川芎嗪联合氨基胍对新生糖尿病模型大鼠白细胞转化生长因子β_1表达的影响

转化生长因子β1（TGF-β1）存在于人体许多正常成体细胞中，目前研究最多的是TGF-β1与糖尿病肾病的关系，许多研究已经用免疫组化方法证实TGF-β1在糖尿病患者及糖尿病模型大鼠肾组织中呈明显表达，但通过原位杂交方法研究糖尿病大鼠外周血白细胞TGF-β1表达尚未见报道。本实验用STZ诱导新生Wistar大鼠制备糖尿病模型，并用川芎嗪、氨基胍、川芎嗪联合氨基胍、二甲双胍（MH）治疗，通过观察血糖及外周血白细胞TGF-β1表达变化，探讨川芎嗪联合氨基胍对糖尿病的治疗作用。     

二甲双胍通过调控PARP-1活性对Ⅱ型糖尿病肾脏的保护作用

  目的  研究二甲双胍通过调控多聚（ADP-核糖）聚合酶1（PARP-1）的活性，对Ⅱ型糖尿病肾脏的保护作用及其机制。  方法  Wistar大鼠分为正常组（n = 12），DN组（n = 12），DN+DPQ组（n = 12），DN+二甲双胍组（n = 12）以及DN+二甲双胍+DPQ组（n = 12）。建模后检测各组大鼠空腹血糖含量，尿素氮含量，肌酐含量以及尿蛋白浓度等生化指标，HE染色和TUNEL染色观察肾脏病理情况，Western blot 检测PARP-1，iNOS，NF-κB及caspase-3的蛋白表达，ELISA检测炎性因子TNF-α及IL-1β的表达，免疫组化测定3-硝基酪氨酸（3-nitrotyrosine，3-NT）的表达。  结果  （1）3组治疗组大鼠的各项生化指标相较于DN组均有下降，其中DN + 二甲双胍 + DPQ组大鼠生化指标改变最为明显（P < 0. 01）；（2）3组治疗组大鼠PARP-1的表达较于DN组下降，其中DN + 二甲双胍 + DPQ组的表达下降最为明显（P < 0.05）；（3）3组治疗组大鼠肾脏组织的病理变化及肾脏细胞的凋亡较于DN组减缓，其中DN + 二甲双胍 + DPQ组的改善最为明显；（4）3组治疗组大鼠炎性因子的表达以及NF-kB，iNOS及3-NT的表达较于DN组下降，其中DN + 二甲双胍 + DPQ组的表达下降最为明显（P < 0.05）。  结论  二甲双胍通过调控PARP-1的表达，下调DN模型中NF-kB的表达，抑制NF-kB/iNOS/NO通路，抑制氧化损伤，减轻炎症反应，从而起到在糖尿病导致的高糖环境下，对肾脏的保护作用。     

非肽类Ang(1-7)受体激动剂AVE0991对大鼠糖尿病肾病的保护作用

目的 探究非肽类Ang(1-7)受体激动剂AVE0991对链脲佐菌素(STZ)诱导的大鼠糖尿病肾病(DN)的保护作用。 方法 30只Wistar大鼠随机分为3组:正常对照组(NC组)、糖尿病肾病组(DN组)、AVE0991处理组(AVE组),每组10只。DN组与AVE组腹腔注射STZ(65 mg/kg),STZ注射8周后,给予AVE组AVE0991灌胃处理,NC组及DN组取等量生理盐水灌胃,连续灌胃4周。12周末收集标本,检测各项生理生化指标;高碘酸-希夫(PAS)及免疫组化观察各组肾脏病理变化;实时荧光定量PCR及酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)法分别检测白介素1β(IL-1β)、白介素6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)的mRNA及蛋白水平变化。 结果 与NC组相比,DN组与AVE组大鼠血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白定量、肾质量体质量比明显升高,肾小球硬化指数、胶原Ⅰ(CollagenⅠ)表达量、炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA及蛋白水平明显上升。AVE组与DN组相比,大鼠血肌酐、24 h尿蛋白定量、肾小球硬化指数、CollagenⅠ表达量及肾组织炎症因子IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α mRNA及蛋白表达均明显降低(P<0.01)。 结论 AVE0991可以降低大鼠DN的纤维化及炎症水平。     

盐酸小檗碱对2型糖尿病大鼠血清炎症因子及胰腺β细胞形态的影响

目的观察盐酸小檗碱对2型糖尿病大鼠血清炎症因子水平的干预,以及对血糖、血清胰岛素、胰岛素敏感指数（insulin sensitive index,ISI）及胰腺β细胞形态学的影响,探讨盐酸小檗碱对改善糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗的作用机理。方法健康雄性SD大鼠60只随机分为正常对照组、模型对照组、盐酸小檗碱组和二甲双胍组,每组15只,后三组在高脂饲料喂养30 d后,予以链脲佐菌素（streptozotocin,STZ）40 mg/kg制备2型糖尿病大鼠模型。成模后,盐酸小檗碱组予以盐酸小檗碱180 mg/（kg·d）灌胃30 d,二甲双胍组予以二甲双胍180 mg/（kg·d）灌胃30 d,检测实验大鼠的血清炎症因子水平、血糖、空腹胰岛素（fasting insulin,FINS）及ISI,并在光学显微镜和电子显微镜下观察各组胰腺β细胞的病理改变。结果模型对照组大鼠较正常对照组大鼠空腹血糖及空腹胰岛素水平均明显增高（P〈0.05）,血清炎症因子C反应蛋白（C-reactive protein,CRP）、IL-6,TNF-α亦明显增高（P〈0.05）。而二甲双胍组和盐酸小檗碱组的各项指标均较模型对照组明显下降（P〈0．05）,但两药物治疗组之间无显著性差异（P〉0．05）。光学显微镜下HE染色,免疫组化染色及电子显微镜下观察胰腺β细胞形态,显示用药组较模型对照组均有不同程度的改善。结论盐酸小檗碱可通过降低2型糖尿病大鼠血清炎症因子水平而起到降低血糖、改善胰岛素抵抗的作用。     

氯沙坦对糖尿病大鼠肾脏细胞因子表达的影响及意义

目的探讨氯沙坦治疗糖尿病肾病的作用及其机制。方法采用单侧肾切除的STZ诱导的糖尿病大鼠，观测其肾脏形态、功能的变化。同时，采用荧光实时定量RT-PCR方法检测TGF—β1、CTGF、PAI-1等细胞因子在糖尿病大鼠肾脏中的表达情况。结果与正常组（NC组）相比，8周时糖尿病肾病组（DN组）大鼠的肾脏肥大指数（KW／BW）、平均肾小球体积（VG）、尿白蛋白排泄率（UAER）、肌酐清除率（Ccr）均升高。DN组肾皮质CTGF、PAI—1、FN表达水平也显着增高（p〈0．05）；与DN组相比较，氯沙坦治疗组的上述指标则均明显下降（p〈0．05）。结论氯沙坦可通遏抑制TGF—β1、CTGF、PAI-1等细胞因子的表达，对糖尿病人鼠肾脏起到保护作用。     

TAK1对糖尿病肾病大鼠MAPK及NF-κB信号通路的调节作用及肾脏保护机制

[摘 要] 目的：探讨TAK1对糖尿病肾病大鼠肾脏组织MAPK及NF-κB信号通路的调节作用。方法：将48只大鼠按照随机数字表法分为DN组、TAKl组和对照组,每组16只,对照组大鼠正常喂养,DN组、TAKl组建立DN大鼠模型,DN大鼠模型建立后,TAKl组腹腔注射TAKl抑制剂5Z-7-oxozeaenol;每组分别于4周、8周时处死8只大鼠,观察各组大鼠肾脏组织病理变化,酶联免疫吸附试验检测血清TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-1β表达,免疫印迹法检测肾脏组织p38MAPK、NF-κBp63蛋白表达,实时荧光定量PCR检测肾脏组织p38MAPK、NF-κBp63 mRNA表达。结果：4周、8周时,对照组大鼠毛发有光泽,行动自如,进食、饮食正常;DN组大鼠出现明显多尿、多饮、多食、偏瘦,毛发杂乱且无光泽,大鼠行动偏少;TAKl组亦有DN组大鼠表现,但症状较DN组明显减轻。4周、8周时,DN组、TAKl组大鼠体质量、血糖、UAER均显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,DN组大鼠体质量、UAER显著高于TAKl组（P＜0.05）。DN组、TAKl组血清TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-1β水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,DN组大鼠血清TNF-α、MCP-1、IL-1β水平显著高于TAKl组（P＜0.05）;DN组、TAKl组p38MAPK、NF-κBp63蛋白及mRNA表达水平显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）,其中DN组p38MAPK、NF-κBp63蛋白及mRNA表达显著高于TAKl组（P＜0.05）。结论：TAK1通过激活MAPK及NF-κB信号通路来诱导炎症反应,并参与糖尿病肾脏损伤;TAK1抑制剂能够下调炎症因子的表达和释放而发挥抗炎作用。     

原花青素对CLA大鼠足爪组织中NF-κB／p6S蛋白和血清中某些促炎性细胞因子表达的影响

目的研究原花青素对Ⅱ型胶原诱导的类风湿性关节炎（CIA）大鼠足爪组织中核转录因子NF-κB／p65蛋白表达的抑制作用和血清中炎性细胞因子IL-1β、TNF-α等水平的影响。方法建立Ⅱ型胶原诱导的CIA大鼠模型，免疫组化法检测足爪组织中NF-κB／p65蛋白的表达，ELISA法检测CIA大鼠血清中IL-1β和TNF-α的含量。结果原花青素能剂量依赖性地下调NF-κB／p65蛋白的表达，降低CIA大鼠血清中TNF-α和IL-1β的水平。结论原花青素对CIA大鼠炎症的抑制作用可能与其下调NF—KB／p65蛋白表达、降低促炎性细胞因子TNF-α、IL-1β的水平有关。     

二甲双胍与有氧运动对2型糖尿病大鼠血管氧化应激的影响

目的评价二甲双胍、有氧运动及二甲双胍与有氧运动联合干预对2型糖尿病大鼠血管氧化应激的影响。方法采用高脂饮食、小剂量STZ诱导2型糖尿病模型,将大鼠分为5组:正常对照组(NC)、糖尿病对照组(DC)、糖尿病运动组(DS)、糖尿病二甲双胍干预组(DM)和糖尿病二甲双胍+运动联合干预组(DMS)。8周干预后,采用HE染色病理学检查、Western blotting和ELISA方法对大鼠血管形态、组织蛋白表达和血清指标进行检测。结果 DS、DM和DMS组空腹血糖和胰岛素均有不同程度的降低。与DC组相比,DS、DM和DMS组大鼠血管Nrf2和HO-1白表达增加,NOX4蛋白表达降低。DS和DMS组大鼠血管SOD活性升高,DM和DMS组MDA降低。DS、DM和DMS组大鼠血清VCAM-1和TNF-α浓度均存在不同程度的降低。结论二甲双胍与有氧运动可能通过调节Nrf2和NOX4平衡来降低2型糖尿病大鼠血管氧化应激。     

枸杞多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠血糖、血脂及TNF-α水平的影响

目的观察枸杞多糖对2型糖尿病大鼠血糖、胰岛素、血脂及血清TNF-α水平的影响。方法采用高脂高糖饲料喂养8周联合腹腔注射小剂量链脲佐菌素的方法,建立2型糖尿病大鼠模型。将未予上述处理的大鼠设为正常对照组,成模大鼠按血糖再随机分为糖尿病对照组、枸杞多糖（LBP）低、中、高剂量干预组和二甲双胍组,药物干预6周后,处死动物取血测定血脂、空腹血糖,应用放射免疫分析法测定空腹胰岛素及血清TNF-α水平。结果LBP中、高剂量干预组及二甲双胍组空腹血糖水平较糖尿病对照组降低（P〈0.05,P〈0.01）,较正常对照组高（P〈0.05）;LBP高剂量干预组及二甲双胍组ISI较糖尿病对照组升高（P〈0.05）;LBP中、高剂量干预组血清TC水平较糖尿病对照组降低（P〈0.05）,LBP各剂量组血清TNF-α水平较糖尿病对照组有所下降,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。二甲双胍组血清TNF-α水平较糖尿病对照组降低（P〈0.05）。结论LBP能够降低2型糖尿病大鼠血糖及血脂水平,增加组织的胰岛素敏感性,改善糖尿病大鼠糖脂代谢紊乱及胰岛素抵抗。     

白虎二地汤改善2型糖尿病大鼠胰岛素抵抗分子机制的研究

目的 研究白虎二地汤对实验性2型糖尿病（T2DM）胰岛素抵抗大鼠炎症信号通路的影响,并探讨其机制。方法 采用高糖高脂饲料喂养联合低剂量链脲佐菌素(STZ)腹腔注射建立T2DM胰岛素抵抗大鼠模型,将大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、罗格列酮组、白虎二地汤高、低剂量组。连续给药6周后,观察其空腹血糖（FBG）、空腹胰岛素（FINS）、胰岛素抵抗指数（HOMA-IR）、肿瘤坏死因子-α（TNF-α）、白介素-6（IL-6）的变化,采用Western blot法检测大鼠骨骼肌组织IRS-1、p-IRS-1和PI3Kp85蛋白的表达。结果 白虎二地汤高剂量组可明显降低2型糖尿病大鼠FBG、FINS、HOMA-IR、TNF-α、IL-6(P<0.05),使骨骼肌组织IRS-1和p-IRS-1蛋白表达量降低,PI3Kp85蛋白的表达量升高。结论 白虎二地汤可以改善STZ诱导的T2DM胰岛素抵抗大鼠炎症反应,减轻胰岛素抵抗。其可能的机制是通过炎症信号通路,减轻炎症反应,提高肌肉组织PI3K蛋白的表达,从而减弱外周胰岛素抵抗。      

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.