COMMON BILE DUCT CALCULI AT LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: A TECHNIQUE FOR MANAGEMENT

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was attempted in 150 unselected patients. The use of routine intra-operative cholangiography prevented serious bile duct injury in one patient. It also showed 75% of patients suspected pre-operatively of having common duct stones, had passed them by the time of cholecystectomy. Eight of 12 diagnosed duct stones (5 suspected, 7 unsuspected) were removed laparoscopically. A technique is described using inexpensive and readily available equipment that allows the transcystic duct treatment of the majority of common duct stones. The development and use of such techniques to laparoscopically treat duct stones will once more allow surgeons to treat all biliary calculi at the one procedure and reduce unnecessary dependence on endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/sphincterotomy.     

腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流治疗胆总管结石

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆总管切开探查、T管引流治疗胆总管结石的疗效。方法 配合使用胆道镜施行胆总管切开探查105例,并采用镜下缝合和打结技术常规安置T管。结果 2例胆总管探查为阴性,102例结石取净、净石率99．0％（102／103）。结论 胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流是治疗胆总管结石的安全、有效措施,可根据条件选择应用。     

腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石36例临床体会

目的 探讨腹腔镜联合胆道镜治疗肝外胆管结石的方法技巧及可行性.方法 总结分析本院2007年5月～2010年12月实施的36例胆囊结石并胆总管结石患者行常规腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)的临床资料.结果 34例胆石症患者均在腹腔镜下完成手术,2例分别因胆道出血和取石失败中转开腹,手术时间为105 ～ 210 min,术...     

INJURIES TO THE BILE DUCT RESULTING FROM LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy has now become the treatment of choice for symptomatic gall stones. There does, however, appear to be an increased incidence of bile duct injuries. In this article, experience with eight patients who sustained a bile duct injury and were referred to the Hepatobiliary Selvice at Westmead Hospital, between 1990 and 1992, is reported.     

LAPAROSCOPIC EXPLORATION OF INTRA- AND EXTRAHEPATIC BILE DUCTS AND T-TUBE DRAINAGE

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has rapidly become the procedure of choice for the management of patients with gall-bladder stones. This contrasts with patients who have common bile duct and intrahepatic duct stones who still usually need an open operation. On the basis of experience of a number of LC by one surgeon and animal experiments, we have completed laparoscopic exploration of both intra- and extrahepatic ducts and T-tube drainage of 57 patients with intra- and extrahepatic bile duct calculi over 13 months during 1992–1993 with satisfactory results. The average operating time was 150min. with a range of 100 to 220 min. Most patients were mobile and on oral fluids within 24 h postoperative. Average hospital stay was 4 days. Retained stones were found via T-tube cholangiography in four patients (7%) and for each patient these were removed by fibre-optic choledochoscope 2 weeks postoperatively. Laparoscopic exploration of intra- and extrahepatic bile ducts is achievable by experienced surgeons and may be particularly helpful for patients who are not a good operative risk.     

胆总管探查术中对其下端狭窄和医源性穿通伤的处理(附15例报告)

目的　总结胆总管探查术中对其下端狭窄和医源性穿通伤的处理经验。方法　对我院 1994～ 2 0 0 1年行胆总管探查术发现下端狭窄和发生医源性穿通伤病例 15例进行回顾性分析。结果　 11例处理恰当 ,疗效好 ;4例处理错误 ,发生穿通伤而行胆总管十二指肠吻合 ,疗效差。结论　术中发现胆总管下端狭窄应行术中造影或胆道镜检查以明确原因 ,切不可盲目用探条探查。若发生胆总管下端穿通伤应行穿孔修补、T管引流 ,有结石嵌顿者同时行Oddi’s括约肌切开取石     

胆道术后腹腔镜下胆总管探查25例分析

目的探讨胆道术后腹腔镜下胆总管探查临床应用价值。方法对我院1996年10月～2008年2月胆道术后腹腔镜下胆总管探查25例进行回顾性总结分析。结果本组25例,手术时间55～155min,平均96min;术中出血50～120ml,平均65ml;住院时间4d～9d,平均6d。术后并发胆漏2例,经过引流后分别于术后第4d,第6d引流管内无胆汁后拔管,痊愈出院,无死亡病例发生。术后胆道残余结石7例,均在2m后进行胆道镜取石,一次性取出。所有病人均获得随访,随访时间3m～5y,平均2．5y,1例肝内胆管结石复发,复发时间为术后4y,其他病人恢复良好,无结石复发,无胆道狭窄。结论胆道术后应用腹腔镜进行胆总管探查技术创伤小、恢复快,是一种安全、可行的方法,值得腹腔镜外科专家推广。     

LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY AND MANAGEMENT OF CHOLEDOCHOLITHIASIS

The advent of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has led to a reassessment of the approach to the management of choledocholithiasis. In a consecutive series of 418 patients undergoing LC, common bile duct (CBD) stones were suspected pre-operatively in 130 patients. Forty-five of the patients (35%) were found to have CBD stones on either pre-operative endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP; 20) or on operative cholangiography (OC; 25). Common bile duct stones were detected on OC in a further 12 of 288 patients (4.2%) without pre-operative suspicion of choledocholithiasis. Of the total of 57 patients with CBD stones, the duct was cleared by pre-operative ERCP and endoscopic sphincter-otomy (ES) in 15 patients. In 13 patients, two of whom had had a pre-operative ERCP and ES, duct clearance was achieved by relaxing the sphincter pharmacologically and flushing the CBD via the OC catheter. One patient had an on-table ERCP and ES with successful stone extraction during LC. Eleven patients were converted to open operation with bile duct exploration. Sixteen patients had a postoperative ERCP. In five patients the CBD stones had passed spontaneously in the time between LC and ERCP. Ten patients required ES to clear the duct of stones. One patient had a failed ERCP and is still awaiting a repeat. The remaining patient was scheduled, but did not return for follow-up ERCP. In summary, pre-operative ERCP was indicated in less than 10% of patients in this series. It was possible to deal with over one-third of CBD stones found at LC by the simple technique of pharmacological relaxation of the spincter of Oddi and flushing the duct through the cholangiogram catheter. Of the patients who required follow-up ERCP, one third had passed their CBD stones by the time of the examination and the rest required ES for stone extraction. Less than 3% of the entire series of patients were converted to open operation for exploration of the common bile duct.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术肝外胆管损伤的防治

目的 研究腹腔镜胆囊切除术中预防肝外胆管损伤的有效措施。方法 分析我院近10年行腹腔镜胆囊切除术10800例，其中肝外胆管损伤8例，损伤率0.08%，以肝外胆管横断伤最多见6例，其余电灼伤和钳闭坏死各1例。8例损伤均发生在开展腹腔镜前5年的5000例中，后5年5800例LC未发生肝外胆管损伤。结果 8例肝外胆管损伤均行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合治愈。结论 良好显露Calot三角，靠胆囊纯性分开Calot三角，认淮胆囊壶腹与胆囊管交汇部并游离出其延伸段是确认胆囊管的可行方法，此时，多能辨认清肝总管，胆总管，胆囊管，胆囊壶腹即“三管一壶腹”的相互解剖关系，可有效避免肝外胆管损伤。     

BILE DUCT INJURY DURING LAPAROSCOPIC CHOLECYSTECTOMY: A REPORT OF THE STANDARDS SUB-COMMITTEE OF THE VICTORIAN STATE COMMITTEE OF THE ROYAL AUSTRALASIAN COLLEGE OF SURGEONS

A survey of Victorian surgeons performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy was carried out. This report discusses the bile duct injuries identified in the survey. Twelve injuries were recorded, a rate of 0.2%. Three of the 12 required formal repair, the other 9 being treated by T-tube alone. Possible mechanisms of these injuries, the experience of the surgeon, the role of operative cholangiography and delays in recognition of the injury are discussed.     

腹腔镜胆道探查取石T管引流术的临床研究

目的　探讨腹腔镜胆总管探查取石的最佳手术方法及手术适应证的选择。方法　对我中心实施 12 4例腹腔镜胆囊切除与胆总管切开取石探查、T管引流术进行分析 ;其中 82例改进术式 ,中转开腹 4例 ,平均手术时间 80± 30分钟 ,中转开腹率 5 % ;常规术式 4 2例 ,中转开腹 6例 ,平均手术时间 170± 4 0分钟 ,中转开腹率 14 % ,改进术式是对于常规术式中胆总管显露方法及胆总管探查器械的改进。结果　改进术式在手术操作时间上有显著差异 (P<0 .0 1)。中转开腹率有差异 (P<0 .0 5 ) ,在疗效和住院日无差异。结论　腹腔镜胆总管切开探查取石、T管引流术是治疗胆总管结石安全有效的措施 ,应采用改进后的术式更佳     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆管损伤分析

目的 探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)并发胆管损伤的原因和处理。方法 回顾我院所做的LC648例，其中胆管损伤6例，分析损伤原因及治疗效果。结果 电灼胆管穿孔伤2例，修补后痊愈，肝总管以下胆管缺失2．0cm1例，行胆肠吻合支撑管留置9月，效果良好，肝总管以下胆管缺失1_5cm1例，胆管端端吻合后出现反复发热及左肝管结石；另2例胆肠吻合病人支撑管过早脱出，出现不同程度胆管狭窄和胆道感染。结论 LC胆管损伤修复时吻合口应无张力，支撑管需可靠持久；胆囊病变时，某些特殊的病理解剖改变易致胆管损伤。     

腹腔镜胆管切开一期缝合及胆囊管导管的联合应用

目的 探索腔镜胆管切开探查、一期缝合联合应用胆囊管导管的可行性.方法 常规LC切除胆囊后,显露切开胆管取石.胆道镜取石网取净结石后,切开预留的胆囊管,经此置入胆囊管导管到胆总管内,随后结扎胆囊管固定胆囊管导管,腔镜下间断缝合胆总管切口.胆囊管导管及温氏孔处安置的腹腔引流管,分别由锁骨中线及腋前线肋缘下戳孔引出体外.共临床应用10例.结果 全部10例病人术后恢复顺利,术后7～11天不带管出院,中位时间8天,无并发症.术后2月随访无异常.结论 腔镜胆管切开探查一期缝合联合应用胆囊管导管技术可行、疗效满意、并发症率低,值得进一步探索与推广.     

腹腔镜胆总管探查术自行脱落胆道支架内引流与 “T”管引流的对比研究

目的 对比研究腹腔镜胆总管探查术(LCBDE)自行脱落胆道支架内引流与置“T”管引流的临床疗效.方法 回顾性分析我院2005年02月～2010年05月收治的胆总管结石患者67例的临床资料,分为腹腔镜胆总管探查术自行脱落胆道支架内引流组（32例）和腹腔镜胆总管探查术T管引流组（35例）比较观察两组间患者的手术时间、术中出...     

腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用

目的：探讨腹腔镜超声检查在胆囊切除胆道探查术中的应用价值。方法：腹腔镜下对126例腹腔镜胆囊切除胆道探查术患者常规行腹腔镜超声检查,并选择其中30例行术中胆管造影。与腹腔镜超声检查行对比研究。结果：腹腔镜超声检查平均时间17min,对胆道系统和血管系统扫描结果显示：胆囊和门静脉100％显像,肝胆管,胆总管97％显像,胆总管未端85％显像,腹腔镜超声检查和术中胆管造影对比结果显未腹腔镜超声检查的胆总管检查成功率及胆管结石的敏感性,特异性及总诊断成功率均优于术中胆管造(影（分别为97％,82％,97％,98％和80％,75％,95％,95％）。结论：腹腔镜超声检查的应用有助于判断胆道系统的解剖结构,防止发生胆管损伤,有助于发现或排除肝内外胆管结石,为胆管造影及胆道探查术提供重要指标。降低了胆道残石和阴性胆道探查术的发生率。     

LAPAROSCOPIC BILE DUCT INJURY: UNDERSTANDING THE PSYCHOLOGY AND HEURISTICS OF THE ERROR

Bile duct injury is an important unsolved problem of laparoscopic cholecystectomy, occurring with unacceptable frequency even in the hands of experienced surgeons. This suggests that a systemic predisposition to the injury is intrinsic to cholecystectomy and indicates that an analysis of the psychology and heuristics of surgical decision‐making in relation to duct identification may be a guide to prevention. Review of published reports on laparoscopic bile duct injury from 1997 to 2007 was carried out. An analysis was also carried out of the circumstances of the injuries in 49 patients who had transection of an extrahepatic bile duct and who were referred for reconstruction or were assessed in a medicolegal context. Special emphasis was placed on identifying the possible psychological aspects of duct misidentification. Review of published work showed an emphasis on the technical aspects of correct identification of the cystic duct, with few papers addressing the heuristics and psychology of surgical decision‐making during cholecystectomy. Duct misidentification was the cause of injury in 42 out of the 49 reviewed patients (86%). The injury was not recognized at operation in 70% and delay in recognition persisted into the postoperative period in 57%. Underestimation of risk, cue ambiguity and visual misperception (‘seeing what you believe’) were important factors in misidentification. Delay in recognition of the injury is a feature consistent with cognitive fixation and plan continuation, which help construct and sustain the duct misidentification during the operation and beyond. Changing the ‘culture’ of cholecystectomy is probably the most effective strategy for preventing laparoscopic bile duct injury, especially if combined with new technical approaches and an understanding of the heuristics and psychology of the duct misidentification error. Training of surgeons for laparoscopic cholecystectomy should emphasize the need to be alert for cues that the incorrect duct is being dissected or that a bile duct injury might have occurred. Surgeons may also be trained to accept the need for plan modification, to seek cues that refute a given hypothesis and to apply ‘stopping rules’ for modifying or converting the operation.     

补贴法Ⅰ期闭合胆总管的临床研究

目的探讨胆总管切开探查术后采用补贴法Ⅰ期闭合胆管的临床效果。方法胆总管切开取石,用可吸收缝线连续缝合后,取胆囊浆肌层薄片或腹膜,借用医用吻合胶粘贴于缝合处。结果本组20例无胆漏、胆道感染和腹腔感染等并发症,术后平均住院7.35 d,随访3个月到12个月,无胆管狭窄、结石复发等并发症。结论胆总管探查后,可选择性Ⅰ期缝合胆总管。如果加用胆囊浆肌层薄片或腹膜补贴更安全可行。术后可避免带T管引流胆汁所造成的不便和痛苦,以及胆汁丢失引起的水电解质失衡和消化功能紊乱。具有恢复快、并发症少、住院时间短、医疗费用低等优点。     

PRIMARY DUCT CLOSURE VERSUS T-TUBE DRAINAGE FOLLOWING EXPLORATION OF THE COMMON BILE DUCT

T-tube drainage of the common bile duct (CBD) following duct exploration has become standard surgical practice. This randomized prospective study has compared primary closure versus T-tube drainage of the CBD following exploration for calculous disease. Thirty-seven patients underwent primary closure and 26 underwent closure over T-tube. Both groups were comparable in terms of age, indications for surgery, associated illnesses, pre-operative bilirubin, amylase and white cell count. Forty-three per cent of operations were performed by a consultant in the primary closure group and 65% in the T-tube group. There was no significant difference in the duration of operation, incidence of wound infection, surgical or other complications following operation between the two groups. However, the postoperative stay was significantly prolonged in the T-tube group, to a median of 11 days, compared to 8 days in the primary closure group (P= 0.0001). This prolongation in stay was unrelated to whether admission was as an emergency or elective. T-tube drainage of the bile continued for a median of 7 days postoperative, whereas the bile drained via a wound drain in only 13 (35%) of the primary closure group, for a median of 5 days in these 13 patients. Long-term follow up was achieved in 48 patients, by a questionnaire sent at a median of 2.8 years following operation. Abdominal pains following recovery from the operation were experienced by 18% of the primary closure group and 20% of the T-tube group. No patient developed jaundice or pancreatitis, nor needed further biliary surgery following operation. Primary closure of the CBD following exploration for calculous disease significantly reduces hospital stay, and is as safe as closure with T-tube, in both the short and long-term.     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC）术后胆漏的各种处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院2000年2月-2005年5月施行的LC3868例。结果术后发生胆漏22例,胆漏发生率为0.56%。所有胆漏患者经保守治疗、再次腹腔镜探查置管、内镜治疗和腹腔引流管充分引流后造影拔管治疗。结论非主胆道损伤所引起的胆漏多可经非开腹手术治疗而治愈。