～6小时居多,取食持续时间为1～25分。③家蝇性比例:雄蝇与雌蝇,基本上符合1∶1比例。④交配:雌蝇羽化后24小时后方能变配,有效的交配时间约1小时以上。交配次数,以交配1次者为最多,但是也可以进行多次交配,个别的交配次数达10～11次。⑤寿命:实验室内于1984.6～8月及8～10月进行两次观察,家蝇的寿命为1～2个月以上。⑥繁殖力:观察6对家蝇,雌蝇存活时间为15～45天,产卵总数为259～748粒。雌蝇存活15天产卵4次,存活23天产卵9次,存活36～45天产卵12次,说明其繁殖力很强。     

2004～2005年龙岩市城区蝇类调查

[目的]了解龙岩市城区蝇类种群、密度及季节消长等情况。[方法]采用捕蝇笼法诱捕成蝇。[结果]龙岩市城区蝇类全年均有活动,大头金蝇、家蝇、丝光绿蝇、市蝇分别占总数的41.26%、24.86%、14.59%、9.08%,全年的密度高峰期在5、6月份及9、10月份。动物园、露天垃圾堆、小型养猪场蝇类数量较高。[结论]在蝇类防制过程中,应采取综合防制的方法。     

济南遥墙机场口岸地区家蝇抗药性分析

[目的]筛选有效的蝇类杀灭药物,为制定合理的防制措施提供科学依据.[方法]在遥墙机场口岸地区采集家蝇,在实验室饲养繁殖1代,取羽化后第4d雌蝇进行敌敌畏、氯氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、二氯苯醚菊酯、右旋胺菊酯、丙烯菊酯6种杀虫剂的抗药性测定.[结果]6种杀虫剂LD50,最高的为二氯苯醚菊酯(0.64844μg);最低的为丙烯菊酯(0.04010μg).抗生系数最高的为二氯苯醚菊酯,达111.80倍,最低的为丙烯菊酯,为0.70倍.家蝇对不同杀虫剂毒力的回归线的斜率(b值)有较大的差异,说明家蝇对不同杀虫剂整体抗药性变化率水平存在一定的差异.[结论]盲目地或不按规定使用杀虫剂是造成蝇类抗药性的重要原因.采取杀虫剂交替或混配使用,降低或延缓抗药性的产生,提高药效,是实施口岸地区蝇类防制的重要措施.     

武夷山口岸蝇类种群密度与季节消长情况调查

[目的]了解武夷山口岸蝇类种类、重要蝇种的种群密度与季节消长情况.[方法]选择武夷山机场及其周边3个自然村为观察点,采用笼诱法,每旬观察1次,以平均每次捕获蝇数计算种群密度(只/笼·日).[结果]本次调查其捕获各种蝇类13 929只,隶属6科32属51种;年平均密度48.36只/笼·日;大头金蝇为当地优势蝇种,占全部捕获蝇数的43.07%,其次为巨尾阿丽蝇、丝光绿蝇、家蝇,分别占15.16%、8.56%和8.08%.4～5月为当地蝇类活动高峰期,但不同蝇种的活动高峰期各异,大头金蝇的活动高峰期主要出现于4～10月;家蝇的高峰期分别出现于4月和10月;丝光绿蝇出现于4～9月,而巨尾阿丽蝇则于冬春季的1～4月为活动高峰.[结论]武夷山口岸及周围环境蝇类种类丰富,种群密度较高,环境整治是控制蝇类种群密度的根本措施.     

福州长乐国际机场蝇类种群构成及季节消长调查分析

[目的]调查长乐国际机场蝇类的种群分布与季节消长,掌握口岸蝇类本底资料。[方法]采用捕蝇笼诱捕法,每月上下旬各1次进行蝇类调查,以平均捕获蝇数计算种群密度(只/笼.日),并进行分析。[结果]全年共捕获蝇类20 342只,隶属于5科44属81种。大头金蝇是优势蝇种(48.7%),其它依次为东方芒蝇、家蝇(各17.4%)和市蝇(4.3%)。其中半透优毛蝇为福建省在沿海地区首次捕获。5个生态环境年均蝇密度以居民区最高,达106.5,后依次是生活区、工作区、市场和码头,分别为41.8、32.5、16.9和13.0。4月开始上升,9月最高为215.6,10月后开始下降,1~2月为零。[结论]自大量消灭蝇类孳生地及机场卫生设施条件改善后,2005年7月至2006年6月福州长乐国际机场蝇类年均密度(47.1)较1997年(94.1)明显下降,为今后机场蝇类防制提供了可靠依据。     

临沂口岸蝇类种群调查

[目的]建立临沂口岸蝇类本底资料.[方法]从2003年3月～2004年9月对临沂口岸蝇类种群构成、密度、季节消长情况进行了调查.[结果]捕获成蝇38626只,经鉴定隶属4科16属30种;其中16种蝇为本口岸首次记录;丝光绿蝇、家蝇、大头金蝇为优势种.自然状态下蝇密度以1、11、12月份为全年最低,8月份为全年最高.[结论]通过本次调查基本摸清了临沂口岸蝇类的种群构成及分布情况,为今后实施口岸媒介生物监测和控制,建立了第一手资料.     

Influence of an insecticide,K-Othrine,on the reproduction and mortality of the pond snail (Lymnaea stagnalis L.)

The toxicity of K-Othrine, an insecticide containing a synthetic pyrethroid derivative (deltamethrin) as an active ingredient, was studied on the pond snail, Lymnaea stagnalis L. This insecticide is used for the control of mosquitoes around Lake Balaton, Hungary. The adult snails were kept in a variety of concentrations (1, 10, and 100 μg/L) of K-Othrine solution (1st, 4th, and 7th weeks) as well as in clean tap water (2–3rd and 5–6th weeks) over a 7-week period. The pesticide treated snails deposited significantly more eggs than those in the control, but the hatched snails showed a survival rate significantly lower than the control values. The snails that were hatched in the insecticide solution and survived were kept in clean water (2nd generation, group I). By the end of the experiment (18th week) the survival rate of the snails was 30% lower than that of the snails hatched and kept in clean water (2nd generation; control, group IV). The number of deposited eggs was 45% less than in the control. The snails hatched in insecticide-solution and treated with K-Othrine similarly to their parents from the 1st till the 7th week (2nd generation, group II) showed a survival rate 35% lower than that of the control. The snails reached maturity with a significant delay, and 73–94% fewer eggs were deposited than in the control. The survival rate of the snails hatched in clean water and kept in K-Othrine solution similarly to group II (2nd generation, group III) was 15–20% lower, and the number of deposited eggs were 73–85% fewer than in the control. The data on survival and reproduction support the hypothesis that the considerable toxic aftereffect of K-Othrine is of a cumulative nature.     

Fertility of male and female emus (Dromaius novaehollandiae) as determined by spermatozoa trapped in eggs

Changes in the fertility status of 10 pairs of emus were investigated using egg break-out and numbers of sperm in the perivitelline membrane of the germinal disc (GD) region. After the sexes were separated, sperm in consecutive eggs declined approximately logarithmically at a mean (+/-SEM, n = 10 females) rate of -0.148 +/- 0.021 per log day. Sperm continued to be detected in eggs for 16.5 +/- 1.7 days during which 5.6 +/- 0.6 fertilized eggs were laid. Fertilized eggs that did not contain detectable sperm were laid by five females for a further 2.2 +/- 0.9 days. Based on break-out fertility, the fertile period continued for up to 18.7 +/- 2.1 days, for which the mean number of laid eggs was 6.3 +/- 0.8. An egg with a 50:50 chance of being fertilized would contain 3.5 sperm mm(-2) of GD. Based on the sperm decline model, an egg containing that many sperm would be laid 21 days after the last copulation. In emus that were not separated and allowed to incubate their eggs (n = 3 pairs), the number of sperm in eggs laid before and during incubation declined in a manner similar to that after the last copulation and egg-laying stopped after the females had laid 3.3 +/- 0.3 eggs. After incubation was terminated, females resumed laying within 8.3 +/- 1.2 days and the number of sperm in eggs gradually increased but it did not return to pre-incubation levels. In non-incubating emus (three pairs), the number of sperm in eggs declined as laying progressed, although lit was higher during the period when the first seven eggs were laid than during the period when the rest of eggs were laid (214 +/- 39 v.100 +/- 16 sperm mm(-2) of GD). Sperm numbers varied between successive eggs but a sharp increase followed by a decrease acted as an indicator of recent copulation. There were 8.7 +/- 0.3 such increases per laying period (one per 2.8 +/- 0.2 eggs), a frequency that suggests that emus copulate once weekly. In conclusion, as long as a female emu is supplied with sperm on a weekly basis, she will be fertile but, when copulations stop, she will stop laying soon after. Male fertility appears to fall towards the end of the laying season and it can be affected by egg incubation at any time of the season.     

Laboratory colonization and life cycle of Coquillettidia crassipes in Malaysia

Methods are described for the laboratory colonization of Coquillettidia crassipes. The highest rate of insemination occurred in 60 x 60 x 120 cm cages and better insemination in laboratory adapted F15 generation. Embryonation and hatchability of eggs ranged from 69.6 to 97.9% and 63.3 to 94.3% respectively. Gravid females laid egg rafts on water in 500 ml breakers with small leaves of Salvinia for resting. Newly hatched larvae were set up in a basal medium of guinea pig dung and water or liver powder, yeast powder and water. Larvae attached to aquatic plants or 'Keaykolour' ruffia snow white paper. The cultures with paper gave better yields. At present 21 generations of Cq. crassipes have been reared in the laboratory.     

Laboratory breeding of the European rabbit flea, Spilopsyllus cuniculi (Dale).

A method is described for the laboratory breeding of the rabbit flea in which the immature stages are reared at constant temperature and humidity. Eggs are obtained by confining fleas taken from a rabbit and her nest shortly after parturition with two of her nestlings in an incubator for 24 h. The eggs are transferred to an artificial diet medium on which the immature stages are reared. On average a female flea produces 50 eggs during the first six days post-partum. At 25 degrees C, 95% of eggs hatched at 79% RH and 98% at 84% RH. Most eggs hatched on the third day after laying and hatching was completed by the fourth day. Significantly more fleas of both sexes were obtained when larvae were reared at 25 degrees C on a medium containing powdered 41B rodent diet than on one containing terrier meal. Both diets also contained yeast and dried rabbit blood. There was no significant difference between the numbers of fleas obtained at 79% RH and 84% RH. Significantly more fleas were also obtained when larvae were reared at 27 degrees C, 84% RH, than at 25 degrees C. Female fleas emerged sooner than males at both 27 degrees C and 25 degrees C. Fleas from the laboratory culture were heavier than those from wild nests. Female fleas were heavier than male fleas in both cases.     

Biology of Biomphalaria occidentalis Paraense, 1981 and Biomphalaria tenagophila (d'Orbigny, 1835), in laboratory conditions]

Specimens of Biomphalaria occidentialis and Biomphalaria tenagophila were reared in S. Paulo, Brazil under laboratory conditions, with a view to know their biological characteristics. Oviposition and eggs/oviposition ratio were recorded over twelve months so as to obtain information on the number of egg-masses per animal and the number of eggs per egg-mass, as also the number of hatched eggs per egg-mass for each period of 30 days, i.e., the hatching-rate per period. The incubation period was about the same for both species, but the oviposition and egg oviposition ratio were greater in B. tenagophila.     

Time of day that Aedes sierrensis females enter oviposition sites prior to laying eggs

An ovitrap with a time-segregated entrance was used to separate eggs laid by Aedes sierrensis females according to the time of day that females entered the ovitrap. During a 37-day period in Lake County, CA, females that entered the ovitrap between sunrise and sunset laid 82% of the total number of eggs collected. A daily peak in oviposition (eggs per hour) was produced by females that entered during the 2-h period ending at sunset. Overall, females that oviposited had entered the ovitrap throughout the diel cycle except for a 2-h period ending at sunrise. Those eggs laid by females that entered the ovitrap between 2 h after sunset and 2 h before sunrise provided the 1st evidence that Ae. sierrensis females are capable of locating oviposition sites during the night.     

Parity of Ochlerotatus scapularis in laboratory and field conditions

OBJECTIVE: To identify the parity status of Ochlerotatus scapularis females in laboratory and field conditions. METHODS: Field collections were carried out fortnightly using a hand-held aspirator in Vale do Ribeira, Southeastern Brazil, from April 2003 to March 2004. In laboratory, 100 Ochlerotatus scapularis F1 females were obtained and followed up individually, reporting the number of blood meals, the length of gonotrophic cycle, survival and number of eggs laid. The parity status and ovarian development were observed through ovarian dissection of 90 field females for each collection and all females reared in laboratory. RESULTS: The parity status diagnoses of the 100 females reared in laboratory and dissected agreed with 55% of the oviposition data, and it was underestimated in 37% and overestimated in 2%. Also in the laboratory, 106 gonotrophic cycles were completed, around 55% of females needed more than one blood meal before laying eggs. In laboratory conditions the species survival was 26 days. A total of 1,180 field females of Ochlerotatus scapularis were dissected: 418 (35.4%) nulliparous, 655 (55.5%) uniparous, 46 (3.9%) biparous and 61 (5.2%) could not be evaluated. Ninety field females were found in Christophers and Mer's phase III-V. CONCLUSIONS: The gonotrophic discordance hypothesis could be confirmed based on field and laboratory observations of Ochlerotarus scapularis females.     

Fertility and content of cadmium in pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) following cadmium intake in drinking water

In this study, the effects of cadmium applied per os on fertility, live weight of newly hatched chicks, and cadmium concentrations in some organs of young and adult pheasants were investigated. The metal was applied at the concentration of 1.5 mg Cd(2+)/L during 3 months. After the egg laying, the numbers of eggs laid, cracked, and unfertilized were determined and the live weights of newly hatched chicks were measured. The cadmium concentrations in liver, kidney, and muscle (m. pectoralis) of young and adult pheasants were analyzed. We found that cadmium exposure of the adults did not affect the number of eggs laid but resulted in more eggs being damaged. Hatchlings were significantly heavier in the cadmium-treated group (21.36 +/- 2.28 g) compared to the control group (20.91 +/- 1.97 g) 4 weeks after the cadmium intake. Higher cadmium concentrations were observed in the muscle and kidney tissue of newly hatched pheasants after 4 weeks compared to the cadmium-exposed groups after 8 and 12 weeks. The cadmium concentrations in kidneys and liver increased significantly in adult pheasants. The metal had accumulated especially in kidneys of the adult pheasants and reached levels up to 9.64 mg/kg wet weight 3 months after the daily cadmium intake in drinking water. The concentration in liver of the adults was 3.53 mg/kg wet weight.     

双酚A对断乳期SD大鼠F_1雄性子代性激素水平影响

[目的]探讨双酚A(BisphenolA,BPA)对断乳期SD大鼠F1雄性子代性激素水平的影响。[方法]从孕0d对母鼠染毒50mg/kg、100mg/kg、200mg/kgBPA至断乳期停止染毒,观察F1雄性子代性激素水平的变化。[结果]F0亲代母鼠经BPA持续染毒后,断乳期末200mg/kg BPA实验组血清催乳素(PRL)水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);100mg/kg、200mg/kg组E2水平高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。20日龄F1雄性子代200mg/kgBPA组血清卵泡刺激素(FSH)浓度较对照组降低,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);50mg/kg,100mg/kg,200mg/kg BPA组血清雌二醇(E2)浓度显著高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);各BPA实验组血清睾酮(T)浓度显著低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05);20日龄F1雄性子代100mg/kg、200mg/kg组睾丸脏器系数较对照组明显减小,有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。[结论]BPA可导致F1雄性子代性激素水平的变化,具有典型的雌激素效应。