PREVIOUS INTRAVENOUS CHEMOTHERAPY DOES NOT ALTER RESPONSE RATE OR SURVIVAL TIME OF PATIENTS WITH HEPATIC METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER TREATED BY HEPATIC ARTERY CHEMOTHERAPY

Background : The present paper addressed the issue of whether pretreatment with intravenous (IV) chemotherapy affects response rate or survival in patients receiving hepatic artery chemotherapy (HAC). Methods : Case note reviews of 164 patients treated in a teaching hospital from June 1990 to July 1996 were carried out. Results : The response rate and carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) fall in the two groups was almost identical. There was a nonsignificant survival advantage in the non-pretreatment group. Conclusions : Previous administration of IV chemotherapy did not affect the CEA response of patients receiving HAC.     

INTRA-OPERATIVE ULTRASOUND FOR THE DETECTION OF HEPATIC METASTASES FROM COLORECTAL CANCER

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of intra-operative ultrasound (IOUS) with other imaging modalities and with surgical palpation in detecting liver metastases from colorectal cancer (CRC). Intra-operative ultrasound was performed in 100 patients undergoing surgery for CRC. All patients had pre-operative liver function tests, transcutaneous ultrasound and computerized tomography (CT) scan of the liver. The liver was palpated intra-operatively by a surgeon who was unaware of the pre-operative findings. The liver was then assessed by IOUS. Intra-operative ultrasound detected more patients with metastases than either CT scan, transcutaneous ultrasound or surgical palpation. It also detected a greater number of smaller metastases in these patients and allowed better anatomical definition compared with pre-operative investigations.     

PATTERNS OF SERUM CEA FALL AFTER HEPATIC ARTERIAL CHEMOTHERAPY AS SOLE THERAPY AND COMBINED WITH CRYOTHERAPY FOR COLORECTAL METASTASES

Background : Hepatic artery chemotherapy (HAC) and cryoablation are treatments for unresectable liver metastases from colorectal carcinomas. Our centre has previously published data that describe survival statistics of patients after each of these treatments. It has also been established that serial serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) concentrations may be used to monitor disease progress, and that the magnitude of fall is prognostic for both treatments. The pattern of fall of CEA following cryotherapy and regional chemotherapy has not previously been compared. Methods : In this study, we examined 26 HAC patients and 24 cryotherapy patients. Results : The mean percentage of the pre-treatment CEA concentration for the HAC group was 60.5% at 50 days and 29.4% at 150 days, and for the cryotherapy group 24.9% at 50 days and 24.3% at 150 days. Calculating the difference between means revealed a significantly different mean fall in the cryotherapy group at 50 days (P < 0.001) and a difference in mean fall at 150 days (P > 0.1) which was not significant. In patients who responded to hepatic artery chemotherapy, the eventual CEA fall was very similar in magnitude. Conclusions: The pattern of fall of CEA differs in these two treatments.     

大肠癌术后肝转移外科治疗(附58例报告)

目的 :总结和分析外科手术、集束电极射频、冷冻治疗大肠癌术后肝转移的治疗效果。方法 :对 5 8例大肠癌术后肝转移患者施行手术切除、集束电极射频治疗、冷冻治疗。结果 :全组无手术死亡 ,手术切除治疗 1,3,5年生存率分别为 91.2 %(31/ 34 ) ,5 5 .6 % (19/ 34 ) ,2 3.5 % (8/ 34 ) ;冷冻治疗 1、 3年生存率为 6 6 .7% (4 / 6 )、 33.3% (2 / 6 ) ;集束电极射频治疗术后彩色 B超、 CT复查显示 ,瘤体直径≤ 5 cm者 ,其术后 1～ 6月内瘤体血供消失 ,体积缩小甚至消失。瘤体直径 >5 cm者 ,术后 1～ 6月内部分病例瘤体血供减少、体积缩小。结论 :大肠癌术后肝转移以手术切除为主 ,结合射频、冷冻治疗等治疗 ,能明显提高治愈率及生存率     

时辰化疗在结肠癌肝转移中的应用

目的目前,大量的临床及实验室资料证实,肿瘤患者的化疗效果受给药时间的影响。经过多年的研究,如今大部分的化疗药已经具备了部分时辰化疗方面的基础和临床研究数据。自1985年Hrushesky率先运用阿霉素和DDP进行卵巢癌时辰治疗以来,恶性肿瘤时辰化疗的基础与临床研究成为一个非常活跃的领域。目前,国内外相关资料显示时辰化疗已广泛应用于各种恶性肿瘤的化学治疗中,如胃癌、肠癌、鼻咽癌、肺癌、恶性淋巴瘤、肾癌、乳腺癌等恶性肿瘤,并且取得了可喜效果,其主要优势是时辰化疗的疗效显著高于常规化疗,且其毒副作用显著低于常规化疗,达到了减毒增效的目的 ,能改善患者生存质量,延长生存期。结肠癌肝转移方面尚未见大宗文献报道。本课题研究通过时辰化疗与常规化疗在结肠癌肝转移中的临床应用,以观察两种治疗方式的近期疗效及毒副作用。方法两组病例肝转移灶均初始无手术切除指征,行肝动脉置化疗泵术后,经肝动脉灌注化疗。所用药物及剂量均相同。L-OHP 50 mg,第1~3天,5-FU,第1~5天。CF 0.2,全身静脉给药,第1~5天。常规化疗组用药时间安排在正常上班的8 am~5 pm,时辰化疗组采用法国AGUETTANT公司提供的M elod ie多通道编程输液泵,以正弦曲线形式,5-FU与CF从10 pm到10 am连续12 h给药,4 am达给药高峰;L-OHP则从10 am到10pm连续给药,4 pm达给药高峰。患者化疗前均行CT检查,化疗3周期后复查CT,评价化疗的毒副反应及疗效。结果时辰化疗组总有效率为68.0%,常规辅助化疗组为29.1%,时辰化疗组近期客观疗效明显优于常规组,差异具有显著性(χ2=7.389,P0.01)。化疗后继行手术切除的患者,时辰化疗组为44%,常规辅助化疗组为12%,差异具有显著性(χ2=5.9535,P0.05)。毒副反应方面,时辰化疗组发生静脉炎、末梢神经炎明显少于常规组病人,发生率分别为4%、28%和70.8%、62.5%(P0.05),其它毒副反应两组间比较差异无统计学意义。结论 1时辰化疗组在治疗结肠癌肝转移中较常规化疗组能显著提高疗效及手术切除率。2时辰化疗组毒副反应较常规化疗组显著减轻,耐受增强。     

CRYOTHERAPY OF THE RESECTION EDGE AFTER LIVER RESECTION FOR COLORECTAL CANCER METASTASES

Background : An involved or inadequate (< 1 cm) resection margin is associated with a high rate of local tumour recurrence and reduced survival rates after liver resection for colorectal metastases. This paper assesses whether or not hepatic cryotherapy of the resection edge is suitable to improve local disease control. Methods : From April 1990 to May 1997, we performed cryotherapy of the resection edge in 44 patients after liver resection for colorectal liver metastases with an involved or inadequate resection margin. The reasons for performing edge cryotherapy instead of extension of resection were: proximity of hepatic veins or portal sheath (n= 12); avoidance of extended left or right hemihepatectomy (n= 15); inadequate liver tissue reserve after resection (n= 16); and patient unfit to undergo further major resection (n= 1). Histological examination showed the resection margin to be involved in 24 patients and close (< 1 cm) in 20 patients. Results : Two patients died after surgery. Morbidity consisted of intra-abdominal collections (n= 6), postoperative bleeding (n= 1), wound infection (n= 1) and transient liver failure (n= 1). At a median follow-up of 19 months, 16 patients are alive and disease-free, 26 patients developed recurrence and 15 of them died. Nineteen patients developed recurrence which involved the liver but only five of these were at the resection edge. Median overall and liver disease-free survival was 33 and 23 months, respectively. Conclusions : Cryotherapy of the resection edge after resection of colorectal liver metastases with involved or inadequate resection margins considerably improves local disease control and may allow a greater proportion of patients with liver metastases to undergo potentially curative treatment.     

HEPATIC RESECTION FOR COLORECTAL METASTASES—SELECTION OF CASES AND DETERMINANTS OF SUCCESS

Twenty-six patients undergoing hepatic resection for colorectal metastases have been followed for periods varying from i month to 8 years. The actuarial 5 year survival rate was just over 50% for all patients. Patients surviving for more than 2 years have been considered separately, and an attempt was made to determine what clinical factors determine whether a patient is likely to benefit from surgery or not. A stage i hepatic lesion, involvement of one rather than both lobes, the presence of less than four metastates and pathological proof that resection margins were free of tumour combined to define a group of patients with a 75% 5 year survival rate. The stage of the disease and the presence of unilobar metastases were the most important determinants of benefit. Patients demonstrating one or more unfavorable factors did not appear to benefit from hepatic resection.     

CEA REDUCTION AFTER CRYOTHERAPY FOR LIVER METASTASES FROM COLON CANCER PREDICTS SURVIVAL

Serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) levels in 33 Australian patients with hepatic metastases from colorectal cancer were measured before and after treatment with hepatic cryotherapy and intra-arterial chemotherapy. Pre-operative and monthly postoperative CEA measurements were made and the lowest postoperative reading was recorded as a percentage fall from the pre-operative level. There was a highly significant association between the maximum percentage fall in CEA and survival. A 50% increase in the maximum percentage fall in CEA level was associated with one-tenth the risk of death (95% CI RR 0.03 to 0.32, Cox regression). It is estimated that an increase in the maximum percentage fall in CEA of 50% from 25 to 75% was associated with an increase in the median survival from 240 days to over 2 years.     

THE AETIOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT OF HEPATIC METASTASES

Hepatic metastases are a common event in the metastatic spread of primary tumours and indicate advanced disease. However, the presence of hepatic metastases does not necessarily imply incurability; in selected patients resection of hepatic metastases may result in 5-year survival rates of 25–35%, usually in patients with colorectal liver metastases in whom solitary metastases are more frequent than with other primary tumours. However, hepatic metastases from Wilm's tumours, adrenal tumours, renal cell carcinoma, and neuroendocrine tumours may also be resected with similar success rates. A poor prognosis after resection of hepatic metastases is likely when there are more than three metastatic deposits, involved resection margins (often as a result of ‘wedge’ resections), when there is extrahepatic disease, or nodal involvement at the primary tumour site. Cyto-reductive procedures may provide excellent palliation and possibly long-term survival in selected patients with hepatic metastases unsuitable for resection. However, further study is required to establish the appropriate role for these treatments.     

HEPATIC ARTERY ANATOMY IN RELATION TO RECONSTRUCTION IN LIVER TRANSPLANTATION: SOME UNUSUAL VARIATIONS

The anatomy of the hepatic artery and its variations were studied in 70 donor livers harvested for liver transplantation in the Austin Hospital. Forty three (61.5%) had a ‘normal’ vascular anatomy and 27 (38.5% had anomalous anatomy. The anomalies were single in 13 instances and multiple in 14 and involved the origin of the right or left hepatic arteries or the coeliac axis. The hepatic artery was reconstructed most frequently by end-to-end anastomosis of the donor to the recipient common hepatic artery (79%). A Carrel patch, an interposition aortic graft and the donor superior mesenteric artery were other techniques used for reconstruction. Two patients (3%) had a postoperative hepatic artery thrombosis, with one of those patients having a further reconstruction. When one vascular anomaly is found, there is a high probability of others being present. The authors' experience confirms that safe hepatic arterial anastomosis can be performed even in the presence of abnormalities of the vascular arterial system.     

大肠癌肝转移的外科治疗

目的探讨大肠癌肝转移的手术治疗效果。方法对30例大肠癌肝转移病人施行手术切除,结合文献对手术适应证、手术方式以及随访结果进行分析。结果全组无手术死亡。中位生存期25.6个月,1、3、5年生存率分别为89.3%、41.8%和14.5%。结论早期诊断及手术切除是治疗大肠癌肝转移的有效方法。     

肝动脉、门静脉栓塞化疗治疗不可切除的原发性肝癌

目的：探讨肝动脉、门静脉双管栓塞化疗对不可切除的原发性肝癌的治疗作用。方法：对19例不可切除的原发性肝癌患者采用手术方法向肝动脉、门静脉植入皮下埋藏式投药泵,术中即开始经肝动脉投药泵栓塞化疗,术后7－10d在X线监测下经门静脉投药泵栓塞化疗,以后定期经两投药泵栓塞化疗,术后观AFP的变化、Bus或CT检查并与同期3次以上的32例HACE进行比较。结果：双栓化疗组17例术后1月AFP均下降、3月下降为正常8例,84．2％的肿瘤缩小,6月、9月、12月、24月生存率分别为89．5％、78．9％、68．4％、31．6％,中位生存期17．1月,其中2例进行了二期手术切除。HACE组术后1月AFP下降10例、3月后下降21例,46．9％的肿瘤缩小,6月、9月、12月、24月生存率分别为71．9％、53．1％、31．3％,中位生存期11．2月、12月、24月生存率组间比较P＜0．01;两组均无异位栓塞。结论：皮下埋藏式投药泵肝动脉、门静脉双插管栓塞化疗术后给药途径简单、方便、疗效好、并发症少,是治疗不可切除的肝癌有效方法之一。     

结直肠癌同时肝转移的手术疗效分析

目的分析结直肠癌同时肝转移的手术疗效。方法回顾性分析自1996年1月至2004年4月东方肝胆外科医院手术治疗的74例结直肠癌同时肝转移患者,其中同时手术组47例,异时手术组27例。结果无手术后1月内死亡病例,总的术后1、3、5年累积生存率分别为81．1％、41．2％和14．8％;同时手术组术后1、3、5年累积生存率分别为82．9％、40．5％和11．8％;异时手术组术后1、3、5年累积生存率分别为77．8％、42．2％和19．7％,两组比较差异无统计学意义（log-rank,P〉0．05）。两组手术并发症发生率同时组为19．1％,而异时组为11．1％（Х^2,P〉0．05）。原发肿瘤位于直肠共21例,12例行同时手术,9例行异时手术,两组术后生存率比较无明显差异（log-rank,P〉0．05）。结论结直肠癌同时肝转移患者同时手术和异时手术疗效相似,手术并发症无明显增加,同时手术是安全可行的;原发肿瘤位于直肠不能作为选择同时手术的禁忌症。     

大肠癌肝转移的外科治疗

目的：总结和分析大肠癌肝转移的早期诊断和手术治疗。方法：通过对大肠癌肝转移病例进行回顾性分析，并结合文献对有关大肠癌的早期诊断及外科手术切除治疗等相关问题进行讨论。结果：①１８例中，依靠ＣＴ、“Ｂ”超及ＣＥＡ定量检测获得诊断者１０例，术中探查获得诊断者８例。②手术方式分为肝段切除、肝楔形切除及肿瘤剜出术。③１８例中生存５年者２例，生存４看得３例，生存３年者５例，生存２年者５例，生存１年者３例。④无     

PERITONECTOMY AND INTRAPERITONEAL CHEMOTHERAPY IN APPENDICEAL AND COLORECTAL CANCER

Background : Peritoneal spread of gastrointestinal malignancies has been regarded as an incurable disease, and treatment has been aimed at short-term palliation. The use of cytoreductive surgery, including peritonectomy procedures and intraperitoneal chemotherapy, has been proposed with the intention of prolonging survival, and perhaps curing patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from appendiceal and possibly colon cancers. A series of eight patients who have undergone this procedure at St George Hospital is presented, and the results obtained by other groups are reviewed. Method : Eight patients fitted the criteria for peritoneal carcinomatosis between January 1996 and November 1998. In seven patients this was secondary to appendiceal or colon cancer, and one patient had signet ring cancer of the uterus. The surgical treatment involved removing all macroscopic evidence of disease, and this was followed by early postoperative intraperitoneal chemotherapy. Results : The eight patients (seven female, one male) ranged in age from 25 to 67 years. There were seven complications, including two patients with pelvic abscesses, and one patient who developed Tenchkoff catheter occlusion. There were three deaths, one due to pelvic sepsis after 30 days, and the other two were due to metastatic disease. Of the remaining five patients, two have developed recurrence and three remain disease-free. Conclusion : The results of peritonectomy and intraperitoneal chemotherapy for appendiceal tumours are encouraging. The role in colorectal cancer is less clear, although there are some reports that suggest a benefit.     

选择性动脉化疗灌注联合微量泵输注治疗大肠癌

目的：对选择性动脉化疗灌注联合微量泵输注治疗大肠癌的价值进行探讨。方法：用Seldinger技术对31例大肠癌病例行选择性动脉灌注化疗药物（Mitomycin,Cisplatin)，保留导管，联合微量泵连续输注药物（Cisplatin Floxuridine)。结果：治疗后，患者临床症状改善明显，完全缓解1例，部分缓解23例，无变化6例，恶化1例，有效率77.4%,1,2,3年生存率分别为74.2%,54.8%与35.5%，其中9例于治疗2次后行根治性切除。结论：选择性动脉化疗灌注联合微量泵输注治疗大肠癌是一种安全有效的治疗方法。     

常温下第一肝门阻断对肝右叶部分切除术出血量及肝功能的影响

目的探讨常温下第一肝门阻断对肝右叶手术出血量及肝功能的影响。方法呃生总结23例肝右叶部分切除术的临床资料,分为第一肝门阻断组8例与非阻断组15例。对比2组间手术时间、出血量及手术前后肝功能的变化。结果两组间手术时间(133.8±20.6;147.5±29.4min)和出血量(357.1±207.8;275±238.2mL)无明显差别。未阻断组手术前后AST(39.8±8.5;79±23.1,P<0.01),ALT(45.38±35;136±56,P<0.05)明显升高,而阻断组变化不显著。结论常温下第一肝门阻断对肝右叶手术的手术时间和出血量无影响,但短时间肝门阻断可能对肝功能有保护作用。     

大肠癌肝转移的诊断与治疗

目的：总结大肠癌肝转移的治疗经验。方法：回顾126例大肠癌肝转移患者的临床资料。比较分析了肝转移灶切除与综合治疗两组病人的治疗效果。结果：手术切除组1，3，5年生存率分别为81.6%(31/38),44.4%(8/18）和20％（2／10），而综合治疗组分别为44.3%,21.6%和5.8%。结论：手术中B超检查对肝转移灶的定位诊断最有价值。对肝转移灶应尽可能手术切除，术后辅助化疗等综合治疗，可延长患者生存期。     

经皮肝穿刺集束电极射频治疗大肠癌肝转移

目的：探讨经皮肝穿刺集束电极射频治疗大肠癌肝转移的价值及其适应证。方法：在B超引导下,使用RF2000射频仪对23例大肠癌肝转移患者（共39个转移结节）进行集束电极射频治疗,比较治疗前后肝功能、血清CEA、瘤体血供及大小的变化。结果：术后7d肝功能恢复至正常,78．3％患者血清CEA术后30d内降至正常范围（P＜0．05）。彩色B超及CT复查显示：瘤体直径＜5cm者,于术后1－6个月内其瘤体血供消失、体积缩小甚至消失。瘤体直径≥5cm者,于术后1－6个月内瘤体血供消失、体积缩小。结论：经皮肝穿刺集束电极射频治疗大肠癌肝转移疗效确切、简便安全。     

超声引导下射频消融治疗转移性肝癌

目的分析超声引导下射频消融治疗转移性肝癌的近期疗效。方法对18例患者共35个病灶经皮肝穿刺插入可伸缩的多电极射频针进行原位凝固灭活治疗,肿瘤最大直径11．2cm,最小直径1．5cm。结果观察治疗后的复发和生存情况。治疗后3个月开始随访,随访最长时间为32个月。增强CT提示无强化率91．6％。彩色多普勒提示肿瘤内血流信号消失率82％。治疗后活检提示肿瘤完全坏死率89％．44％的患者癌胚抗原明显降低．一年生存率78％。复发率15％。结论超声引导下经皮穿刺射频消融治疗具有操作简单、创伤小、恢复快、并发症少等优点。可望成为转移性肝癌的有效方法之一。