国产替米沙坦分散片与进口替米沙坦片在健康志愿者中的生物等效性研究

目的在24名男性健康受试者中比较国产替米沙坦分散片与原研进口替米沙坦片的生物等效性。方法筛选24名健康男性志愿者,采用随机交叉试验设计,应用高效液相色谱-荧光检测法测定血浆中替米沙坦的浓度,根据测定结果计算主要药动学参数,并以进口替米沙坦片为参比制剂,评估替米沙坦分散片的生物等效性。结果经DAS2.1.1数据统计软件计算药动学参数,受试制剂A的t1/2:(27.94±9.94)h、Cmax:(757.9±238.3)ng/mL、Tmax:(1.18±0.49)h、AUC0-t:(4423±2645)ng/(h·mL)、AUC0-∞:(4804±3146)ng/(h·mL);受试制剂B的t1/2:(25.58±8.56)h、Cmax:(763.4±283.3)ng/mL、Tmax:(1.22±0.52)h、AUC0-t:(4195±1988)ng/(h·mL)、AUC0-∞:(4437±2122)ng/(h·mL);参比制剂的t1/2:(28.98±11.66)h、Cmax:(755.6±268.2)ng/mL、Tmax:(1.15±0.51)h、AUC0-t:(4327±2039)ng/(h·mL)、AUC0-∞:(4622±2201)ng/(h·mL)。以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比受试制剂A、受试制剂B中替米沙坦的相对生物利用度分别为(99.2±26.8)%、(98.3±26.4)%。结论国产替米沙坦分散片与原研进口替米沙坦片具有生物等效性。     

马来酸氯苯那敏片健康人体药动学和相对生物利用度

目的研究马来酸氯苯那敏片剂在健康人体内的相对生物利用度。方法采用HPLC法测定18名男性健康志愿者单剂量交叉口服马来酸氯苯那敏片参比制剂和被试制剂8mg后不同时间血浆药物浓度。用3P97药动学软件进行药动学参数计算及生物等效性评价。结果参比和被试制剂的药-时曲线均符合一房室模型,两制剂的主要药动学参数如下Cmax分别为(15.74±7.06)μg·L-1和(14.88±4.40)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(3.9±1.2)h和(4.5±0.8)h;t1/2ke分别为(15.54±3.76)h和(14.49±3.24)h;AUC0-t分别为(248.86±78.52)μg·h·L-1和(245.09±90.77)μg·h·L-1,AUC0-∞分别为(292.64±99.21)μg·h·L-1和(282.04±98.64)μg·h·L-1。与标准参比制剂相比,被试制剂的相对生物利用度F0-t为(104.1±36.1)%,F0-∞为(103.2±35.6)%。结论方差分析与双单侧t检验证明,两种制剂具有生物等效性。     

国产与进口富马酸奎的平片的药动学比较及相对生物利用度

目的:研究富马酸奎的平片的药动学及相对生物利用度.方法:受试者交叉口服单剂量(100mg)国产片与进口片,用高效液相色谱法测定血药浓度.结果:两种片剂的主要药动学参数:Tmax分别为(1.7±0.8)h与(1.6±0.7)h,Cmax分别为(100.4±18 9)μg·L-1与(100.0±17.8)μg·L-1,AUC0-t分别为(246.8±29.4)μg·L-1·h与(244.7±28.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(250.7±30.2)μg·L-1·h与(248.9±29.6)μg·L-1·h,T1/2分别为(1.8±0.5)h与(1.8±0.4)h,国产片相对于进口片的生物利用度为(101.9±7.4)%.结论:两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

硝呋太尔片在健康人体内的药动学研究

目的考察单剂量经口给予硝呋太尔片后健康人体内硝呋太尔的药动学特征,比较国内外制剂间的生物等效性。方法健康男性志愿者18名,采用双周期自身交叉对照法经口给予硝呋太尔片受试制剂(国内制剂)与参比制剂(国外原研制剂)。观察不良事件;LC-MS/MS法测定血浆中硝呋太尔的质量浓度,计算药动学参数。结果 18例健康志愿者分别经口给予硝呋太尔片受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中硝呋太尔的tmax分别为(2.42±0.67)h和(2.42±0.75)h;ρmax分别为(12.39±7.10)μg·L-1和(12.43±8.07)μg·L-1;t1/2分别为(1.19±0.42)h和(1.28±0.44)h;AUC0-t分别为(33.68±17.09)μg·h·L-1和(33.54±18.37)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(34.03±17.26)μg·h·L-1和(33.84±18.43)μg·h·L-1。以AUC0-t计算,与参比制剂相比,受试制剂中硝呋太尔的相对生物利用度为(102.4±17.0)%。结论硝呋太尔在人体内的个体差异性较大,药动学特征符合二室模型,国产的硝呋太尔片与国外原研制剂具有人体生物等效性。     

替米沙坦片人体相对生物利用度研究

目的:比较国产与进口替米沙坦片药动学及人体生物等效性.方法:20例健康男性志愿者随机交叉口服替米沙坦片受试制剂或参比制剂80mg,采用HPLC-荧光检测法测定血浆中替米沙坦浓度,经3P97软件统计,进行相对生物利用度与生物等效性分析.结果:受试者口服替米沙坦受试制剂和参比制剂后,血浆中替米沙坦T max ,C max ,AUC 0～t ,AUC 0～∞和t 1/2 分别为(0.91±0.19)和(0.86±0.21)h;(672.7±275.1)和(710.2±312.9)μg·L -1 ;(4221.4±2909.0)和(4430.2±3487.9)μg·h·L -1;(4568.1±3032.5)和(4742.6±3657.3)μg·h·L -1 ;(30.7±7.0)和(28.0±5.9)h.以AUC 0～t 计算,替米沙坦片相对生物利用度平均为(98.1±12.1)%.结论:经方差分析和双单侧t检验,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

健康受试者口服复方替米沙坦片后氢氯噻嗪的药物动力学

目的:建立口服复方替米沙坦片后氢氯噻嗪血药浓度的液相色谱-质谱(LC-MS/MS)测定法,进行人体药动学研究.方法:20例健康受试者随机分成两组,分别口服低剂量(1片)和高剂量(2片)受试制剂复方替米沙坦片(每片含替米沙坦40mg,氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg),应用LC-MS/MS法测定样品中氢氯噻嗪的血药浓度.结果:口服低剂量和高剂量受试制剂(分别含氢氯噻嗪12.5 mg和25 mg)后,估算的氢氯噻嗪的药动学参数Cmax分别为(78±15)μg·L-1,(150±50)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(1.9±0.7)h,(2.4±0.9)h;AUC0-t分别为(591±163)μg·h·L-1,(1026±306)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分另q为(601±157)μg·h·L-1,(1039±303)μg·h·L-1;t1/2分别为(7.1±1.5)h,(9.3±2.9)h;CLz/F分别为(22.1±5.6)L·h-1,(25.8±6.6)L·h-1;Vz/F分别为(226±77)L,(341±130)L;MRT分别为(8.4±1.3)h,(8.7±1.9)h.结论:本方法结果准确,灵敏度高,氢氯噻嗪进入人体分布后,其主要药动学参数与文献报道单方氢氯噻嗪数据一致.     

国产与进口奥氮平片的人体药动学及生物等效性

目的:考察健康受试者口服奥氮平片的药动学,比较国产制剂与进口制剂的生物等效性.方法:采用双周期两制剂交叉试验设计,22例男性健康志愿者随机分为2组,交叉单次剂量口服国产或进口奥氮平片10mg,用高效液相色谱电化学检测法测定给药后不同时间点血浆中奥氮平的浓度,采用3P97非房室模型法生物等效性计算程序进行统计分析.结果:国产和进口奥氮平片单次口服后的血药浓度时间曲线相似,主要药动学参数Cmax分别为(20.77±4.86)和(19.31±4.80)μg·L-1;Tmax分别为(2.91±0.68)和(3.73±1.24)h;AUC0～144h分别为(643.94±156.35)和(636.53±187.19)μg·h·L1;AUC0～∞分别为(688.42±156.19)和(684.85±192.66)μg·h·L-1.国产奥氮平片对进口奥氮平片的相对生物利用度F-AUC0～144h为(105.2±25.0)%,F-AUC0～∞为(104.8±27.9)%.除Tmax外(P＜0.05),主要药动学参数Cmax,AUC0～144h和AUC0～∞均无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:国产和进口奥氮平片具有生物等效性.     

西洛他唑片在健康志愿者体内的药动学及生物等效性

目的:研究国产西洛他唑片在人体的药动学和生物等效性.方法:20名男性健康志愿者随机交叉单剂量口服西洛他唑受试和参比制剂(Pletaal)100mg,采用反相高效液相色谱法测定其血药浓度,计算其药动学参数和相对生物利用度,评价两种制剂的生物等效性.结果:西洛他唑受试和参比制剂的主要药动学参数:t1/2分别为(11.9±4.6)h和(11.2±3.0)h,Tmax分别为(3.7±1.2)h和(4.0±1.2)h,Cmax分别为(749.2±348.7)μg·L-1和(655.2±222.1)μg·L-1,AUC0-48分别为(10 088.5±4 606.1)μg·L-1·h和(9 259.0±3 511.8)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(10 926.3±4 713.6)μg·L-1·h和(10 183.4±3 540.7)μg·L-1·h,西洛他唑受试制剂的相时生物利用度为(107.5±14.9)%.结论:经统计学分析,两种制剂具有生物等效性.     

劳拉西泮片人体生物等效性研究

目的:进行劳拉西泮片试验与参比制剂单剂口服双交叉试验,研究其生物等效性.方法:健康志愿者20名随机分两组,随机交叉自身对照,高效液相色谱法测定劳拉西泮经时血药浓度,数据经DAS程序处理,得劳拉西泮片药动学参数.结果:劳拉西泮试验制荆和参比制剂主要药动学参数t1/2分别为(19.7±2.0)h和(18.9±1.7)h,tmax分别为(2.58±0.18)h和(2.60±0.21)h,Cmax分别为(24.8±4.0)μg·L-1和(24.6±3.6)μg·L-1,AUC0-60分别为(628.2±90.7)μg·L-1·h和(636.2±62.6)μg·L-1·h,AUC0-∞分别为(718.1±84.6)μg·L-1·h和(722.9±57.9)μg·L-1·h.试验制剂劳拉西泮片相对生物利用度F为(98.7±8.8)%.试验与参比制剂AUC0-∞、AUC0-60、tmax、t1/2、Cmax方差分析、双向单侧t检验显示,主要药动学参数周期问、剂型间差异无显著性(P＞0.05).结论:劳拉西泮血药浓度测定方法适用;试验制剂与参比制剂具有生物等效性.     

辛伐他汀片及其活性代谢产物在中国健康人体的药动学和生物等效性评价

目的:研究辛伐他汀片及其活性代谢物辛伐他汀酸在健康人体内的药动学特征和生物等效性评价。方法:24名健康受试者随机交叉、单剂量口服40 mg参比和试验辛伐他汀片后;采用LC-MS/MS测定血浆中辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸的浓度;应用DAS2.1.1软件计算药动学参数,并进行生物等效性评价。结果:参比和试验制剂辛伐他汀的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(6.8±4.0)μg·L-1和(6.9±4.5)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(2.4±1.9)h和(2.2±1.5)h;t1/2分别为(5.0±2.6)h和(6.3±6.7)h;AUC0-24分别为(38.1±27.0)μg·h·L-1和(36.5±24.2)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(40.7±29.3)μg·h·L-1和(41.8±28.7)μg·h·L-1。参比和试验制剂辛伐他汀酸的主要药动学参数如下:Cmax分别为(3.8±1.7)μg·L-1和(3.8±1.6)μg·L-1;tmax分别为(4.3±1.6)h和(4.2±1.0)h;t1/2分别为(5.8±3.2)h和(7.3±6.9)h;AUC0-24分别为(30.1±11.1)μg·h·L-1和(30.0±10.5)μg·h·L-1;AUC0-∞分别为(34.0±14.4)μg·h·L-1和(35.6±17.4)μg·h·L-1。以AUC0-24计算辛伐他汀和辛伐他汀酸的相对生物利用度分别为(105.7±55.6)%和(106.5±42.8)%。结论:经方差分析及双单侧t检验结果显示,辛伐他汀与辛伐他汀酸的试验制剂和参比制剂在人体内生物等效。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.