Lateral orbitotomy in the approach to an orbital dermoid cyst]

The choice of surgical approach for the resection of orbital tumor is as a rule determined by the tumor position in the orbital space and the best choice is the most direct approach to orbital tumor. Lateral orbitotomy as the extracranial orbital approach is favorable for radical resection of the tumor, which growth is limited to the anterior, lateral and superolateral orbital segment.     

螺旋CT扫描立体成像对眼眶爆裂骨折的诊断价值

目的 分析眼眶爆裂骨折螺旋CT（SCT）容积扫描的表现,旨在对本病作出早期诊断。资料与方法 回顾性分析80例眼眶爆裂骨折的SCT轴位扫描图像以及多平面重建（MPR）和三维（3D）重建立体图像的CT表现。并根据CT征象将其分为3型：（1）单眶壁爆裂骨折;（2）双眶壁爆裂骨折;（3）混合型骨折（并发其他面部直接骨折的爆裂骨折）。结果 眼眶爆裂骨折的直接SCT征象为眶壁骨质连续性中断、粉碎、凹陷及曲度失常;上颌窦和筛窦内“泪滴征”是诊断眼眶下壁和内侧壁爆裂骨折的特异性间接征象。由于骨折局部往往伴有软组织增厚及眼外肌的改变,所以对早期诊断、选择治疗方法、估计预后及法医学鉴定可提供更多的信息。结论 SCT容积扫描立体成像对诊断眼眶爆裂骨折具有重要价值。     

Imaging of orbital lymphoproliferative disorders

Lymphomas and leukemias account for a large portion of orbital tumors. Orbital lymphoma accounts for 55% of malignant orbital tumors in adults. Idiopathic orbital inflammatory pseudotumors are pathologic entities that often challenge ophthalmologists and radiologists. This article describes the MR and CT features of orbital lymphoma, leukemia, and some other lymphoproliferative disorders.     

Superior blowout fracture of the orbit: the blowup fracture.

We describe a patient who sustained a blowout fracture of the superior orbital roof without an orbital rim fracture. The initial CT study (obtained with 10-mm-thick sections) did not show herniation of the intraorbital fat into the anterior cranial fossa; however, thin (3-mm-thick) direct orbital sections showed a fracture of the midportion of the superomedial orbital roof with displacement of the fracture fragment into the anterior cranial fossa.     

16层螺旋CT重组技术在眼眶蜂窝组织炎及脓肿诊断中的应用

目的：探讨多层螺旋CT（MSCT）多平面重组（MPR）对眼眶蜂窝组织炎及脓肿诊断价值。方法：对15例眼眶蜂窝织炎及眼眶脓肿在16层螺旋CT容积扫描的基础上,根据临床需要进行冠状、矢状及任意平面的重组,观察眶部结构、关系。结果：①骨膜下间隙脓肿9例,表现紧贴眶壁的类圆形、梭形密度增高影,有占位效应,注射对比剂后,周边强化,脓肿壁与眶壁交钝角;②眼眶蜂窝组织炎4例,CT表现眶内结构正常界面消失,眼眶间隙密度局限或弥漫性增高,眼球不同程度突出;③眶隔前蜂窝组织炎2例,仅表现为眼睑肿胀,周界不清。结论：多层螺旋CT容积扫描的多平面重建技术能够提供多平面的影像信息,对眼眶蜂窝组织炎尤其骨膜下脓肿做出更为全面、准确诊断,为临床治疗和评估预后提供重要的依据。     

常规头颅CT对眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断价值分析

目的评价常规头颅CT对眼眶内侧壁骨折的诊断价值。方法对40例常规头颅CT可疑眼眶内侧壁骨折者行眼眶CT扫描。结果40例中35例在眼眶CT上确诊为眼眶内侧壁骨折,常规头颅CT显示的眼眶内侧壁骨折征象包括:眼眶内侧壁内陷、内直肌增粗、筛窦密度增高及眶内积气。结论常规头颅CT可以作为眼眶内侧壁骨折诊断或筛查手段。     

Orbital Metastases as Presenting Sign of Lung Carcinoma: Detection of Primary Malignancy and Disease Burden by F-18 FDG PET/CT

Metastases to orbit occur rarely but are the most common form of malignant orbital tumors. Usually the orbital metastases occur in disseminated disease. Very rarely orbital metastases can be the presenting feature of systemic malignancy. We report here a case with orbital metastases as the presenting feature of lung malignancy and describe the utility of FDG PET/CT as one-stop-shop imaging modality in this setting.     

Direct oblique sagittal CT of orbital wall fractures

Direct oblique sagittal CT was used to evaluate trauma to 77 orbits. Sixty-seven orbital wall fractures with intact orbital rims (36 floor, 22 medial wall, nine roof) were identified in 47 orbits. Since persistent diplopia and/or enophthalmos may warrant surgical repair of orbital floor fractures, optimal imaging should include an evaluation of extraocular muscle status, the nature and amount of displaced orbital contents, and an accurate definition of fracture margins. For orbital floor fractures, a combination of the direct oblique sagittal and direct coronal projections optimally displayed all fracture margins, the fracture's relationship to the inferior orbital rim and medial orbital wall, and the amount of displacement into the maxillary sinus. Inferior rectus muscle status with 36 floor fractures was best seen on the direct oblique sagittal projection in 30 fractures (83.3%) and was equally well seen on sagittal and coronal projections in two fractures (5.5%). Floor fractures were missed on 100% of axial, 5.5% of sagittal, and 0% of coronal projections. Since the direct oblique sagittal projection complements the direct coronal projection in evaluating orbital floor fractures, it should not be performed alone. A technical approach to the CT evaluation or orbital wall fractures is presented.     

Orbital involvement by multiple myeloma: case report

A case of orbital myeloma in a patient with myelomatosis is discussed. Extraskeletal spread to the orbit has rarely been reported. In a patient with proptosis and known multiple myeloma, an orbital mass can be presumed to be orbital involvement by myeloma.     

CT scanning in the diagnosis of orbital disease

The application of CT scanning to the diagnosis of orbital disease is considered in the context of the general differential diagnosis of unilateral exophthalmos. The advantages of using a body scanner for orbital diagnosis are stressed, coupled with the high resolution facility available with the EMI CT 5005 machine. In addition to orbital space-occupying lesions and dysthyroid disease, secondary involvement of the orbit by paranasal sinus and middle fossa pathology is described, and the value of CT considered in respect to these lesions. The relationship of CT to other modalities of orbital investigation is discussed and their current place in orbital diagnosis evaluated.     

钛网加自体筋膜组织移植修复眼眶底部创伤性缺损

目的 探讨治疗眼眶爆裂骨折眶底缺损的一种新方法.方法 6例眶底缺损患者,采用下睑缘下入路,显露眶下缘及眶底,将疝出至上颌窦内眶内容物复位;在同侧颞区发际内作弧形切口,于颞浅筋膜下层分离,显露颞深筋膜,切取约3cm×5cm深筋膜条;依据缺损选择适当大小三维钛网1块(0.6mm厚),按缺损区形状塑形后,将筋膜片覆盖于钛网上...     

The value of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of orbital floor fractures

The value of MRI in the diagnosis of acute orbital floor fractures has not been clearly defined. We therefore compared MR findings with CT findings in patients with orbital trauma. In 30 patients with isolated orbital trauma both coronal CT and coronal MRI were used to examine the orbits and the adjacent paranasal sinuses. Visualization of anatomical landmarks, the kind and extent of traumatic lesions, as well as artifacts were scored. The scores were compared using the Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-rank test. Interexamination agreement between the two methods was calculated using a kappa analysis. All examinations had diagnostic quality: 30 fractures of the orbital floor (9 right and 21 left orbital floor fractures) were identified. In addition, CT showed fractures of the medial orbital wall in 19 patients (63.3%), of the lateral wall in 10 patients (33.3%), of the zygomatic arch in 2 patients (6.7%), and of the maxillary sinus in 4 patients (13.3%). Soft tissue herniation was shown in 13 patients (inferior rectus muscle twice, orbital fat in 11 cases). Magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated soft tissue herniation in 21 patients: muscle in 4, orbital fat in 17 cases. Magnetic resonance imaging is able to demonstrate orbital floor fractures as sensitively as CT, but CT is superior to MRI in showing small and associated fractures; therefore, CT remains in orbital fractures the imaging modality of choice. Magnetic resonance imaging is superior to CT in showing soft tissue herniations; therefore, MRI may have a role as an adjunct to CT if soft tissue entrapment remains unclear.     

眼眶骨膜下间隙血肿的CT、MRI表现

目的分析眼眶骨膜下间隙血肿的CT、MRI表现并探讨其临床价值。资料与方法36例（36眼）眼眶外伤性骨膜下血肿患者中,同时行眼眶CT、MRI检查2例。仅行眼眶CT检查30例．横断位、冠状位检查25例,横断位1例,冠状位检查4例。仅行MRI检查4例。结果跟眶CT显示骨膜下间隙血肿32例,其中上壁18例,外上壁7例,外壁5例,下壁2例。病变广基附于眶壁,内缘清楚,密度均匀,一般不跨越骨缝。眼眶MRI显示上壁骨膜下间隙血肿6例,信号取决于出血时间。结论眼眶骨膜下间隙血肿多发生于眼眶上壁。CT、MRI有助于对该病的诊断及鉴别诊断。     

眼部病变的MRI征象及与CT的比较研究

目的：通过分析病变MRI征象，并与CT比较，加深对眼部病变MRI和CT的认识．材料和方法：53例的MRI和CT，其中43例手术证实，其余临床随访证实。结果：MRI诊断符合率为88.79％，CT77.2%，常见的眼眶病变如血管瘤，炎性假瘤、泪腺混合瘤等都具有一定信号特征．结论：本文着重讨论了眼眶病变的MRI表现，认为可以根据病变部位以及MRI信号特征对大多数的眼眶病变做出准确诊断，MRI的定性能力是肯定的．     

Unilateral endocrine exophthalmos. Diagnostic problems in association with computed tomography

Summary Swollen orbital extraocular muscles may mimic an orbital apex tumor on computed tomography. In five of our patients, in spite of highly suggestive findings on CT scanning, indicating the presence of an orbital apex lesion, the correct diagnosis proved to be endocrine exophthalmos. The value of complementary CT projections and of orbital ultrasonography to assist in the differential diagnosis is discussed, and the additional contribution of orbital phlebography for the confirmation of lesions in the orbital apex is emphasized.     

儿童眼眶骨折的临床与CT分析（附40例报告）

笔者分析４０例儿童眼眶骨折。受伤原因以撞伤、摔伤多见，拳击伤少见。主要表现为视力下降甚至失明、复视及眼球运动障碍。ＣＴ检查常规为水平位及冠状位扫描。主要ＣＴ表现为眶壁骨质连续性中断，占７１．４％眶壁移位眶腔扩大占２８．６％；眶壁直接骨折最多达５０．５％，爆裂骨折占３３．３％，复合骨折占１６．７％；各壁骨折发生率依次为内壁、下壁、外壁及上壁；此外骨折局部可伴有软组织增厚及眼外肌改变。初步认为儿童眼眶     

The CT characteristics of orbital blowout fracture and its medicolegal expertise

To explore the CT characteristics of orbital blowout fracture, we reviewed 76 cases with orbital blowout fracture and analyzed their clinical forensic characteristics. The missed diagnosis rate of cranial CT was 26.3%, and plain X-ray was 47.4%. The orbital CT examination has advantages in diagnosing orbital blowout fracture. In 42 cases fractures were simple medial orbital wall fracture, 30 cases were inferior orbital fractures. Loss of clinical signs included local haematoma, bone continuity, and displacement of bone fragments were mostly seen in CT image. Clinical signs and symptoms included local haematoma, whilst diplopia as the most common clinical symptom. Visual acuity was rarely affected after fracture. It is concluded that orbital blowout fracture may be misdiagnosed if only cranial CT and plain X-ray are used. Diagnose the orbital blowout fracture only by craniocerebral CT and head X-ray. Orbital CT should be done if the clinical signs are suggestive of orbital blowout fracture Visual acuity was affected and diplopia may be present.     

眼眶爆裂骨折的螺旋CT诊断及临床价值

目的　探讨眼眶爆裂骨折的螺旋CT(SCT)表现 ,评价临床指导价值。方法　 12 0例眼眶爆裂骨折行SCT容积扫描得到常规轴位像后 ,通过重建得到多平面 (MPR)图像 ,根据图像分析并结合临床征象 ,其中 10 8例保守治疗 ,12例手术治疗。结果　眼眶爆裂骨折的直接CT征象为眶壁骨质连续性中断、粉碎、凹陷及曲度失常 ,上颌窦腔出现“泪滴征”是诊断眼眶下壁骨折的特异性间接征象 ,眼外肌明显嵌顿及眼球内陷和牵位试验阳性是手术治疗的指征。结论　SCT容积扫描多平面像能全面、准确地诊断眼眶爆裂骨折 ,对临床治疗方法的选择有重要价值     

Orbital syndromes--CT analysis of 100 cases

100 cases of orbital syndromes, primary or secondary, are reviewed after CT analysis and compared with the results of plain and angiographic conventional examinations. First, the technique and normal results are described. Primary orbital syndromes (45 cases) originating in the orbit form three subgroups--tumors of the eyeball, tumors limited to the orbit and tumors of the orbit with bone lesions, with or without extra-orbital extension. Secondary orbital syndromes (55 cases) spreading to the orbit contain malignant tumors (36 cases) of which 25 are epitheliomas and benign tumors, the most frequent being meningiomas. For ocular and orbital tumors, CT allows the diagnosis of a mass and sometimes the pathological diagnosis (endocrine exophtalmos, inflammatory pseudotumors, varicose ophthalmic veins). For all other orbital tumors CT is important in determining the volume, relationships and extension, and does so better than carotid angiography or orbital phlebography. In secondary orbital syndromes, and particularly in facial malignant tumors and in meningiomas, CT is of great interest in the pretherapeutic evaluation of a tumor. It shows its volume and extension toward the face and orbital cavities, the pterygo-maxillary fossa (so important in determining the operability), the infra-temporal fossa and the endocranium, often without resorting to complementary investigational procedures which are much more aggressive. After histological diagnosis, CT allows the establishment of a therapeutic program.     

MRI of idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome using fat saturation and Gd-DTPA

Idiopathic orbital inflammatory syndrome encompasses a group of inflammatory conditions for which no systemic or local cause can be found, and is commonly referred to as orbital pseudotumour. On conventional MRI sequences subtle areas of inflammation or enhancing tissue can easily be masked by the high signal intensity of orbital fat and involvement of the fat itself may not be appreciated. We describe the MRI features of three patients with idiopathic orbital inflammation using frequency-selective fat saturation and Gd-DTPA.