原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊治

目的 探讨原位肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗.方法 回顾性分析173例原位肝移植患者的临床资料.结果 本组原位肝移植术后有6例门静脉并发症(3.5%),门静脉狭窄发生率为1.2%,门静脉血栓发生率为2.3%,且术前3例有门静脉血栓,3例有门静脉高压症手术史.2例患者成功放置血管内支架,3例患者行套扎术或硬化剂治疗后好转出院,6例中无1例死亡.结论 术前存在门静脉高压症手术治疗史和门静脉血栓是门静脉并发症的高危因素.彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法 ,确诊门静脉并发症则要依据门静脉CT血管成像.晚期门静脉血栓溶栓治疗效果不佳,对单纯性门静脉狭窄行介入治疗是安全可行的.     

肝移植中门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者的应用

目的:探讨门静脉-内脏曲张静脉吻合在门静脉机化血栓患者肝移植中的应用。方法:对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的7例患者实施肝移植,其中3例供体门静脉-曲张冠状静脉吻合;2例髂静脉搭桥供体门静脉和脾门旁曲张的静脉吻合;1例采用供体门静脉-胆总管前曲张静脉吻合;1例供体门静脉—曲张的胃网膜右静脉吻合。结果:7例手术全部成功。1例术后7d死于多脏器功能衰竭,但是门静脉血流一直通畅。1例术后6个月发现吻合口狭窄,术后9个月采用经皮肝穿刺门静脉支架置入治愈;其余患者分别随访12～22个月,门静脉血流均通畅,无狭窄或血栓形成,肝、肾功能正常。结论:肝移植中对门静脉和肠系膜上静脉均完全被机化血栓阻塞的患者,行供体门静脉-曲张内脏静脉吻合可取得良好疗效。     

血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞:5例报告

目的 观察血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞的效果。方法 对肝移植后3例门静脉狭窄及2例闭塞患者行血管内介入治疗,观察治疗效果。结果 对3例门静脉狭窄、1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张及支架植入术,术后造影示狭窄消失,血流通畅;对1例门静脉闭塞行球囊扩张并置管溶栓术,术后3天造影示门静脉通畅,血栓减少。1例术中发生肋间动脉出血,未见门静脉治疗相关并发症。术后4例症状逐渐消失、肝功能逐步恢复,随访期间门静脉通畅,1例支架内见少许附壁血栓;1例术后胆总管狭窄,植入胆道支架后,因重症肺炎、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、脓毒性休克死亡。结论 血管内介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉狭窄或闭塞效果良好;对移植后急性血栓形成可行球囊扩张术联合置管溶栓。     

存在门静脉血栓及癌栓的肝癌患者的肝移植

目的　探讨存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者进行肝移植的处理要点。方法　对10例存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者施行原位肝移植术,术前常规准备供者的髂静脉,供肝保留较长的门静脉;术中注意取尽受者门静脉内的血栓或癌栓,门静脉壁存在水肿、增厚、变硬者,尽可能切除这段门静脉;9例行低位门静脉对端吻合,1例行门静脉下腔静脉的对端吻合;术后根据患者的凝血功能状态决定是否进行抗凝治疗。结果　1例术后第6 d发生门静脉血栓形成,溶栓术后因腹腔内出血、失血性休克死亡;另9例术后门静脉血流通畅,随访2~31个月,其中1例术后2个月死于感染,4例术后7、12、13、25个月肿瘤复发,其余4例无肿瘤复发。结论　术前存在门静脉血栓或癌栓的肝癌患者,只要处理得当,采用肝移植治疗可以取得较好结果。     

终末期肝病合并门静脉血栓患者的肝移植术(附四例报告)

目的 探讨终末期肝病合并门静脉血栓(PVT)患者的肝移植术。方法 对准备肝移植的受者常规应用CT和彩色多普勒检查，发现共有4例受者伴有PVT。此4例受者进行了原位肝移植术和门静脉血栓摘除治疗。术中对残留有附壁血栓的1例受者，在肠系膜上静脉分支处插入一带有肝素帽的导管，术后用于注入尿激酶进行溶栓治疗。术后所有受者均应用了低分子肝素、华法令和前列腺素E1等抗凝治疗。结果 术中一次性取尽血栓3例；1例受者PVT延及脾静脉人口和门脉左右支，术后门静脉残留有血栓，经溶栓和抗凝治疗，术后28d血栓消失。有3例受者在术后2个月内痊愈出院，随访至今情况良好；1例受者因胸腔穿刺并发出血，后发生多房性积液和肺部感染，于术后48d死亡。结论(1)PVT不是肝移植的绝对禁忌证；(2)外科摘除血栓、溶栓和抗凝治疗能对PVT进行根治；(3)出血是肝移植门静脉血栓治疗后的主要并发症，要加强预防和治疗。     

合并门静脉血栓形成患者的肝移植21例

目的探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓的处理方法，评价移植术前门静脉血栓形成对肝移植疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析267例270次肝移植的临床资料。267例受者中，术中明确存在门静脉血栓者21例，占7．8％，其中12例术前通过彩色多普勒超声、计算机断层扫描血管造影或磁共振成像明确诊断。按照Yerdel门静脉血栓分级法，1级8例，2级5例，3级6例，4级2例。肝移植术中根据门静脉血栓分级的不同，采取相应处理方式：1级和2级者选择单纯血栓切除或血栓累及段门静脉切除，然后将供、受者的相应血管行端端吻合；3级和4级者采取供者肠系膜上静脉或髂静脉在供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉或门静脉系统属支间架桥等方式重建供肝门静脉循环。结果21例术前存在门静脉血栓形成的患者均顺利完成肝移植手术。4例Yerdel分级为3级的受者术后早期（8～21d）死亡，死亡率为19．0％，显著高于术前无门静脉血栓者（8．5％，P（0．01）。21例受者中，1例术后3个月时再次发生门静脉血栓形成，再次血栓形成发生率为4，8％，显著高于术前无门静脉血栓形成者（0．8％，P〈0.01）。17例术前存在门静脉血栓形成的患者肝移植后康复出院，其1年存活率为94．1％，与术前无门静脉血栓形成的良性肝病受者（93.8％）比较，差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论术前存在的门静脉血栓形成并非肝移植的绝对禁忌证，术中根据门静脉血栓分级选择适宜的手术处理方式可顺利完成肝移植手术，并取得与无门静脉血栓形成者相近的远期疗效。     

肝移植中门静脉血栓的处理经验

目的 探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓的几种处理方法及其疗效.方法 回顾性分析773例次肝移植临床资料.773例中,107例病人有门静脉血栓,其中59例Ⅰ级;33例Ⅱ级;12例Ⅲ级;3例Ⅳ级.Ⅰ、Ⅱ级组行血栓切除或取栓术;Ⅲ级采用取栓术或肠系膜上静脉架桥的方式重建供肝门静脉;对Ⅳ级采用改良门腔静脉半转位术和门静脉胃冠状静脉吻合重建供肝门静脉.结果 Ⅰ、Ⅱ级组移植肝功能恢复良好,围手术期病死率为4.3%.Ⅲ级取栓组5例肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡.静脉架桥组7例中有2例肝功能恢复不佳,围手术期病死率为28.6%.Ⅳ级组肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡.结论 门静脉血栓已非肝移植禁忌证,根据血栓的不同情况采取合理的手术方式重建门脉系统可以获得良好的治疗效果.     

肝移植中门静脉血栓形成的处理

目的：探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓形成的处理方法并评价其对肝移植疗效的影响。方法：回顾性分析246例良性终末期肝病行肝移植的临床资料，并结合文献进行讨论。结果：31例（12．6％）病人术中确认有门静脉血栓形成。其中14例I级；8例Ⅱ级；7例Ⅲ级；2例Ⅳ级。I、Ⅱ级的门静脉血栓病人施行了血栓切除或取栓术：Ⅲ级血栓病人采取供者髂静脉在供肝门静脉与受者肠系膜上静脉间架桥的方式重建供肝门静脉循环：对Ⅳ级血栓，采用了改良的门腔静脉半转流术。病人术后6个月死亡率：门静脉血栓组6．5％，无门静脉血栓组7．4％（P＞0．05）。结论：术前存在的门静脉血栓已非肝移植的绝对禁忌证，根据血栓的不同情况采取合理的手术方式可以使病人获得良好的治疗效果。     

肝移植术后门静脉血栓并闭塞的介入治疗

目的探讨介入治疗肝移植术后门静脉血栓并闭塞的价值。方法回顾性分析我中心2006年5月至2015年1月期间肝移植术后3例门静脉血栓导致门静脉闭塞并发症的介入治疗及其疗效。结果 3例患者术前发现门静脉轻微附壁血栓,Yerdel分级均为1级,移植术中未行血栓切除术,直接供/受体门静脉端-端吻合,术后8个月以后出现门静脉血栓并闭塞,均采用球囊扩张血管成形及自膨式支架植入治疗,介入治疗的技术成功率为100%。随访28~38个月,无并发症发生,移植物功能及患者生存情况均良好。结论经皮血管内介入技术是治疗肝移植术后门静脉血栓并闭塞并发症的一种安全、有效的方法。     

77例肝移植门静脉血栓处理经验

目的探讨肝移植术中门静脉血栓的处理方法及其对肝移植疗效的影响。方法回顾性分析598例次肝移植临床资料,77例（占12．9％）患者有门静脉血栓,其中39例系Ⅰ级,24例系Ⅱ级,12例系Ⅲ级,2例系Ⅳ级。对Ⅰ,Ⅱ级的门静脉血栓患者施行血栓切除或取栓术;Ⅲ级血栓患者采用取栓术或肠系膜上静脉架桥的方式重建供肝门静脉;对Ⅳ级血栓采用改良的门腔静脉半转流术。结果Ⅰ,Ⅱ级血栓组移植肝功能恢复良好,围手术期死亡率为6．3％（4／63）,Ⅲ级血栓组取栓5例肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡（0／5）,静脉架桥组7例中有2例肝功能恢复不佳,围手术期死亡率为28．6％（2／7）,Ⅳ级血栓组肝功能恢复良好,围手术期无死亡（0／2）。结论门静脉血栓已非肝移植的禁忌证,根据血栓的不同情况采取合理的手术方式可以使患者获得良好的治疗效果。     

肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗(附6例分析)

目的 探讨肝移植术后门静脉并发症的诊断和治疗。方法 回顾性分析160例原位肝移植临床资料。结果 肝移植术后门静脉并发症发生率为3．75％，与门静脉并发症相关死亡率为0。门静脉狭窄发生率为1．25％，门静脉栓塞发生率为2．5％，需治疗的门静脉并发症占33．3％。结论 术前有门脉高压症手术治疗史、移植术前门静脉血栓、门静脉手术史以及严重感染病史等是门静脉并发症的高危因素；彩色多普勒超声检查是监测门静脉并发症的有效方法，确诊门静脉并发症依赖门静脉造影；有症状的门静脉并发症需及时行再血管化手术。     

肝移植术后门静脉阻塞的介入治疗

目的 评价用介入技术治疗原位肝移植术后门静脉(PV)阻塞的安全性和疗效.方法 对13例原位肝移植术后PV阻塞[狭窄和(或)血栓形成]病人进行了介入治疗,男9例,女4例;年龄28～60岁(平均43岁).其中PV血栓3例,PV吻合口狭窄9例,PV吻合口狭窄合并血栓1例,合并食管-胃底静脉曲张9例(其中8例有呕血病史).7例用经皮经肝穿刺PV分支途径治疗,6例经TIPS途径,技术包括球囊扩张+置入支架8例、局部溶栓和清除血栓4例次、单纯球囊扩张2例、联合栓塞胃冠状静脉9例次.结果 介入治疗技术均成功,无重要并发症,结束治疗时复查造影显示PV血流通畅,PV主干管径接近正常10例、3例残留狭窄＜30%.随访6～48个月(平均28个月),5例术前肝功能异常病人,术后2周有显著改善;9例以门静脉高压症合并食管-胃底静脉曲张病人,术后复查胃镜显示静脉曲张明显好转,随访期间未发生静脉曲张破裂出血.4例腹部症状较明显的病人,术后腹痛、腹胀和腹泻等症状逐渐减轻;复查Doppler超声波显示PV血流通畅.结论 介入技术是治疗原位肝移植术后PV阻塞的安全、有效方法 .     

脾肾静脉侧侧分流术的临床应用

目的:探讨脾肾静脉侧侧吻合术降低吻合口闭塞率的作用.方法:对72例门脉高压病人施行脾肾静脉侧侧吻合术,并以97例传统的端侧吻合术作为对照,观察疗效.结果:侧侧吻合术吻合口不受血管直径影响,术后分流通畅率高于对照组;侧侧吻合术后降压及食管静脉曲张的缓解率明显优于对照组.结论:脾肾静脉侧侧吻合术疗效优于端侧吻合术,可作为常规手术方法.     

Vascular Complications Following Adult Piggyback Liver Transplantation With End-to-Side Cavo-Cavostomy: A Single-Center Experience

Background

Vascular complications remain a significant cause of morbidity, graft loss, and mortality following orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT). These problems predominantly include hepatic artery and portal vein thrombosis or stenosis. Venous outflow obstruction may be specifically related to the technique of piggyback OLT.

Materials and Methods

Between February 2002 and February 2009, we performed 200 piggyback OLT in 190 recipients. A temporary portacaval shunt was created in 44 (22%) cases, whereas end-to-side cavo-cavostomy was routinely performed for graft implantation. Pre-existent partial portal or superior mesenteric vein thrombosis was present in 17 (12%) cirrhotics in whom we successfully performed eversion thrombectomy, which was followed by a typical end-to-end portal anastomosis. The donor hepatic artery was anastomosed to the recipient aorta via an iliac interposition graft in 31 (16%) patients.

Results

The 14 (7%) vascular complications included hepatic artery thrombosis (n = 5), hepatic artery stenosis (n = 3), aortic/celiac trunk rupture (n = 2), portal vein stenosis (n = 2), and isolated left and middle hepatic venous outflow obstruction (n = 1). There was also 1 case of arterial steal syndrome via the splenic artery. No patient experienced portal or mesenteric vein thrombosis. Therapeutic modalities included re-OLT, arterial/aortic reconstruction and splenic artery ligation. Vascular complications resulted in death of 5 (36%) patients.

Conclusion

Our experience indicated that piggyback OLT with an end-to-side cavo-cavostomy showed a low risk of venous outflow obstruction. Partial portal or mesenteric vein thrombosis is no longer an obstacle to OLT; it can be successfully managed with the eversion thrombectomy technique.     

Hepatic portal venous gas after endoscopy in a patient with anastomotic obstruction

A 72-year-old male underwent a laparoscopic low anterior resection for advanced rectal cancer.A diverting loop ileostomy was constructed due to an anastomotic leak five days postoperatively.Nine months later,colonoscopy performed through the stoma showed complete anastomotic obstruction.The mucosa of the proximal sigmoid colon was atrophic and whitish.Ten days after the colonoscopy,the patient presented in shock with abdominal pain.Abdominal computed tomography scan showed hepatic portal venous gas(HPVG) and a dilated left colon.HPVG induced by obstructive colitis was diagnosed and a transverse colostomy performed emergently.His subsequent hospital course was unremarkable.Rectal anastomosis with diverting ileostomy is often performed in patients with low rectal cancers.In patients with anastomotic obstruction or severe stenosis,colonoscopy through diverting stoma should be avoided.Emergent operation to decompress the obstructed proximal colon is necessary in patients with a blind intestinal loop accompanied by HPVG.     

脾切除术后门静脉系统血栓形成的临床分析

目的探讨脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成（portal vein thrombosis,PvT）和肠系膜静脉血栓形成（mesenteric venous thrombosis,MVT）的成因及诊治策略。方法回顾性分析2000年以来脾切除术后门静脉血栓形成及肠系膜静脉血栓形成12例的临床资料。结果280例脾切除后血栓发生12例（4．3％）,其中发生PVT9例（3．2％）,发生MVT3例（1．1％）。9例经积极的全身抗凝、祛聚、溶栓治疗1～2周后好转出院。血栓形成病人均出现白细胞增多,血小板计数升高,D-二聚体检测和凝血功能异常,与治疗后1周相比,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2例行小肠切除肠吻合术。1例死于肝功能衰竭。结论脾切除后动态检测血常规、凝血功能等相关指标是预防静脉血栓形成的有效措施,及早诊断和治疗对病人康复起关键作用。     

Clinical Study of Transient Portal Vein Stenosis Induced After Pancreatic Head Resection

Purpose We prospectively analyzed the clinical significance of transient portal vein stenosis soon after a pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) as detected on three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) for portography.Methods This study included 20 patients who underwent a generalized pancreatic head resection. A 3D-CT scan was taken seven times up until the eighth postoperative week for each patient. The 3D images were reconstructed by the Voxel Transmission method. The portal vein images were quantified using the portal volume rates (PVR). The relationship between portal vein stenosis and six clinical factors was statistically analyzed.Results The 3D-CT scans showed portal vein stenosis in all 20 patients. The preoperative mean of these 20 PVR were 100%, and the postoperative values were 76.2%, 64.1%, 69.5%, 75.1%, 84.1%, and 89.8% at weeks 1–4, 6, and 8, respectively. Portal vein stenosis soon after PD reached a peak in the second week and almost disappeared by the eighth postoperative week. Three clinical factors, namely, the main pancreatic duct diameters, pancreatic reconstruction methods, and postoperative prognoses, significantly affected portal vein stenosis.Conclusion The stenotic changes to the portal vein are considered to be significant prognostic indicators of pancreatic anastomotic trouble and postoperative complications.     

Duplex ultrasonography in portal vein thrombosis

Summary Duplex ultrasonography (US) was performed in 23 patients with portal vein thrombosis. In 7 children and 16 adults, duplex US demonstrated intraluminal thrombi (4 cases), thrombus and periportal collaterals (2 cases), and cavernomatous transformation of the portal vein (17 cases). Real-time US is a suitable means of demonstrating the anatomy of the portal venous system; pulsed Doppler provided information on the patency and direction of portal flow. In a few cases, Doppler color flow imaging was used, which was helpful in the examination of branches of the portal vein and the superior mesenteric and splenic veins. Portal duplex US is suggested in selected groups of patients before surgery to demonstrate the presence or absence of portal vein thrombosis.     

门静脉高压不同手术后并发症分析

目的：总结门静脉高压患者不同类型手术的并发症及预后。方法：对45例不同病因类型的门静脉高压患者手术治疗的临床资料进行回顾性分析,其中责门周围血管离断术18例（断流组）,经腹改良式Sugiura断流术17例（横断流组）,改良冠一腔分流术10例（冠腔分流组）,对术后并发症进行随访并分析总结。结果：45例患者均痊愈出院,术后发生多见并发症21例,其中术后急性腹腔出血1例,切口感染1例,肺部感染2例,腹水3例,门静脉系统血栓6例,脾窝积液1例,术后再出血5例,术后食管吻合口狭窄2例。术后平均住院时间18d。术后随访2～72个月,45例全部获得随访资料,3例死亡,其中1例为肝硬化癌变,2例为肝功能衰竭。冠腔分流组并发症低于其他2组（P〈0．01）;冠腔分流组无死亡,断流组死亡1例,横断流组死亡2例,死亡率冠腔分流组亦低于其他2组（P〈0．01）。结论：合理选择不同外科术式治疗门静脉高压,有效预防及处理术后并发症,可以达到良好的治疗效果,改良冠一腔分流术作为部分门静脉高压患者的治疗术式有待于进一步研究。     

Results of a pancreatectomy with a limited venous resection for pancreatic cancer

PURPOSE: The indications for a pancreatectomy with a partial resection of the portal or superior mesenteric vein for pancreatic cancer, when the vein is involved by the tumor, remain controversial. It can be assumed that when such involvement is not extensive, resection of the tumor and the involved venous segment, followed by venous reconstruction will extend the potential benefits of this resection to a larger number of patients. The further hypothesis of this study is that whenever involvement of the vein by the tumor does not exceed 2 cm in length, this involvement is more likely due to the location of the tumor being close to the vein rather than because of its aggressive biological behavior. Consequently, in these instances a pancreatectomy with a resection of the involved segment of portal or superior mesenteric vein for pancreatic cancer is indicated, as it will yield results that are superposable to those of a pancreatectomy for cancer without vascular involvement. METHODS: Twenty-nine patients with carcinoma of the pancreas involving the portal or superior mesenteric vein over a length of 2 cm or less underwent a macroscopically curative resection of the pancreas en bloc with the involved segment of the vein. The venous reconstruction procedures included a tangential resection/lateral suture in 15 cases, a resection/end-to-end anastomosis in 11, and a resection/patch closure in 3. RESULTS: Postoperative mortality was 3.4%; morbidity was 21%. Local recurrence was 14%. Cumulative (standard error) survival rate was 17% (9%) at 3 years. CONCLUSION: A pancreatectomy combined with a resection of the portal or superior mesenteric vein for cancer with venous involvement not exceeding 2 cm is indicated in order to extend the potential benefits of a curative resection.