Ocular manifestations of incontinentia pigmenti

PURPOSE: The study aimed to evaluate the ocular manifestations in patients with incontinentia pigmenti (IP). METHODS: Thirty patients from different parts of Sweden participated. Orthoptic and ocular examinations were performed as well as evaluation of refraction and visual acuity. RESULTS: Ocular manifestations, probably associated with IP, were found in 77% (23/30) of the patients. Thirteen had serious or vision-threatening eye manifestations in one eye, of whom 7 were totally blind in that eye from retinal detachments. Ten patients had minor retinal and/or corneal changes. CONCLUSION: Ocular lesions in patients with IP may be serious and lead to blindness because of retinal disease. Ophthalmological follow-up is essential in the neonatal period and such a programme is recommended.     

Brainstem ocular motility defects and AIDS

Ocular motility manifestations of focal brainstem dysfunction were the initial clinical features in three patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. These included conjugate gaze palsy with ipsilateral facial paresis, bilateral abducens palsy and a gaze paresis, and homolateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia and abducens nerve paresis. Two patients had focal brainstem lesions as evidenced on neuroimaging. The third showed concurrent infection with Treponema pallidum.     

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid

Ocular cicatricial pemphigoid is a systemic disease of autoimmune etiology, belonging to the category of acquired oculo-muco-cutaneous bullous dermatosis. Although it is a disease primarily involving the conjunctiva, it frequently affects other mucous membranes (oropharynx, genitalia, anus), and the skin is involved as well in approximately 15% of the cases. The ocular manifestations, during the acute stage, consist of conjunctival bullous, which quickly lead to ulcerous lesions. During the chronic stage the disturbances of the palpebral statics and dynamics, ocular dryness syndrome and corneal lesions will develop. Being a relative less frequent disease, the observation of 3 patients is presented.     

Ophthalmic manifestations of acute and chronic leukemias presenting to a tertiary care center in India

Context:Screening for ocular manifestations of leukemia, although not a routine practice, is important as they may antedate systemic disease or form an isolated focus of its relapse.Aims:This study evaluates the spectrum of ocular manifestations in acute and chronic leukemias presenting to a tertiary care center in India.Results:The study subjects (n = 96) comprised 61 males and 35 females whose age ranged from 18 months to 91 years (mean = 39.73, ±22.1). There were 79 adults and 17 children, 53 new and 43 existing patients, 68 acute and 28 chronic, 61 myeloid and 35 lymphoid patients. Ocular lesions were found in 42 patients (43.8%). The ocular manifestations of leukemia were significantly (P = 0.01467) more frequent in acute 35/68 (51.9%) than chronic 7/28 (25%) leukemias. Primary or direct leukemic infiltration was seen in 8 (8.3%) subjects while secondary or indirect involvement due to anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperviscosity, total body irradiation, and immunosuppression were seen in 42 (43.8%) subjects. Ocular changes were present in 37/79 (46.8%) adults and 5/17 (29.4%) children (P = 0.09460). Twenty-eight males (28/61) 45.9% and 14/35 (40%) females had ocular manifestations (P = 0.2874). The ocular manifestations were significantly (P = 0.01158) more frequent in myeloid leukemias 32/61 (52.9%) than lymphoid leukemias 10/35 (28.6%).Conclusions:Leukemic ophthalmic lesions were found in 42/96 (43.8%) patients. Ocular involvement is more often seen in adults, acute and myeloid leukemias. All the primary leukemic manifestations were seen in males. A periodic ophthalmic examination should be mandatory for all leukemic patients, as ocular changes are often picked up in asymptomatic patients.AimTo study the spectrum of ocular manifestations in acute and chronic leukemias presenting to a tertiary center in India.     

Ocular manifestations of Behcet's disease in Indian patients

PURPOSE: To study the prevalence, manifestations and severity of ocular involvement in Indian patients with Behcet's disease. METHOD: Prospective analysis of all patients of suspected Behcet's disease between 1997 and 2001. RESULTS: A total of 19 patients were diagnosed to have Behcet's disease. Ocular manifestations were seen in 36% patients. The commonest manifestation was conjunctival ulcer (26.3%), followed by iridocyclitis (10.5%). None of the patients had posterior segment involvement or visual loss. Response to topical corticosteroids was good. CONCLUSION: The prevalence and severity of ocular lesions in Behcet's disease is relatively low in Indian patients. Conjunctival ulcers was a common finding, which is rarely reported in the world literature.     

Afectación oftalmológica en el contexto de un síndrome de Sweet: comunicación de un caso y revisión de la literatura

The case presented is a 66-year-old woman who attended the emergency department due to skin lesions on the limbs, facial oedema, and eye redness accompanied by haemorrhagic conjunctivitis. The symptoms resolved after one week of systemic steroid treatment. Skin biopsy confirmed Sweet syndrome.Sweet syndrome is rare disorder and unknown by most ophthalmologists despite its frequent ophthalmological manifestations. Ocular involvement is present in one third of patients, with episcleritis and conjunctivitis being the most repeated. Pathology findings confirm the diagnosis which is also characterised by a rapid response to systemic corticosteroids.     

Ocular vascular hamartomas: the relationship with phakomatoses and possible commonalities in pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Ocular vascular hamartomas may present as isolated lesions or as part of a multisystemic congenital syndrome known as vascular phakomatoses. These syndromes are characterized by ocular, cerebral, and cutaneous lesions. Although each of these lesions manifests distinct characteristics, there may be overlapping characteristics and manifestations attributable to a common pathogenesis. METHODS: A case series and a literature review are presented illustrating ocular and systemic manifestations associated with vascular hamartomas, with each case representing varying degrees of ocular and systemic expression. CONCLUSION: Because of the potential ocular morbidity and systemic mortality associated with vascular hamartomas and associated syndromes, the optometrist plays an important role in the management of these patients. In general, understanding the pathogenesis of these diseases may contribute to future treatment and prevention opportunities.     

新型冠状病毒肺炎的眼部表现

新型冠状病毒肺炎(coronavirus disease 2019,COVID-19,新冠肺炎)是由新型冠状病毒(novel coronavirus,SARS-CoV-2,新冠病毒)引起的一种具有高度传染性的疾病,目前在世界各地广泛流行,并引起全球性恐慌。研究表明,新冠病毒可以通过眼部黏膜传播,因此眼科医务人员更容易受到感染。新冠肺炎患者眼部表现主要累及结膜、角膜、巩膜、前房、瞳孔、视网膜、视神经和视皮层、眼外肌及其颅神经支配、眼眶和泪器系统等。病毒性结膜炎是新冠肺炎患者最常见的眼部表现。新冠肺炎流行期间,为了眼科医务人员免受感染,安全地开展临床工作,本文依据近年来相关文献报道总结了新冠肺炎的眼部表现,主要包括流行病学、病理生理、临床表现等方面。     

Communicating the ocular and systemic complications of obesity to patients.

BACKGROUND: Obesity has become a growing worldwide epidemic that is associated with serious medical complications. Many clinicians and patients are aware of the systemic complications of obesity, but there are few providers and patients who are aware of the ocular manifestations of obesity. METHODS: A review of the current medical literature was performed. Ocular and systemic manifestations associated with obesity are described, and a methodology for educating the optometric patient is presented. RESULTS: There is significant morbidity and mortality associated with obesity, which is causing serious consequences to patients and an enormous economic strain on the health care system. Optometrists have a tremendous opportunity and obligation to educate their patients on the potential sight-threatening complications of obesity and encourage them to decrease their caloric intake and increase their physical activity to help alleviate this individual and collective burden. CONCLUSIONS: Optometrists have a duty to educate and counsel their overweight and obese patients on the devastating ocular complications that could manifest as a result of obesity.     

大动脉炎相关眼部症状临床特点初探

目的:探讨与大动脉炎相关的眼部症状的临床特点和发生机制。方法:回顾性分析69例大动脉炎患者的临床资料和相关眼部表现,对影响眼部症状的多因素进行logistic回归分析。结果:有15例(22%)患者出现眼部症状,其中视物模糊11例(73%),一过性黑朦6例(40%),视野缺损4例(27%),虹膜新生血管2例(11%)。大动脉炎眼部症状的出现与年龄、性别、病变分型、C反应蛋白、血沉等因素均无相关性。结论:大动脉炎可以引起多种眼部症状;局部低灌注引起的缺血缺氧是引发大动脉炎眼部症状的原因之一;对伴有眼部症状的大动脉炎患者在全身治疗的同时应给与针对眼部症状的治疗。     

Ocular manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic, immunologic disorder that may affect multiple organ systems. Keratoconjunctivitis sicca is the most common ocular manifestation, but visual morbidity is usually due to retinal and neuro-ophthalmic manifestations of the disease. Ocular manifestations of lupus are a reflection of systemic disease. The presence of ocular manifestations should alert the clinician to the likely presence of disease activity elsewhere. Therefore, all patients with ocular lupus should be carefully evaluated for systemic involvement to detect potentially treatable and preventable complications of the disease. In addition, the ophthalmologist should include SLE in the differential diagnosis of many retinal vascular and neuro-ophthalmic disorders. The ophthalmologist may play an important role in the care of patients with SLE, since ocular inflammatory lesions may precede potentially serious extraocular disease.     

Characterization of the parasite-induced lesions in the posterior segment of the eye

Ocular lesions are frequently associated with different parasitic infections. The classes of infection include protozoa, nematodes, cestodes, and ectoparasites. Ocular parasitic infections can manifest in any part of the eye; the disease manifestations are frequently characterized as either posterior or anterior eye disease. Parasite-induced lesions may be due to damage directly caused by the parasite, indirect pathology caused by toxic products or the immune response initiated by infectious parasitism. This review characterized the parasite-induced lesions in the posterior segment of the eye. Prompt diagnosis and early treatment of these lesions can reduce ocular morbidity. The method of the literature search was conducted on PubMed, Elsevier Scopus database, and Google Scholar with no limitation on the year of publication databases. It was limited to English articles published for ocular lesions in clinical studies and was focused on parasitic infections of the eye.     

Progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome): report of two cases.

We describe 2 cases of progressive hemifacial atrophy (Parry-Romberg syndrome) with typical facial and ocular involvement. Ocular manifestations in these 2 cases include enophthalmos, due to fat atrophy, decreased corneal sensitivity, episcleritis, and band keratopathy. The slowly progressive changes were documented in one case over a 40 year period. Both cases were unilateral with limitation of the lesions at the midline.     

Ocular Toxoplasmosis: Clinical Characteristics in Pediatric Patients

Purpose: To describe the clinical features of Ocular Toxoplasmosis in pediatric patients. Methods: A retrospective, non-comparative series of cases was studied. We reviewed the clinical records of patients 16 year old or younger diagnosed with Ocular Toxoplasmosis. Results: Forty patients (56 eyes) were included. The mean age was 9.5 yrs old. Twenty were female. Unilateral involvement was noticed in 60% of patients. The most common symptoms were strabismus (32.1%) and reduced VA in (23.2%). An inactive retinal scar was observed in most cases (71.4%). Panuveitis was found in 8 eyes (14.2%), and posterior uveitis in 7 eyes of 7 patients (12.5%); one eye presented neuroretinitis. The most frequent location of retinochoroidal lesions was the posterior pole (72.7%). Conclusions: In children, ocular toxoplasmosis is most commonly diagnosed during the inactive stage. When inflammation is present, it can be severe and frequently associated with other complications such vasculitis and papillitis.     

Ocular manifestations in patients infected with human T-lymphotropic virus type I

Ocular manifestations in patients infected with human T-lymphotropic retrovirus type I (HTLV-I) consisted of a wide range of neoplastic, infectious and noninfectious vascular or inflammatory lesions. These disorders were associated with two distinct HTLV-I-induced systemic diseases, ie, adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Five of the 10 cases of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma had inflammatory or opportunistic infectious ocular lesions, including cytomegalovirus retinitis or eyelid tumor as part of generalized lymphomas. Four of the 17 cases of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy showed noninfectious lesions such as isolated, transient cotton-wool spots and granulomatous iridocylitis. Twenty-four (26.9%) of 89 cases with various ocular diseases but no HTLV-I-induced systemic disease had antibodies to HTLV-I in the serum. The aqueous humor antibodies to HTLV-I in the seropositive carriers were negative, except one carrier case who showed isolated cotton-wool spots in one eye and massive vitreous opacities in the other eye.     

Late development of chorioretinal lesions in birdshot retinochoroidopathy

The clinical manifestations of diffuse retinochoroidopathy after recurrent episodes of vitriitis led to the diagnosis of birdshot retinochoroidopathy in two patients in whom the initial lesions were cystoid macular edema and papillophlebitis. Although the onset and clinical characteristics of the early lesions varied, both patients had manifestations of chronic retinal vasculitis. We observed the late appearance and evolution of the characteristic cream-colored depigmented spots which were not present in the early stages of the disease. In addition the second case also developed choroidal neovascularization. Serial electroretinographic examinations showed that this disorder has a progressive course from focal lesions to widespread diffuse changes.     

与获得性免疫缺陷综合征相关的卡波济肉瘤在眼部的临床表现

目的 提高对获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者眼部卡波济肉瘤(KS)的认识及诊断处理能力。方法 回顾系列病例研究。回顾分析10例AIDS并发KS患者的眼部临床表现及其治疗随访结果。结果 10例患者均为汉族男性;年龄21~71岁,平均(38.60±15.66)岁;病程10 d~7个月,平均(2.68±2.41)个月。CD4 ⁺T淋巴细胞2~348 个/μL,平均(62.30±105.86)个/μL。临床表现:眼睑合并结膜KS4 例、结膜KS 4例、眼睑KS 2例。眼睑KS表现为紫黑色局部结节,质韧,边界不清,无移动性,无压痛;结膜KS呈暗红色,片状。仅1例为单纯眼部KS,余9例均为全身多发性KS,累及皮肤、口腔、淋巴结、肺、肝、心包等。治疗:1例单纯眼部睑结膜KS未合并其他部位肿瘤患者行手术切除,高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART),未行化学治疗(简称化疗),观察1年未复发;余9例均给予HAART和多柔比星脂质体或紫杉醇化疗。2例治疗过程中全身衰竭死亡,8例患者随访8~19个月,平均(12.50±4.28)个月,眼部病变6例完全缓解,2例部分缓解。结论 随着HIV/AIDS感染日益增多,汉族人种AIDS患者KS发病逐渐增多,且多为多器官累及。HAART合并化疗可提高患者眼部病变缓解率。     

Ocular involvement in brucellosis

Objective: To report the ocular findings associated with brucellosis.Design: Cohort study.Participants: One hundred thirty-two patients with the diagnosis of brucellosis.Methods: Ocular manifestations of 132 patients with brucellosis admitted to the Uveitis-Behçet Service of Ophthalmology Department at the Ankara Education and Research Hospital in Turkey between May 1992 and May 2006 were evaluated prospectively. The diagnosis of brucellosis was based on clinical signs, Brucella agglutination tests, and blood cultures.Results: Ocular involvement was detected in 21% of brucellosis patients. The most frequent manifestations were anterior uveitis (41%) and choroiditis (32%), followed by panuveitis (9%), papilledema (9%), and retinal hemorrhages (9%). Forty-one percent of these patients were in the acute stage and 59% were in the chronic stage of brucellosis. Interestingly, all the patients with anterior uveitis were in the acute stage and all the other patients with choroiditis, papilledema, and retinal hemorrhages were in the chronic stage. All patients responded well to systemic antibiotic treatment along with topical or systemic corticosteroid treatment. No recurrence of ocular manifestations was detected during the follow-up period, after completion of a 2-month systemic antibiotic treatment.Conclusions: Because ocular involvement of brucellosis is frequent in endemic regions, detailed ophthalmic examination of all patients with brucellosis should be done routinely. Ocular brucellosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of all forms of uveitis or choroiditis in endemic regions, and these patients should undergo serologic screening for brucellosis.     

与获得性免疫缺陷综合征相关的卡波济肉瘤在眼部的临床表现

目的提高对获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS)患者眼部卡波济肉瘤(KS)的认识及诊断处理能力。方法回顾系列病例研究。回顾分析10例AIDS并发KS患者的眼部临床表现及其治疗随访结果。结果10例患者均为汉族男性;年龄21~71岁,平均(38.60±15.66)岁;病程10 d^7个月,平均(2.68±2.41)个月。CD4^+T淋巴细胞2~348个/μL,平均(62.30±105.86)个/μL。临床表现:眼睑合并结膜KS4例、结膜KS 4例、眼睑KS 2例。眼睑KS表现为紫黑色局部结节,质韧,边界不清,无移动性,无压痛;结膜KS呈暗红色,片状。仅1例为单纯眼部KS,余9例均为全身多发性KS,累及皮肤、口腔、淋巴结、肺、肝、心包等。治疗:1例单纯眼部睑结膜KS未合并其他部位肿瘤患者行手术切除,高效抗逆转录病毒治疗(HAART),未行化学治疗(简称化疗),观察1年未复发;余9例均给予HAART和多柔比星脂质体或紫杉醇化疗。2例治疗过程中全身衰竭死亡,8例患者随访8~19个月,平均(12.50±4.28)个月,眼部病变6例完全缓解,2例部分缓解。结论随着HIV/AIDS感染日益增多,汉族人种AIDS患者KS发病逐渐增多,且多为多器官累及。HAART合并化疗可提高患者眼部病变缓解率。     

Presumed Intraocular Tuberculosis Manifesting as Unilateral Iris Granuloma

ABSTRACT

Ocular tuberculosis can manifest in a wide variety of clinical presentations. The prevalence is higher in endemic areas as a cause of granulomatous uveitis. While posterior segment manifestations are well known, anterior segment granulomas alone are relatively rare. We report two cases of unilateral iris granulomata in two young patients who presented with decreased vision and redness and were found to have well-circumscribed iris granulomas. Both underwent systemic evaluation and had a negative Mantoux test. Biopsy pathology of the lesions revealed granulomatous inflammation but were negative for PCR, staining, and culture for TB. One patient turned out to have multiple pulmonary lesions. The ocular condition initially worsened with steroid therapy alone and improved and resolved completely after starting a 9 months course of anti-tubercular therapy (ATT).