耐多药肺结核患者生命质量的评价

目的 从生命质量的角度评价耐多药肺结核(MDR-TB)患者的健康状况及变化。方法用SF-36量表对100例MDR-TB患者和100名正常人进行生命质量测评,对完成疗程92例患者治疗前、治疗3个月及治疗1年的生命质量总评分及各维度得分进行配对t检验、多元方差分析评价疗效。对生命质量的影响因素进行单因素分析和多因素逐步回归分析。结果MDR-TB患者的生命质量总分及8个维度得分与正常对照组相比有显著性差异(P<0.01);治疗3个月或治疗1年的生命质量总分及8个维度的得分明显高于治疗前且有显著性差异(P<0.01);治疗1年后的总分及PF、PR、GH、VT、SF、ER、MH 7个维度较对照组低并有显著性差异(P<0.05)。影响MDR-TB患者生命质量的主要因素是:文化程度、耐药数目、WBC降低。结论MDR-TB患者的Qol均显著降低,治疗后生命质量明显提高,但治疗1年后仍不能恢复正常。早期强化期治疗能够明显提高MDR-TB患者的Qol。影响MDR-TB患者生命质量的主要因素是:文化程度、耐药数目、WBC降低。     

SF-36量表在MDR-TB患者生命质量评估中的应用

目的 评价SF-36量表在耐多药肺结核（MDR-TB,同时耐利福平和异烟肼）患者中的适用性,并分析相关因素对生存质量的影响。 方法 用SF-36量表对100例MDR-TB患者和200名健康志愿者进行生命质量测评,评价量表的信度和效度。对完成疗程100例患者治疗前、治疗3个月及治疗1年的生命质量总评分及各维度得分进行配对t检验、多元方差分析评价疗效。对生命质量的影响因素进行单因素分析和多因素逐步回归分析。 结果SF-36量表分半信度0.96,各维度及总表的Cronbach’s а系数均大于0.7。 MDR-TB患者的生命质量总分及8个维度得分与正常对照组相比差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗3个月或治疗1年的生命质量总分及8个维度的得分明显高于治疗前且差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）;治疗1年后的总分及PF、PR、GH、VT、SF、ER、MH7个维度较对照组低并差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。影响MDR-TB患者生命质量的主要因素是：文化程度、耐药数目、不规则治疗、Hb降低。 结论 SF-36量表适于在MDR-TB患者中运用.MDR-TB患者的生命质量均显著降低,治疗后生命质量明显提高,但治疗1年后仍不能恢复正常。影响 MDR-TB患者生命质量的主要因素是：文化程度、耐药数目、不规则治疗、Hb降低。     

生命质量在原发性骨质疏松症治疗方案评价中的应用

目的 通过测量原发性骨质疏松症患者的生命质量来比较评价三种治疗方案的治疗效果。方法 采用重复测量方差分析法对SF-36量表测量的8个维度的生命质量评分和总分情况进行比较。结果 SF-36量表测量的8个维度的生命质量评分和总分在不同治疗方案之间无差别，但在不同测量时间有差别。总体健康（CH）、心理健康（MH）、精力（VT）3个维度得分与总分逐渐提高，躯体疼痛（BP）维度得分逐渐降低。结论 采用一定的治疗方法后，骨质疏松症患者的生命质量逐渐提高。由于条件的限制，尚不能得出何种治疗方案的治疗效果较好。     

乙型肝炎肝硬化患者生活质量与社会支持的调查研究

目的调查乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的生活质量和社会支持状况,分析社会支持与生活质量的相关性,为临床有效提高乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的生活质量提供科学依据。方法采用生活质量量表和社会支持评定量表对104例乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的生活质量和社会支持状况进行调查分析。结果乙型肝炎肝硬化患者的生活质量总分及各维度得分均低于常模人群;肝硬化患者客观支持、主观支持和对支持的利用度三方面与常模人群比较,差异有显著性意义（t=-9．875,P〈0．01）;肝硬化患者生活质量与社会支持总分呈显著的正相关（r=-0．597,P〈0．001）,客观支持、主观支持及对支持的利用度三个维度也与生活质量呈正相关（P〈0．05或P〈0．001）。结论帮助乙型肝炎肝硬化患者建立有效的社会支持系统,对提高其生活质量有重要的意义。     

耐多药肺结核患者生命质量及其影响因素分析

目的 了解耐多药肺结核(MDR-TB)患者的生命质量,并分析其影响因素。方法 收集云南省2012—2015年在《结核病管理信息系统》中登记治疗管理的46例MDR-TB患者(MDR-TB组),采用1∶1配比病例对照研究,选取在这期间该系统登记治疗管理的对抗结核药物治疗敏感的肺结核患者46例作为对照组。采用横断面调查的方法,用《慢性病患者生命质量测定量表》中的《肺结核患者生命质量测定量表》(Quality of Life Instruments for Chronic Disease-Pulmonary Tuberculosis)测量并比较两组患者的生命质量,用多重线性回归分析法分析影响MDR-TB患者生命质量的因素。结果 MDR-TB组患者生命质量总得分、生理功能得分、心理功能得分、社会功能得分分别为(152.11±17.04)分、(35.85±5.53)分、(39.65±6.84)分、(29.52±4.92)分,低于对照组患者的(169.28±24.05)分、(41.39±5.53)分、(44.59±6.24)分、(32.91±5.66)分,差异均有统计学意义(t值分别为3.95、4.81、3.62、3.07,P值均<0.05);多重线性回归分析显示,MDR-TB患者生命质量的影响因素为治疗持续时间(β=15.17,t=2.28,P=0.028);46例MDR-TB患者治疗前生命质量得分为(139.33±12.86)分,治疗中得分为(151.75±16.56)分,治疗后得分为(169.67±17.67)分,MDR-TB患者生命质量随着治疗时间的延长而提高。结论 MDR-TB患者生命质量低于对抗结核药物治疗敏感的肺结核患者,治疗持续时间是MDR-TB患者生命质量可能的影响因素。     

认知干预对女性尿失禁患者的临床疗效

目的探讨认知干预对女性尿失禁患者保守治疗临床效果的影响。方法将女性尿失禁患者随机分为两组,两组均给予盆底肌肉锻炼、药物治疗及常规护理,试验组另外给予认知干预,包括健康教育,认知、情绪和行为评估,建立相应的积极干预策略,电话随访等。对比两组的治疗效果。结果治疗3个月后,两组尿失禁程度、生活质量总分及生活质量的逃避和限制性行为维度得分均有明显改善（P〈0.05）,试验组生活质量的心理社会影响和自我困扰两个维度得分也有明显改善（P〈0.05）;两组相比,试验组各观察指标的改善程度均优于对照组（P〈0.05）。结论对女性尿失禁患者实施恰当的认知干预,能够显著提高盆底肌肉锻炼合并药物治疗的临床效果。     

94例耐多药结核病患者抑郁状态与社会支持的调查分析

目的 调查耐多药结核病（multidrug-resistant tuberculosis,MDR-TB）患者的抑郁状态与社会支持情况,并探讨二者之间的相关因素。 方法 采用1∶1配比对照研究,对94例MDR-TB患者及相同数量的对照（从MDR-TB户籍同区的人群中选取）使用Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）、社会支持评定量表（SSRS）进行问卷调查。调查MDR-TB患者96例,发出问卷96份,回收有效问卷94份,有效率97.9%,将有效回答的94例患者全部纳入MDR-TB组。调查MDR-TB患者户籍同区的人群,发出问卷718份,回收有效问卷676份,有效率94.2%;从676例户籍同区的人群中按照与MDR-TB患者同性别、年龄相近（相差≤2岁）原则进行1∶1配对,选取94例纳入对照组。将两组调查的SDS与SSRS问卷进行统计,对所获得的数据资料进行处理,采用双变量相关分析、t检验及单因素方差分析,P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。 结果 94例MDR-TB患者SDS得分为（52.80±8.34）分,高于对照组得分（41.81±10.26）分（t=8.284, P<0.01）,45例MDR-TB患者存在抑郁状态;MDR-TB患者获得的社会支持总分为（35.65±5.47）分,少于对照组得分（41.80±6.62）分,差异有统计学意义（t=6.457,P<0.01）;MDR-TB患者SDS得分与社会支持总分呈负相关（r=－0.520,P<0.01）,即获得的社会支持得分越高,抑郁症状越轻。 结论 多数MDR-TB患者存在抑郁状态,应该重视社会支持系统,改善MDR-TB患者的抑郁状态,以提高其生活质量。     

性别对慢性心力衰竭患者生活质量和社会支持的影响

目的：探讨性别对慢性心力衰竭（CHF）患者生活质量和社会支持的影响。方法：采用横断面研究方法,以问卷调查方式分别使用简明健康调查问卷、明尼苏达心力衰竭生活质量问卷和社会支持评判量表对CHF患者的生活质量及社会支持度进行调查。结果：（1）生活质量：①简明健康调查问卷：除生理职能、躯体疼痛维度外,总分和其余6个维度分女性组均明显低于男性组（P〈0．05～〈0．001）;②明尼苏达心力衰竭生活质量问卷：在身体领域、情绪领域、其他领域分和总分方面,女性组的均明显高于男性组的（P〈0．001）;（2）社会支持度：除主观支持维度分外,客观支持、对支持利用度分以及总分女性组明显低于男性组（P〈0．05）。结论 慢性心衰患者在生活质量及社会支持方面存在性别差异,女性患者明显低于男性患者。     

冠状动脉支架置入术后健康相关生活质量研究

目的研究冠心病（CHD）患者冠状动脉（冠脉）支架置入术后健康相关生活质量（HRQOL）及其影响因素。方法应用中文版健康状况问卷（Short Form 36 Health Survey Questionnaire,SF-36）,对行冠脉支架置入术的CHD患者进行问卷调查,评价其HRQOL水平;同时按照手术策略、疾病活动度和医疗付费方式进行分组评价HRQOL评分。结果共回收有效问卷106份。与四川省城乡健康居民比较,CHD患者各维度评分均有下降,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）,以生理职能评分下降和躯体疼痛评分升高最为显著（P〈0.01）;非急诊PCI者生理功能、躯体疼痛、心理功能三个维度得分均高于急诊PCI者,但社会功能维度低于急诊PCI者,差异均有统计学意义;处于疾病活动期患者的HRQOL各维度得分均低于缓解期患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;自费患者HRQOL各维度得分均低于医保支付患者,以活力、社会功能及心理功能下降最为明显（P〈0.05）。结论 CHD患者HRQOL评分较一般人群降低,手术策略、疾病活动度、付费方式均对CHD患者的HRQOL有明显影响。     

心理干预对接受血液透析的尿毒症患者生命质量的影响

目的评价心理干预提高血液透析尿毒症患者生命质量的效果。方法选择接受血液透析治疗的尿毒症患者80例,随机分为干预组及对照组各40例。两组给予相同的血液透析治疗,干预组同时进行3个月的心理干预,干预前后分别采用MOSSF-36（SF-36）生命质量量表、Zung焦虑白评量表（SAS）和Zung抑郁自评量表（SDS）进行测试。结果干预前两组SF-36量表各维度分值均有不同程度降低,SAS及SDS评分均有增高。干预组干预后SF-36量表中生理机能、生理职能、躯体疼痛、情感职能、精神健康等维度及总体健康分值显著增高（P〈0．01）,对照组干预前后各维度分值无明显变化;干预组干预后SAS及SDS评分显著降低,与干预前及对照组干预后比较均有统计学差异（P〈0．01）。结论接受血液透析的尿毒症患者普遍存在生命质量降低及不同程度的焦虑或抑郁状态,心理干预能显著减轻患者的焦虑及抑郁症状,提高其生命质量。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Angiographic diagnosis of the degree of serosal invasion of carcinoma of the colon

Angiography using Prostaglandin El^® was performed on 38 patients with carcinoma of the colon in order to diagnose the degree of serosal cancer invasion. The findings at angiography were classified into four groups:1) AG-S3, abnormal change (irregularity and/or encasement) up to marginal vessels; 2) AG-S2, abnormality up to vasa recta; 3) AG-S1, abnormality of penetrating branches of vasa recta within the wall of the colon; and 4) AG-S0, no distinct findings of abovementioned vessels. These angiographic findings were compared with both macroscopic and microscopic serosal cancer invasion. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the macroscopic findings in 84.2 percent of cases. Angiographic diagnosis is in accord with the microscopic findings in 32.4 percent of cases. Macroscopic findings confirm the angiographic diagnosis precisely but the conflict with microscopic findings should not be overlooked. This may be the result of inflammatory change, adhesion, and fibrosis around carcinoma of the colon.