Prevalence of antimicrobial resistances in Streptococcus pneumoniae in Australia, 2005: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance

In 2005 the Australian Group for Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) conducted a survey of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in unique clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae. Twenty laboratories from the 5 mainland states and the Australian Capital Territory collected 1,776 isolates prospectively and tested them by disk diffusion, Etest and/or agar dilution against a range of antimicrobials. Data from this survey were compared with AGAR surveys conducted in 1989, 1994, 1999 and 2002. Non-susceptibility to penicillin was detected in 28.0% of isolates, 22.7% were erythromycin resistant, 15.6% clindamycin resistant, 18.4% tetracycline resistant and 31.0% trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole resistant. Levofloxacin resistance was detected in only 4 of 1,775 (0.2%) isolates tested. Intermediate resistance to levofloxacin was detected in another 4 isolates. Moxifloxacin resistance was present in 2 isolates with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 3 mg/L and 4 mg/L. Seventeen point three per cent of isolates were multi-resistant (acquired resistance to more than 2 drug classes). Trend data show an increase in penicillin non-susceptible strains in each survey from 1989 to 2005. Between 1999 and 2005 the proportion of invasive strains with high-level resistance increased from 2.6% to 5.4%. After a rapid emergence and rise in resistance between 1989 and 1999, recent studies have documented a continuing rise in resistance to all non-beta-lactams except trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole.     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistances in common pathogenic Enterobacteriaceae in Australia, 2004: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance

Antibiotic resistance in 3 common pathogenic types of Enterobacteriaceae was examined in a pointprevalence study in 2004. Strains of Escherichia coli, Klebsiello and Enterobacter species were collected prospectively in 25 institutions in Australian capital cities and tested by broth microdilution to 12 13-lactams and 3 other antibiotics. Almost 22% of isolates tested were from blood cultures. In E. coli, acquired resistance to ampicillin and piperacillin was common (> 40%), and clinically significant percentages of intermediate susceptibility and resistance (> 8%) were observed to amoxycillin-clavulanate, cefazolin and trimethoprim. In Klebsiella species, clinically important acquired resistance (> 8%) was seen to piperacillin, cephalothin and trimethoprim, while in Enterobacter species, this was found with piperacillin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime and trimethoprim. Blood culture isolates had similar rates of resistance to isolates from other specimen sources. New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory (combined) tended to have higher percentages of resistance than the other states, which were otherwise comparable across the agents and species tested. Multi-resistance, defined as more than 3 acquired resistances to antibiotic classes, was found in 6.5% of E. coli, 8.3% in Klebsiella species and 16.9% of Enterobacter species. Co-resistance to ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and/or trimethoprim was common in isolates presumptively harbouring extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Strains with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases, although common in other countries, appear to be at fairly low levels in Australia; less than 4% in E. coli and less than 9% in Klebsiella species. Rates in Enterobacter species were not able to be determined. Presumptive plasmid-borne AmpC beta-lactamases were seen at low levels across the country and carbapenemases have now been found for the first time in Australia in Enterobacteriaceae. Both of these types of resistance represent a significant threat to major last-line antibiotics.     

Prevalence of MRSA among Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital inpatients, 2005: report from the Australian Group for Antimicrobial Resistance

The Australian Group for Antimicrobial Resistance conducted a survey of the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in unique clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from patients admitted to hospital for more than 48 hours. Thirty-two laboratories from all states and territories collected 2,908 isolates from 1 May 2005, of which 31.9% were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The regional prevalence of MRSA varied significantly (P < 0.0001) from 22.5% in Western Australia to 43.4% in New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory. Prevalence of MRSA from individual laboratories varied even more from 4% to 58%. This variation was explained in part by distribution of age with the risk of MRSA significantly (P < 0.0001) increasing with age. Other unmeasured factors including hospital activity and infection control practices in the individual institution may have also contributed. Further investigation is warranted as reductions in prevalence would reduce morbidity, mortality and healthcare costs.     

Epidemiology and outcomes for Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in Australian hospitals, 2005-06: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance

The Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance studied the epidemiology and outcomes of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in selected Australian hospitals in 2005-06. Seventeen hospital-based laboratories collected basic demographic, susceptibility and patient outcome data on all cases of S. aureus bacteraemia for 5 to 24 months during the study period. There were 1,511 cases of bacteraemia documented, of which 66% occurred in males and 32% originated from vascular access devices. Bacteraemia had a community onset in 60% of cases, although 31% of these were health-care associated. Overall, 57% of episodes were health-care related. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was the responsible pathogen in 24% of instances; of these 53% were of the typical multi-resistant hospital type, and 29% were of the community-associated type. Seven per cent of all staphylococcal bacteraemias were caused by community-associated MRSA strain types, attesting to the growing size of this problem in Australia. Outcomes were available for 51% of cases and in those the all-cause mortality at 7 days or discharge (whichever came earlier) was 11.2%. Age was strongly associated with mortality; the rate for patients aged more than 60 years was 18%. Sepsis originating from intravascular access devices had a lower mortality rate of 5%. S. aureus bacteraemia is a common community and hospital infection with a significant mortality. A nationally co-ordinated program documenting the incidence and outcomes of this disease would likely lead to measures designed to reduce the incidence and improve outcomes of this disease.     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital inpatients, 2009: report from the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance

In 2009, the Australian Group on Antimicrobial Resistance (AGAR) conducted a period-prevalence survey of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolated from hospital inpatients. Thirty medical microbiology laboratories from each state and mainland territory participated. Specimens were collected more than 48 hours post-admission. Isolates were tested by Vitek2 (AST-P579 card) and by Etest for daptomycin. Nationally, the proportion of S. aureus that were MRSA was 33.6%, ranging from 27.3% in South Australia to 41.4% in New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory. Resistance to the non-beta-lactam antimicrobials was common except for rifampicin, fusidic acid, daptomycin and high-level mupirocin. No resistance was detected for vancomycin, teicoplanin, quinupristin-dalfopristin or linezolid. Resistance in the methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) was rare apart from erythromycin (12%) and absent for vancomycin, teicoplanin, daptomycin, quinupristin-dalfopristin and linezolid. The proportion of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has remained stable since the first AGAR inpatient survey in 2005 yet during the same time frame resistance to many antimicrobials, in particular tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole and gentamicin, has significantly decreased. This suggests that non-multi-resistant community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) clones are becoming more common in the hospital setting and replacing the long-established multi-resistant clones such as ST239-III (Aus 2/3 EMRSA). Given hospital outbreaks of CA-MRSA are thought to be extremely rare it is most likely that patients colonised at admission with CA-MRSA have become infected with the colonising strain during their hospital stay.     

2015年河北省耐药监测网肠球菌属细菌耐药性监测

目的了解河北省肠球菌属细菌的分布及耐药性,为医院感染控制提供可靠依据。方法收集2015年1月1日-12月31日河北省耐药监测网51所医院检出的肠球菌属细菌;采用仪器法进行菌株鉴定,Kirby-Bauer纸片法或仪器法进行药敏试验;采用WHONET5.6软件进行统计分析。结果河北省51所医院共分离肠球菌属细菌4 159株,其中屎肠球菌2 258株占54.3%,粪肠球菌1 575株占37.9%,鸟肠球菌95株占2.3%,鹑鸡肠球菌86株占2.1%,铅黄肠球菌64株占1.5%,鸽肠球菌51株占1.2%,其他菌30株占0.7%;粪肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率最低为0.9%,对红霉素耐药率最高为74.5%;屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率为2.4%,对红霉素耐药率为87.7%;此外,分离自尿液标本和非尿液标本的肠球菌属耐药率有明显差异。结论临床肠球菌属感染以屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌为主,耐药现状严重,临床应结合具体药敏结果合理使用抗菌药物。     

Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among Salmonella isolates from chicken in China

We evaluated the antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated in 2008 from a chicken hatchery, chicken farms, and chicken slaughterhouses in China. A total of 311 Salmonella isolates were collected from the three sources, and two serogroups of Salmonella were detected, of which 133 (42.8%) consisted of Salmonella indiana and 178 (57.2%) of Salmonella enteritidis. The lowest percentage of S. indiana isolates was found in the chicken hatchery (4.2%), followed by the chicken farms (54.9%) and the slaughterhouses (71.4%). More than 80% of the S. indiana isolates were highly resistant to ampicillin (97.7%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (87.9%), cephalothin (87.9%), ceftiofur (85.7%), chloramphenicol (84.9%), florfenicol (90.9%), tetracycline (97.7%), doxycycline (98.5%), kanamycin (90.2%), and gentamicin (92.5%). About 60% of the S. indiana isolates were resistant to enrofloxacin (65.4%), norfloxacin (78.9%), and ciprofloxacin (59.4%). Of the S. indiana isolates, 4.5% were susceptible to amikacin and 5.3% to colistin. Of the S. enteritidis isolates, 73% were resistant to ampicillin, 33.1% to amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, 66.3% to tetracycline, and 65.3% to doxycycline, whereas all of these isolates were susceptible to the other drugs used in the study. The S. indiana isolates showed resistance to 16 antimicrobial agents. Strains of Salmonella (n?=?108) carrying the resistance genes floR, aac(6')-Ib-cr, and bla(TEM) were most prevalent among the 133 isolates of S. indiana, at a frequency of 81.2%. The use of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to analyze the S. indiana isolates that showed similar antimicrobial resistance patterns and carried resistance genes revealed six genotypes of these organisms. Most of these isolates had the common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns found in the chicken hatchery, chicken farms, and slaughterhouses, suggesting that many multidrug-resistant isolates of S. indiana prevailed in the three sources. Some of these isolates were not derived from a specific clone, but represented a variety of genotypes of S. indiana.     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014-2019年血标本病原菌耐药性变迁

 目的 了解全国临床血标本常见病原菌分布及耐药性。方法 对2014-2019年全国细菌耐药监测网（CARSS）上报的所有血培养分离菌耐药性进行分析。结果 血标本共分离细菌1 599 273株,其中革兰阴性菌828 846株（51.8%）。2014-2019年居前5位的病原菌无变化,居首位的为大肠埃希菌（402 818株,25.2%）,其次分别为表皮葡萄球菌（193 968株,12.1%）、肺炎克雷伯菌（162 613株,10.2%）、人葡萄球菌（136 396株,8.5%）和金黄色葡萄球菌（106 915株,为6.7%）。非发酵菌中铜绿假单胞菌（43 565株,2.7%）和鲍曼不动杆菌（37 244株,2.3%）构成比最高,但呈逐年下降趋势。大肠埃希菌对碳青霉烯类抗生素的耐药率在0.8%~1.6%,对美罗培南耐药率由0.8%上升至1.3%。肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南的耐药率有所增高,耐药率为6.6%~11.7%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南的耐药率有下降趋势,对阿米卡星的耐药率由7.1%降至2.6%。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率有下降趋势。未发现对万古霉素、利奈唑胺和替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌属细菌。肠球菌对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺的耐药性均较低。结论 全国临床血标本常见病原菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,病原菌菌种构成无明显变化。耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率有所上升,耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌的检出率有所下降,临床应加强血流感染病原菌的耐药监测,合理使用抗菌药物。     

湖南省细菌耐药监测网2012—2021年细菌耐药性监测报告

目的 了解2012—2021年湖南省临床标本常见病原菌分布及其耐药性变迁情况,为临床合理使用抗菌药物及制定和评价抗菌药物临床应用管理政策提供科学依据。方法 细菌鉴定方法、质控菌株选择及测试抗菌药物种类参照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案执行,依据每例患者统计第一株菌的原则,剔除重复菌株。应用WHONET 5.6软件进行统计分析,线性趋势检验分析菌株构成比及耐药率的变迁情况,Pearson相关系数描述变化率的大小。结果 2012—2021年,纳入分析的临床分离细菌由82 759株增加至312 914株,以革兰阴性菌为主,占比69.5%～72.4%。革兰阳性菌以金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌、粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌为主,革兰阴性菌以大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌为主。革兰阳性菌分离率逐年上升(r=0.022,P=0.001)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)的临床分离率由34.3%下降至24.8%。耐万古霉素屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌的分离率分别低于3%、2%,且呈下降趋势。耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)检出率由最高5.6%下降至1.0%。大肠埃...     

2005-2011年临床分离鲍氏不动杆菌耐药性变迁

目的 了解医院感染鲍氏不动杆菌分布特点和变迁趋势,为临床合理使用抗菌药物,减少耐药性提供参考.方法 对2005-2011年临床分离的鲍氏不动杆菌分布构成及耐药性进行统计分析.结果 7年检出鲍氏不动杆菌共1973株,来源标本为呼吸道、尿液、伤口分泌物、血液、引流液,分别占85.4％、3.7％、3.2％、2.1％、2.1％;分离自ICU占35.0％、非ICU占65.0％;鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率及多药耐药菌检出率逐年增加;ICU比非ICU科室的整体耐药水平偏高;鲍氏不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、亚胺培南和美罗培南的平均耐药率分别为22.4％、28.7％和29.2％,仍是经验用药的首选;对头孢他啶、头孢曲松和头孢吡肟的平均耐药率分别为46.4％和44.5％;对替卡西林/克拉维酸、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和磺胺甲噁唑/甲氧苄啶的平均耐药率分别为44.3％、37.1％和52.2％;对阿米卡星和左氧氟沙星的平均耐药率分别为28.1％和36.8％.结论 7年鲍氏不动杆菌的构成比及耐药率均呈上升趋势,加强医院感染病例的细菌学监测和动态分析,对制定有效的感染控制措施、杜绝感染暴发流行具有积极意义.     

2005-2010年临床分离革兰阴性杆菌耐药性变迁

目的 了解医院感染革兰阴性杆菌的分布特点和变迁趋势,为临床合理使用抗菌药物、减少耐药性提供参考.方法 统计分析2005-2010年临床分离的革兰阴性杆菌构成比及耐药率.结果 6年非重复分离革兰阴性杆菌11 925株,占所有住院非重复分离病原菌的49.9％,且分离率呈逐年递增趋势;其中大肠埃希菌占24.0％,居首位;其后依次为肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌,分别占18.2％、17.5％和13.3％;感染部位以呼吸道为主,约占60.0％;常见革兰阴性杆菌耐药率整体呈上升趋势;产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃稀菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为38.5％和25.2％;铜绿假单胞菌、鲍氏不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药率为23.4％和22.3％,呈逐年上升;喹诺酮类抗菌药物耐药率从2007年开始下降,与该类药物用药频度相关.结论 加强医院感染病例的细菌学监测和动态分析,对制定有效的感染控制措施,降低感染暴发流行具有积极意义.     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014—2019年细菌耐药性监测报告

目的了解2014—2019年全国临床标本常见病原菌分布及耐药性,为临床抗菌药物合理应用,以及政府及时掌握全国细菌耐药形势,制定和评价抗菌药物临床应用管理政策提供科学依据。方法按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案,利用WHONET 5.6软件对2014—2019年CARSS上报的分离菌耐药性进行分析。结果2014—2019年革兰阳性菌分离居前5位的是金黄色葡萄球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、粪肠球菌、肺炎链球菌和屎肠球菌,革兰阴性菌分离居前5位的为大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌和阴沟肠杆菌。6年来,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)检出率有所下降(分别从36.0%、79.8%降至30.2%、75.4%)。耐万古霉素粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌检出率均呈下降趋势(分别从0.8%、2.9%降至0.2%、1.1%)。耐青霉素肺炎链球菌(PRSP)检出率从4.3%降至1.6%。耐亚胺培南铜绿假单胞菌检出率变化不大(18.2%~21.0%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对各抗菌药物的耐药率大多数高于50%。大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率逐渐下降,大肠埃希菌对亚胺培南的耐药率变化不大,且均低于1.5%。肺炎克雷伯对亚胺培南耐药率从4.8%升至10.5%。流感嗜血杆菌对各抗菌药物的耐药率均有所上升,其中对氨苄西林耐药率从48.1%升至69.0%。结论MRSA、MRCNS以及耐万古霉素肠球菌的检出率有所下降。耐亚胺培南肺炎克雷伯菌检出率呈上升趋势,鲍曼不动杆菌对各抗菌药物的耐药性严重,流感嗜血杆菌对各抗菌药物的耐药率均有所上升。应继续加强抗菌药物合理应用的管理及医院感染防控,做好耐药监测工作。     

Fluoroquinolone resistance in Campylobacter absent from isolates, Australia

Fluoroquinolone resistance was detected in 12 of 370 Australian human Campylobacter isolates; 10 of these were travel-associated, and for 2 isolates travel status was unknown. No resistance was found in isolates known to be locally acquired. In Australia, fluoroquinolones have not been licensed for use in food production animals, a policy that may have relevance for countries with fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter.     

全国细菌耐药监测网2021年血液科患者分离细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解全国血液科患者分离的常见病原菌分布及耐药性,为血液病感染患者抗菌药物的合理使用提供科学依据。方法 采用WHONET 5.6软件,分析2021年全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)网点医院按CARSS技术方案上报的血液科患者分离病原菌的分布及耐药性。结果 共收集血液科患者非重复分离菌74 300株,其中革兰阴性菌53 970株(72.6%),革兰阳性菌20 330株(27.4%)。病原菌分离率居首位的为大肠埃希菌(16 051株,21.6%),其次分别为肺炎克雷伯菌(11 214株,15.1%)、铜绿假单胞菌(6 071株,8.2%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(4 768株,6.4%)和屎肠球菌(3 600株,4.8%)。分离菌株中血标本占首位(24.6%),其次为痰(24.0%)和尿标本(16.6%)。对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率：大肠埃希菌分别为4.4%、4.3%,肺炎克雷伯菌分别为10.8%、11.5%。铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药率分别为16.7%、12.8%。鲍曼不动杆菌除对多黏菌素B、米诺环素和替加环素耐药率均<10%,对其他测试抗菌药物的耐药率为14.3%～27....     

全国细菌耐药监测网2021年神经内科患者分离细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解全国神经内科患者分离病原菌的种属分布及耐药特点,为医院感染的防控和临床抗菌药物的合理应用提供依据。方法 选取全国细菌耐药监测网成员单位神经内科患者2021年细菌耐药监测数据,采用WHONET 5.6软件进行分析总结。结果 2021年神经内科患者共检出127 506株菌,其中革兰阳性菌占21.6%(27 526株),革兰阴性菌占78.4%(99 980株);主要标本来源为痰(67 782株,53.2%)、尿(37 789株,29.6%)和血(10 599株,8.3%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)和耐甲氧西林凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌(MRCNS)分离率分别为31.9%、66.4%,未发现对万古霉素或替考拉宁耐药的葡萄球菌。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素的耐药率分别为0.4%、1.7%。肠杆菌目细菌中,肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为9.8%、11.4%,高于大肠埃希菌(分别为1.2%、1.3%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对碳青霉烯类药物耐药率较高,对亚胺培南和美罗培南的耐药率分别为52.0%、54.4%。结论 神经内科患者分离的细菌以革兰阴性杆菌为主,主要来自下呼吸道标本。临...     

全国细菌耐药监测网2021年肾内科患者分离细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解全国肾内科住院患者常见病原菌分布及耐药性。方法 对2021年全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)成员单位上报的所有肾内科住院患者分离菌及其耐药性进行分析。结果 肾内科住院患者共分离细菌122 203株,主要来源于尿、痰及血标本,占比分别为49.2%、16.7%和13.4%,其中,革兰阴性菌共81 994株(67.1%),革兰阳性菌共40 209株(32.9%)。最常见的前5位病原菌分别为大肠埃希菌(39 914株,32.7%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12 695株,10.4%)、金黄色葡萄球菌(11 977株,9.8%)、铜绿假单胞菌(6 583株,5.4%)及屎肠球菌(5 821株,4.8%)。头孢曲松耐药的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌检出率分别为47.2%(15 704/33 272)、30.7%(3 091/10 070);耐碳青霉烯类的大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和阴沟肠杆菌检出率分别为1.0%(388/38 813)、8.2%(1 000/12 206)和4.8%(135/2 813)。鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南、美罗培南、多黏菌素和替加环素的耐药率分别为27.6%(972/3 523)、...     

全国细菌耐药监测网2021年肿瘤科患者分离细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解肿瘤科患者感染常见病原菌的分布及耐药性,为临床合理选择抗菌药物提供科学依据。方法 选取2020年10月—2021年9月全国细菌耐药监测网的监测数据,应用WHONET 5.6软件对纳入统计的102 570株细菌数据进行分析。结果 肿瘤科患者主要标本来源为痰(38.3%)、尿(18.5%)和血(12.2%)。临床分离菌株中,革兰阳性菌居前3位的分别是金黄色葡萄球菌(35.9%)、粪肠球菌(13.6%)和屎肠球菌(10.6%)。耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌(MRSA)检出率为25.0%。粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为0.1%、0.8%。革兰阴性菌居前3位的分别是大肠埃希菌(30.6%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(21.7%)和铜绿假单胞菌(12.0%)。大肠埃希菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松耐药率超过50%,对碳青霉烯类耐药率约为1%。肺炎克雷伯菌对碳青霉烯类耐药率约为3%。耐碳青霉烯类铜绿假单胞菌检出率约为6%。结论 肿瘤患者临床分离细菌主要以革兰阴性菌为主,但耐药率不高。临床应继续加强抗菌药物合理使用,做好细菌耐药监测工作。     

全国细菌耐药监测网2021年泌尿外科患者分离细菌耐药监测报告

目的 了解2021年全国泌尿外科患者分离细菌菌种分布及耐药情况。方法 按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案,应用WHONET 5.6软件对2021年所有CARSS成员单位上报的泌尿外科患者分离细菌及药敏试验结果数据进行分析。结果 泌尿外科患者共分离菌株232 603株,其中革兰阴性菌166 483株(71.6%),革兰阳性菌66 120株(28.4%)。标本构成中排名前5位的分别为尿、血、伤口分泌物、痰和腹腔积液。分离细菌中革兰阴性菌排名前5位的分别为大肠埃希菌(57.5%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(10.8%)、铜绿假单胞菌(5.8%)、奇异变形杆菌(5.3%)和阴沟肠杆菌(3.4%);分离细菌中革兰阳性菌排名前5位的分别为粪肠球菌(36.2%)、屎肠球菌(14.9%)、表皮葡萄球菌(10.5%)、无乳链球菌(9.5%)和金黄色葡萄球菌(7.3%)。未发现对万古霉素、替考拉宁和利奈唑胺耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌,耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌对庆大霉素、利福平、左氧氟沙星、复方磺胺甲口恶唑、克林霉素和红霉素的耐药率均高于甲氧西林敏感金黄色葡萄球菌。大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、奇异变形杆菌对亚胺培南(...     

全国细菌耐药监测网2014—2019年胆汁细菌耐药监测报告

目的了解全国胆道感染细菌分布和细菌耐药情况,为临床抗菌药物选择提供参考。方法按照全国细菌耐药监测网(CARSS)技术方案,利用WHONET 5.6软件对2014—2019年CARSS成员单位上报胆汁标本分离的细菌及药敏结果数据进行分析,同一患者相同细菌仅纳入第一株菌。结果共分析268016株细菌,居前8位的依次为大肠埃希菌(30.9%)、肺炎克雷伯菌(12.7%)、屎肠球菌(10.1%)、粪肠球菌(8.6%)、铜绿假单胞菌(4.9%)、阴沟肠杆菌(4.5%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(2.2%)、弗劳地柠檬酸杆菌(1.8%)。药敏结果显示,6年间,大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素的耐药率分别为33.7%~65.6%、23.6%~43.5%,对喹诺酮类抗生素耐药率分别为48.9%~56.6%、22.0%~28.5%,对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率分别为1.1%~3.7%、3.5%~7.6%;铜绿假单胞菌和鲍曼不动杆菌对头孢哌酮/舒巴坦耐药率分别为13.4%~19.0%、29.3%~42.7%,对碳青霉烯类抗生素耐药率分别为18.0%~28.0%、44.5%~59.9%;屎肠球菌和粪肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为0.6%~1.7%、0.3%~0.7%。结论中国胆道感染病原菌以革兰阴性菌为主,主要为肠杆菌目细菌;常见病原菌对多种抗菌药物耐药明显,临床抗菌药物选择应参考耐药监测结果。     

2010年度卫生部全国细菌耐药监测报告:非ICU住院感染患者细菌耐药监测

目的 了解全国2010年非ICU住院患者临床分离细菌分布及耐药性.方法 收集2010年1月1日-12月31日全国129所医院非ICU住院患者临床分离细菌药物敏感性试验数据,根据2010年美国临床实验室标准化研究所标准,用WHONET 5.6软件进行数据分析.结果 共获得临床分离菌216 872株,其中革兰阴性菌152 351株,占70.2％;革兰阳性菌64 521株,占29.8％;最常见的细菌依次为大肠埃希菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、鲍氏不动杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌;耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌与凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的检出率分别为52.1％、83.8％;未发现耐万古霉素葡萄球菌,粪肠球菌和屎肠球菌对万古霉素耐药率分别为0.6％和3.3％,未发现耐利奈唑胺肠球菌属;耐青霉素肺炎链球菌检出率为10.7％;有5.9％和1.8％大肠埃希菌及9.1％和3.5％肺炎克雷伯菌对亚胺培南和美罗培南耐药;铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类抗菌药物的耐药率约为20.0％,鲍氏不动杆菌耐药率超过铜绿假单胞菌.结论 我国非ICU住院患者感染致病细菌耐药现象仍较为普遍,但同上年度相比,多数细菌耐药率未呈上升趋势.