三叉初级感觉神经元的选择性标记--植物凝集素法光镜、电镜研究

为了探讨三叉初级传入路径中传导伤害性信息的小神经元在结构和功能上的差异，用植物凝集素（Ｂａｎｄｅｉｒａｅａｓｉｍｐｌｉｃｉｆｏｌｉａｉｓｏｌｅｃｔｉｎ－Ｂ４，ＢＳＩ－Ｂ４）法在光镜，电镜水平观察了三叉初级传入路径中标记神经元的分布及形态特征，光镜结构表明：ＢＳＩ－Ｂ４标记的初级传入终末只分布于三叉神经尾侧亚核的Ⅰ层和Ⅱ层，尤以Ⅱ层密集，标记终末光滑不呈串珠状。三叉神经节中的ＢＳＩ－Ｂ４标记神经为中     

含GABA_A受体α_6亚单位神经元在大鼠脑内的分布──原位杂交组织化学技术观察

本实验应用原位杂交组织化学技术对ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的α６亚单位的ｍＲＮＡ在大鼠脑内的分布状况进行了观察。除得到与以往的报道相同的结果即发现小脑浦肯野氏细胞含α６亚单位ｍＲＮＡ外，还发现此ｍＲＮＡ也分布于耳蜗核。在背侧耳蜗核，标记神经元主要见于颗粒细胞层和中央区内；而在腹侧耳蜗核，标记神经元只见于颗粒细胞层。这些结果表明α６亚单位是耳蜗核中某些神经元的ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的重要组成成分。另外，在耳蜗核旁胶质成分区中也见到一些标记细胞，其意义有待进一步研究。     

雄性大鼠球海绵体肌运动神经元3胞体及树突的分布

本实验用ＣＢ－ＪＲＰ逆行追踪技术，对１５只雄性大鼠（体重２５０￣３５０ｇ）的球海绵同运动元胞体及树突进行了形态和分布的研究。结果表明：（１）支配大鼠球海绵体肌的神经元主要位于脊髓的Ｌ５￣Ｓ１节段的Ｏｎｕｆ核，大多位于该核的背内侧亚核（ＤＭ），少量位于背外侧亚核（ＤＬ）。（２）位于背内侧亚核的标记神经元，其树突呈束状，向背侧、背外侧、腹外侧等方向伸延，在其抵止区域可能构成广泛的突触联系。也有向对侧背     

含GABAA受体α6亚单位神经元在大鼠脑内分布—原位杂交组织化…

本实验应用原位杂交组织化学技术对ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的α６亚单位的ｍＲＮＡ在大鼠脑内的分布状况进行了观察。除得到与以往的报道相同的结果即发现小脑浦肯野氏细胞含α６亚单位ｍＲＮＡ外，还发现此ｍＲＮＡ也分布于耳蜗核。在背侧耳蜗核，标记神经元主要见于颗粒细胞层和中央区内；而在腹侧耳蜗核，标记神经元只见于颗粒细胞层。这些结果表明α６亚单位是耳蜗核中某些神经元的ＧＡＢＡＡ受体的重要组成成分。另外，在耳蜗核旁胶质成     

家兔皮质脊髓束投射神经元的分布

将辣根过氧化物酶（ＨＲＰ）分别注入家兔脊髓单侧颈、胸、腰等不同节段，以显示皮质脊髓束投射神经元的分布。结果表明，大脑皮质的ＨＲＰ标记神经元仅见于颈段注入例，而胸段和腰段注入例未见到皮质标记神经元。标记的皮质脊髓束投射神经元主要分布于注入侧对侧的额叶无颗粒型皮质和顶叶颗粒型皮质，并呈现为３个分隔的标记细胞密集区，分别位于额叶皮质吻侧端的内侧部、邻近前囟的额顶叶皮质、顶叶皮质的外侧部。标记神经元呈柱状     

褐云玛瑙螺中枢神经系统中乙酰胆碱酯酶的分布

实验用乙酰胆碱酯酶组化方法对褐云玛瑙螺中枢内乙酰胆碱酯酶的分布进行了研究；乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元分布于双侧口球节、脑节、足节、侧节、顶节和脏节，所有的神经连索，连合和神经根中都可见乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性纤维。乙酰胆碱酯酶阳性神经元大中小都有，其中中小型神经元居多     

锥体束神经元在大鼠,树Gu皮层的分布及其与GABA神经元的关系

以大鼠和树Ｇｕ作为研究材料，在脑正比 断一侧锥体束，用ＨＲＰ逆行标记和计算机三维重观察锥体速凶在皮层的分布，以及在光镜和电镜下观察锥体神经元和ＧＡＢＡ神经元关系。逆行标记的锥体束神经元主要分布于皮层的运动区和体感区，在枕区，扣带区， 颞区和屏状皮层中都有少量 分布。     

大鼠三叉神经节细胞向三叉神经脊束核各亚核的分枝投射

本文应用荧光素双标记与免疫荧光结合方法研究了单个含ＳＰ或ＣＧＲＰ的三叉神经节细胞向三叉神经脊束核的尾侧亚核、极间亚核和吻侧亚核的分枝投射。将ＤｉａｍｉｄｉｎｏＹｅｌｌｏｗ（ＤＹ）注入尾侧亚核，ＦａｓｔＢｌｕｅ（ＦＢ）分别注入吻侧亚核或极间亚核，发现ＤＹ／ＦＢ双标细胞占同侧三叉神经节内标记细胞总数的１３．２％（ＦＢ注入吻侧亚核例）和２．３％（ＦＢ注入极间亚核例）；双标细胞中含ＳＰ者分别为７４．４％和６９．６％；含ＣＧＲＰ者分别为７２．１％和６４．３％。将ＤＹ注入极间亚核，ＦＢ注入吻侧亚核时，ＤＹ／ＦＢ双标细胞占同侧三叉神经节标记细胞总数的１．６％，双标细胞中有６７．９％为ＳＰ阳性，７３．９％为ＣＧＲＰ阳性。多数的双标且呈ＳＰ或ＣＧＲＰ阳性的三叉神经节细胞直径约为２５～５０μｍ，为中、小型节神经元，而直径大于５０μｍ的大型细胞较少见。以上结果提示，三叉神经初级传入纤维进入脑干后的下降支分枝投射向三叉神经脊束核的各亚核，它们可能与面口部的痛信息传递有关。ＳＰ和ＣＧＲＰ是这些分支投射神经元的重要神经活性物质。     

家兔子宫传入神经节段分布的研究

用雌兔５只，用ＨＲＰ法对家兔子宫传入神经在脊神经节的分布进行了研究，光镜观察结果，有３只雌兔出现标记细胞于Ｔ１０－Ｓ４脊神经节内，分布节段以腰部最多，其中以Ｌ４最集中，实验中发现，注射一侧子宫体标记细胞主要在同侧，但对侧也有标记细胞。同、对侧出现细胞之比为４：１，说明有交叉现象。     

大鼠三叉神经节神经元向三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和孤束核的 …

为研究三叉神经节神经元向三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和孤束核的分支投射，用荧光素逆行追踪双标记方法，Ｆａｓｔ ｂｌｕｅ和Ｎｕｃｌｅａｒ ｙｅｌｌｏｗ分别注射入三叉神经脊束核尾侧亚核和孤束核后，荧光是微镜下可见三叉神经节内的多种逆行标记神经元，ＦＢ显示明亮的蓝色标记胞浆，而ＮＹ标记则为黄绿色的圆形胞核。     

褐云玛瑙螺(Achatina fulica Ferussac)中枢神经系统儿茶酚胺类神经元的分布

本文用乙醛酸诱发荧光组化法对褐云玛瑙螺中枢神经系统儿茶酚胺类神经元分布进行了观察。数百个儿茶酚胺类神经元对称性地分布于左、右口球神经节、脑神经节和足神经节内,而它们的轴突纤维则广泛分布于中枢神经系统所有的神经节内。这些儿茶酚胺类神经元大多为小型神经元,胞体直径10～24μm,少数为中、大型神经元,胞体直径40～60μm。     

Morpho-functional characteristic of dog spinal ganglion neurons in post-distraction period

The object of this work was to study the morpho-functional state of spinal ganglion neurons and to conduct the comparative quantitative analysis of the changes of neuronglial relations after hindlimb elongation in mongrel dogs by 14-16% of its initial length using different elongation rates. The longitudinal 5 microm thick serial sections of L(VI), L(VII) and S(I) ganglia stained with Nissl's thionine and cresyl violet and Einarssons's gallocyanin-chrome alume were studied. By days 45-48 of an experiment the reversible changes in the structure of some part of neurons were demonstrated, which included cytoplasmic and nuclear hyperchromatism, peripheral chromatolysis, nuclear and nucleolar dislocation, increase in the number of peri- and interneuronal gliocytes. The changes were most marked in the ganglia ipsilateral to the lengthening side with distraction rate of 3 mm per day; they were minimal contralaterally with the lengthening rate of 1 mm per day.     

The afferent connections of the inferior olivary complex in rats: A study using the retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

Retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used to define the origin of afferents to the inferior olivary complex (IOC) in rats. Using both ventral and dorsal surgical approaches to the brainstem, HRP was injected into the IOC through a micropipette affixed to the tip of a 1-μl Hamilton syringe. After a 2-day postoperative survival, animals were sacrificed by transcardiac perfusion with a 1% paraformaldehyde-1.25% gluteraldehyde solution, and brains were processed according to the DeOlmos protocol (1977), using o-dianisidine as the chromogen. Labeled cells were found at many levels of the nervous system extending from lumbar spinal cord to cerebral cortex. This wide-ranging input from numerous regions clearly underscores the complexity of the IOC and its apparent involvement in several functions. Within the spinal cord, labeled neurons were identified from cervical to lumbar but not at sacral levels. These neurons were found contralaterally in the neck region of the dorsal horn and in the medial portions of the intermediate gray. In the caudal brainstem, reactive cells in the dorsal column nuclei, the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and the subnucleus y of the vestibular complex were observed primarily contralateral to the injection sites. Labeling within the gigantocellular, magnocellular, ventral, and lateral reticular nuclei and the nucleus prepositus hypoglossi was primarily ipsilateral. Reactive neurons in the medial and inferior vestibular nuclei were predominantly ipsilateral or contralateral to HRP injections into the caudal or rostral IOC, respectively. The dentate and interposed nuclei of the cerebellum contained small, lightly labeled neurons primarily contralateral to the injection site, while the fastigial nuclei contained a few relatively large, heavily labeled cells bilateral to caudal olivary injections. Ipsilaterally labeled mesencephalic regions included the periaqueductal gray, interstitial nucleus of Cajal, rostromedial red nucleus, ventral tegmental area, medial terminal nucleus of the accessory optic tract, nucleus of the optic tract, and the lateral deep mesencephalic nucleus. The caudal part of the pretectum and small cells of the stratum profundum of the superior colliculus were labeled predominantly contralateral to the injection. In the caudal diencephalon labeled neurons were most numerous within the nucleus of Darkschewitsch and the subparafascicular nucleus, primarily ipsilateral to olivary injections. Scattered reactive neurons were also found within the ipsilateral zone incerta. With the exception of the zona incerta, all labeled mesencephalic and diencephalic nuclei had some bilateral representation of labeled cells. No labeled neurons were identified within the basal ganglia, while numerous reactive cells were found bilaterally within layer V of the frontal and parietal cerebral cortex.     

Segmental motor and sensory innervation of muscles in anterior leg compartment as revealed by retrograde transport of horseradish peroxidase

Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) tracing technique was used to label and localize motor and sensory neurons innervating tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the anterior leg compartment of the rat. The tibialis anterior sensory neurons were located in the ipsilateral L4 and L5 spinal ganglia. Cells of origin of tibialis anterior motor endings were also found in the ipsilateral ventral horn of the same cord segments as the labeled sensory ganglia. Extensor hallucis longus sensory neurons were located in L4 to L6 spinal ganglia, while its labeled motor neurons were located in L4 and L5 spinal cord segments. The motor neurons innervating the extensor digitorum longus muscle were located in L4 to L6 spinal cord segments; its sensory neurons were previously localized. All labeled motor and sensory neurons were present on the ipsilateral side. Almost all motoneurons innervating the 3 muscles were present in the dorsolateral nucleus of the ventral horn.     

Expression of peptides, nitric oxide synthase and NPY receptor in trigeminal and nodose ganglia after nerve lesions

Using immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, the expression of galanin (GAL)/galanin message associated peptide (GMAP)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)/peptide histidine isoleucine (PHI)- and nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-like immunoreactivities and mRNAs, and NPY receptor mRNA was studied in normal trigeminal and nodose ganglia and 14 and 42 days after peripheral axotomy. In normal trigeminal ganglia about 11% of the counted neuron profiles contained GAL mRNA, 4% NOS mRNA, 5% NPY mRNA, 7% VIP mRNA, and 19% NPY receptor mRNA. Peptide mRNA- and NPY receptor mRNA-positive neuron profiles were small in size. Fourteen days after axotomy a marked increase in the number of GAL mRNA- (34% of counted neuron profiles), NPY mRNA- (54%) and VIP mRNA- (31%) positive neuron profiles, and a moderate increase in the number of NOS mRNA- (22%) positive neuron profiles were observed in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia. The GAL/GMAP, VIP- and NOS-positive profiles were mainly small, the NPY-positive ones mostly large. NPY receptor mRNA was expressed in some large neurons. In normal nodose ganglia, about 3% of the counted neuron profiles contained GAL mRNA, 3% NPY mRNA, 17% NOS mRNA and less than 1% VIP mRNA. Fourteen days after peripheral axotomy, a marked increase in the number of GAL mRNA- (78% of counted neuron profiles), NOS mRNA- (37%) and VIP- (46%) mRNA-positive neuron profiles was seen in the ipsilateral nodose ganglia. The number of NPY-positive (23%) neurons was moderately increased, mainly in small neuron profiles. There were no NPY receptor mRNA-positive neurons, either in normal nodose ganglia or in nodose ganglia ipsilateral to the axotomy. In contralateral nodose ganglia the number of GAL- and NPY-positive neuron profiles was slightly increased, and VIP cells showed a moderate increase. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed parallel changes in expression of peptides and NOS in both trigeminal and nodose ganglia, demonstrating that the changes in mRNA levels are translated into protein. Finally, although not quantified, similar upregulations of peptide and NOS mRNA levels were observed in both ganglia 42 days after nerve injury provided that regeneration was not allowed, suggesting that the changes are long lasting. The present results show that the effect of axotomy on peptide and NOS expression in the trigeminal and nodose ganglia is similar to that previously shown for lumbar dorsal root ganglia. However, no mRNA for the NPY Y1 receptor could be detected in the vagal system. In general the mechanism(s) for and the purpose(s) of the messenger regulation in response to axotomy may be similar in these different sensory systems (dorsal root, trigeminal and nodose ganglia).During the final part of this study Dr. Jan Arvidsson tragically died from a cerebral insult.     

Injured primary sensory neurons switch phenotype for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the rat.

Peripheral nerve injury results in plastic changes in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord, and is often complicated with neuropathic pain. The mechanisms underlying these changes are not known. We have now investigated the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the dorsal root ganglia with histochemical and biochemical methods following sciatic nerve lesion in the rat. The percentage of neurons immunoreactive for brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia was significantly increased as early as 24 h after the nerve lesion and the increase lasted for at least two weeks. The level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA was also significantly increased in the ipsibut not contralateral dorsal root ganglia. Both neurons and satellite cells in the lesioned dorsal root ganglia synthesized brain-derived neurotrophic factor messenger RNA after the nerve lesion. There was a dramatic shift in size distribution of positive neurons towards large sizes seven days after sciatic nerve lesion. Morphometric analysis and retrograde tracing studies showed that no injured neurons smaller than 600 microm2 were immunoreactive for brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whereas the majority of large injured neurons were immunoreactive in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglia seven days postlesion. The brain-derived neurotrophic factor-immunoreactive nerve terminals in the ipsilateral spinal cord were reduced in the central region of lamina II, but increased in more medial regions or deeper into laminae III/IV. These studies indicate that sciatic nerve injury results in a differential regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in different subpopulations of sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. Small neurons switched off their normal synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whereas larger ones switched to a brain-derived neurotrophic factor phenotype. The phenotypic switch may have functional implications in neuronal plasticity and generation of neuropathic pain after nerve injury.     

Ontogenesis of the snail, Helix aspersa: embryogenesis timetable and ontogenesis of GABA-like immunoreactive neurons in the central nervous system

Late stages of embryogenesis in the terrestrial snail Helix aspersa L. were studied and a developmental timetable was produced. The distribution of gamma-aminobutyric acid-like immunoreactive (GABA-ir) elements in the CNS of the snail was studied from embryos to adulthood in wholemounts. In adults, approximately 226 GABA-ir neurons were located in the buccal, cerebral and pedal ganglia. The population of GABA-ir cells included four pairs of buccal neurons, three neuronal clusters in the pedal ganglia, two clusters and six single neurons in the cerebral ganglia. GABA-ir fibers were observed in all ganglia and in some nerves. The first detected pair of GABA-ir cells in the embryos appeared in the buccal ganglia at about 63–64% of embryonic development. Five pairs of GABA-ir cell bodies were observed in the cerebral ganglia at about 64–65% of development. During the following 30% of development three more pairs of GABA-ir neurons were detected in the buccal ganglia and over fifteen cells were detected in each cerebral ganglion. At the stage of 70% of development, the first pair of GABA-ir neurons was found in the pedal ganglia. In the suboesophageal ganglion complex, GABA-ir fibers were first detected at about 90% of embryonic development. In the posthatching period, the quantity of GABA-ir neurons reached the adult status in four days in the cerebral ganglia, and in three weeks in the pedal ganglia. In juveniles, transient expression of GABA was found in the pedal ganglia (fourth cluster).     

Neuropeptide Y (NPY)-like immunoreactivity in rat sympathetic neurons and small granule-containing cells

The distribution of neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity (NPY-LI) was examined in the rat superior cervical and hypogastric ganglia. NPY-LI was localized in the majority of the sympathetic neurons, a few small granule-containing (SGC) cells and nerve terminals. Most of the NPY-immunoreactive sympathetic neurons were also tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)-immunoreactive but in hypogastric ganglia few neurons with NPY-LI were devoid of TH-immunoreactivity. Electron microscopically NPY-LI was found in the Golgi complexes of sympathetic neurons, in large cytoplasmic granules (100-150 nm in diameter) of the SGC cells and in large dense-cored vesicles (80-100 nm in diameter) of the nerve terminals. NPY-LI coexists mainly with noradrenaline in sympathetic neurons, and may have regulatory functions in sympathetic ganglia and in target organs.     

Origin and distribution of cerebral vascular innervation from superior cervical, trigeminal and spinal ganglia investigated with retrograde and anterograde WGA-HRP tracing in the rat

Peripheral sources of cerebral vascular innervation have been investigated with retrograde and anterograde neuronal tracing of wheat germ agglutinin conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (WGA-HRP) in the rat. For retrograde identification of sources of innervation, WGA-HRP was applied to the exposed basilar artery through a fine slit in the overlying meninges, and sections of brain and peripheral ganglia were reacted with tetramethylbenzidine for detection of the tracer. A high density of tetramethylbenzidine reaction product was observed around the basilar artery and in the surrounding pial tissue, but the application sites were not completely selective since some tracer always had spread into the ventral brain stem. Retrogradely labelled cell bodies were identified in the superior cervical, stellate, first and second spinal, and trigeminal ganglia, i.e. these ganglia may represent origins of basilar artery innervation. In a second series of experiments, microinjections of WGA-HRP were placed into the indicated ganglia to obtain anterograde labelling of nerve fibres on whole-mounts of the cerebral vessels. Injections into trigeminal ganglia labelled nerve fibres on the ipsilateral half of the circle of Willis, as well as the contralateral anterior cerebral artery and the rostral part of the basilar artery. The first and second spinal ganglia projected to the vertebrobasilar arteries, while the ipsilateral part of the internal carotid (outside the circle of Willis) received fibres from the second spinal ganglion. Nerve fibres originating in trigeminal and spinal ganglia were organised in bundles, and between these a sparse plexus of thin single fibres appeared. Injection of WGA-HRP into superior cervical ganglion labelled a plexus of nerve fibres on the ipsilateral circle of Willis and the (rostral) basilar artery. These experiments demonstrated the origin and distribution of sympathetic and sensory innervation to major cerebral arteries in the rat.