探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的临床意义及在基层医院临床应用的可行性

目的分析乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检在基层医院临床应用的可行性。方法选2014年8月~2015年9月在我院进行就诊的乳腺癌患者60例,60例患者均采用亚甲蓝示踪进行前哨淋巴结活检,观察前哨淋巴结活检及根治性腋窝淋巴结清扫关系。结果 60例患者进行前哨淋巴结活检检出率,在60例患者前哨淋巴结活检中,有55例患者被检出前哨淋巴结,前哨淋巴结检出率达到91.7%。病理诊断结果显示,检出前哨淋巴结患者患者有57例,前哨淋巴结检出率为95.0%。两者之间进行比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论乳腺癌进行前哨淋巴结活检可以准确显示出乳腺癌患者的腋窝淋巴结的状况,有助于医师诊断病症并采取正确的治疗方案,且适用于基层医院的开展。     

亚甲蓝示踪在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用效果观察

目的观察亚甲蓝示踪在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检中的应用效果。方法随机选取2015年2月~2017年6月普宁市人民医院收治的39例乳腺癌患者作为研究对象,患者在行全身麻醉后将亚甲蓝注射液作为示踪剂进行注射并按摩5min,待找到淋巴结后使用前哨淋巴结活检术和腋窝淋巴结清扫术,手术结束后对其进行HE染色,分析患者前哨淋巴结检出率、准确率、敏感度、假阴性率。结果经试验分析得出,前哨淋巴结检出率为97.36%、准确率为97.36%、敏感度为95.65%、假阴性率为4.16%。结论使用亚甲蓝示踪的乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检出率、准确率和敏感度均较高,具有经济性、实用性,可在早期乳腺癌患者进行乳腺癌腋窝前哨淋巴结活检术中作为一种可靠示踪剂予以广泛推广和使用。     

蓝染料示踪早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检52例临床分析

目的探讨亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检在早期乳腺癌患者手术中的临床价值。方法术前采用亚甲蓝分4点注射于距乳腺原发肿瘤周围1cm的皮下组织及瘤体周围,然后再行前哨淋巴结活检术,并分析结果。结果 52例中,48例成功检出前哨淋巴结,检出率为92.3%,其敏感性、准确率、假阴性率分别为88.9%、95.8%、11.1%。结论采用亚甲蓝示踪前哨淋巴结活检可以准确反映早期乳癌患者腋窝淋巴结的病理状况。     

探讨早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检结果的相关影响因素

目的:就早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检结果的相关影响因素进行分析与探讨。方法:选择2014年2月~2016年1月在某院接受前哨淋巴结活检术的110例早期乳腺癌患者,分析早期乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检结果的相关影响因素。结果:单因素筛选结果显示前哨淋巴结活检结果与病灶大小、Her-2、术前影像学腋窝评价、分子分型存在相关性(P0.05);多因素分析结果显示病灶大小、分子分型是影响前哨淋巴结活检结果的独立因素,统计学检验均P0.05。结论:在早期乳腺癌的临床中诊疗中,可依据病灶大小、分子分型等因素对前哨淋巴结活检结果进行预测,其中病灶较大患者、Luminal B型患者、Her-2阳性型以及三阴性乳腺癌患者的活检阳性率较高。     

美兰染色在乳腺癌前哨淋巴结清扫术中的应用

目的探讨使用国产染料美兰示踪和定位乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检对乳腺癌腋淋巴结转移预测的准确性。方法选择我院Ⅰ～Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者112例．在乳晕下及肿瘤周围皮下注射美兰进行示踪和定位前哨淋巴结．行前哨淋巴结活检并腋窝淋巴结清扫。结果112例中成功检出前哨淋巴结109例,检出率97．34％（109／112）。109例检出SLN中,SLN阴性61例,SLN阳性48例．阳性率44．04％。112例ALN阳性49例,阳性率43．75％。SLN与ALN经病理检查完全符合者47例。2例SLN阴性而ALN阳性,1例SLN阳性而ALN阴性。灵敏度97．96％（48／49）,准确性97．25％（106／109）,假阴性率4．08％（2／49）,假阳性率2．04％（1／49）。结论使用国产染料美兰示踪和定位乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检,敏感性和准确性较高能茹准确撕而涮啼窑淋田结持穗的特泰     

影响乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检出率因素

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术(SLNB)已广泛应用于临床,其常用示踪剂来标记前哨淋巴结而进行活检。在实际的工作中此活检术受多种因素影响,有时导致活检术失败。1乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术基础理论1.1解剖基础从临床角度讲前哨淋巴结是某器官的某一具体部位原发肿瘤转移的第一站区域淋巴结,具体到乳腺癌,即为乳腺癌癌细胞转移的第一站淋巴结[1]。乳房内含丰富     

内乳前哨淋巴结活检方法和临床价值的初步探讨

目的初步探讨内乳前哨淋巴结活检方法和临床价值。方法先对20例内象限的乳腺癌患者采用＂双染法＂内乳前哨淋巴结定位;然后应用经＂肋间隙法＂行内乳前哨淋巴结活检。结果发现两例内乳前哨淋巴结转移,其中有一仅内乳淋巴结转移。结论内乳前哨淋巴结活检对特定的乳腺癌患者可能有重要的临床价值,值得进一步研究。     

前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌手术中的应用

目的 探讨前哨淋巴结活检术在早期乳腺癌手术中临床应用.方法 对2011年5-12月收治的Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者54例进行前哨淋巴结活检术(蓝染法)后再行腋窝淋巴结清除术.结果 54例乳腺癌患者行前哨淋巴结活检术,活检成功率100％,共检出前哨淋巴结123枚,平均每例患者检出前哨淋巴结2.28枚,准确率98.1％,假阴性率10.0％,单纯前哨淋巴结转移5例.54例均为术中肿瘤切除活检,无一例前哨淋巴结活检失败.均未发生亚甲蓝过敏反应和皮肤坏死.结论 对乳癌前哨淋巴结活检阴性的患者,乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检术是一种简便、安全的检测技术,避免了腋窝淋巴结清除术所带来的一系列严重并发症.     

纳米炭混悬液示踪前哨淋巴结活检在口腔癌中的应用

目的 探讨纳米碳混悬液示踪前哨淋巴结活检在口腔癌中的应用.方法 用纳米碳混悬液对37例几腔鳞状细胞癌cN0期的患者行前哨淋巴结定位活检.结果 前哨淋巴结定位活检的总成功率为97.3%,假阴性率为0,准确率、灵敏度、特异性均为100%.结论 纳米碳混悬液示踪前哨淋巴结活检技术对指导口腔鳞状细胞癌颈淋巴结清扫有重要的临床指导意义.     

乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的影响因素分析

目的：分析乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的影响因素。方法：分析我院2008年3月～2011年4月行乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的115例患者的临床资料。探讨乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的影响因素。结果：年龄小于60岁的乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检出率为92.3%,明显大于年龄大于等于60岁的乳腺癌患者;肿瘤直径小于3厘米的乳腺癌前哨淋巴结检出率为92.0%,明显大于肿瘤直径大于等于3厘米的乳腺癌患者。结果：体重指数小于25的患者前哨淋巴结检出率为93.5%,明显大于体重指数大于等于25的患者。以上差异均明显,P〈0.05。结论：患者的体重指数、肿瘤直径以及年龄是影响乳腺癌前哨淋巴结活检的重要因素。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.