多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊断价值

目的评估多种内镜检查方法联合应用对胆管狭窄性疾病的诊疗价值。方法回顾性分析36例胆管狭窄性疾病患者的诊断情况。36例患者均进行了超声内镜检查术（EUS）、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）、胆管内超声检查术（IDUS）,胆道靶向刷检行细胞学涂片、液基薄层细胞学检查,并结合临床资料及组织学病理检查,综合诊断。结果最终诊断胆管恶性病变21例,其中胆管细胞癌9例、十二指肠乳头癌4例、胰腺癌侵犯胆总管4例、肝癌侵犯胆总管4例;胆管良性病变15例,其中胆总管结石9例、肝吸虫感染所致胆管狭窄4例、单纯胆管炎性狭窄1例、外部压迫所致胆管狭窄1例。EUS、ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的准确率分别为77．8％、88．9％、91．7％、94．4％,ERCP、IDUS及ERCP＋IDUS均明显高于EUS（P均〈0．05）;ERCP＋IDUS对胆管狭窄性疾病鉴别诊断的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值与阴性预测值分别为95．2％、93．3％、95．2％、93．3％,均高于EUS、ERCP及IDUS单独检查。胆道刷检细胞学、液基薄层细胞学或组织病理学检查,19例诊断为恶性狭窄,17例诊断为良性狭窄,对鉴别胆管狭窄性质诊断的敏感度为90．5％、特异度为100．0％、准确率为94．4％。结论对于胆管狭窄性病变,ERCP＋IDUS可使诊断准确率得到明显提高;联合应用ERCP＋IDUS＋病变胆管的靶向刷检等多种内镜检查方法,诊断准确率更高。     

乙醇固定法、液基细胞学法与传统细胞学法诊断胆总管恶性狭窄的对比研究

目的探讨乙醇固定法、液基细胞学法对胆总管恶性狭窄的诊断价值以及乙醇固定法从采样到固定的合适间隔时间。方法2008年10月至2013年6月经手术病理或2年临床随访确诊的胆总管恶性狭窄82例，统计其中乙醇固定法（乙醇固定法组，n=30）、液基细胞学法（液基细胞学法组，n=28）、传统细胞学法（传统细胞学法组，n=24）的刷检阳性率并行对比分析，同时比较乙醇固定法组中采样到固定间隔时间2min者（n=17）和5rain者（n=13）的刷检阳性率。结果乙醇固定法组、液基细胞学法组、传统细胞学法组刷检阳性率分别为73．33％（22／30）、75．00％（21／28）、20．83％（5／24）。传统细胞学法组刷检阳性率明显低于乙醇固定法组（∥=21．525，P=0．ooo）和液基细胞学法组（X2=22．208，P=0．000），差异均有统计学意义；乙醇固定法组与液基细胞学法组刷检阳性率相近，差异无统计学意义（X2=0．683，P=0．898）。乙醇固定法组中采样到固定间隔时间2min者刷检阳性率为88．24％（15／17），明显高于5min者的53．85％（7／13），差异有统计学意义（，=4．535，P=0．033）。结论乙醇固定法和液基细胞学法均可明显增加胆总管恶性狭窄的刷检阳性率，具有较好的临床应用价值；而乙醇固定法更加简便、成本低，但使用时应尽量缩短从采样到固定的间隔时间，建议不超过2min。     

胆管腔内超声联合细胞刷检病理、基因突变检测对胆管恶性狭窄的早期定性诊断价值

目的探讨胆管腔内超声（IDUS）联合细胞刷检病理学、细胞刷检标本K-ras和p53基因突变检测对胆管恶性狭窄的早期定性诊断价值。方法84例疑似胆管恶性狭窄患者首先行IDUS检查,随后用细胞刷刷取狭窄段胆管内壁标本,一份送检病理,另一份行K-ras、p53基因突变检测,以病理及随访结果为最终诊断,统计单一检查方法及联合检查方法早期诊断胆管恶性狭窄的敏感度、特异度、阳性预测值、阴性预测值和准确率,并行对比分析。结果单一检查诊断时,IDUS、细胞刷检病理学、细胞刷检标本K-ras基因突变检测和细胞刷检标本p53基因突变检测敏感度分别为63．46％（33／52）、53．85％（28／52）、38．46％（20／52）和42．31％（22／52）,准确率分别为69．05％（58／84）、71．43％（60／84）、61．90％（52／84）和64．29％（54／84）。联合检查诊断时,IDUS＋细胞刷检病理学＋细胞刷检标本K-ras和p53基因突变检测敏感度（96．15％,50／52）、特异度（93．75％,30／32）、阳性预测值（96．15％,50／52）、阴性预测值（93．75％,30／32）和准确率（95．24％,80／84）均最高,且诊断敏感度和准确率均较单一检查诊断时有明显提升（P〈0．05）。结论胆管腔内超声联合细胞刷检病理、细胞刷检标本K-ras和p53基因突变检测有助于胆管恶性狭窄的早期定性诊断。     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影下胰管擦拭法细胞学检查对胰腺肿瘤的诊断价值

目的：研究内镜逆行胰胆管造影（ERCP）下胰管擦拭法细胞学检查（简称刷检）对胰腺肿瘤诊断的临床应用价值。方法：在ERCP检查的同时采用胰管细胞刷刷取细胞涂片并结合,ERCP对临床疑诊为胰腺肿瘤的27例患者进行研究。结果：细胞学检查阳性率为55．6％,且头、体部胰腺癌胰管刷检细胞学检查阳性率较高,分别为69．2％和60％,ERCP诊断正确率为77．8％,两者结合诊断正确率达100％,结论：该诊断方法快速,经济实用,安全和准确性高,可与ERCP结合进行,提高胰腺恶性肿瘤的检出率。     

胆汁细胞学检查和血清肿瘤标志物检测对胆道恶性狭窄的诊断价值

目的探讨胆汁细胞学检查和血清肿瘤标志物检测对胆道恶性狭窄的诊断价值。方法2005年8月至2009年4月对47例胆管狭窄病例经ERCP抽取胆汁行细胞学检查并行血清肿瘤标志物检测,其中胆管恶性狭窄39例,胆管良性狭窄8例。结果39例胆道恶性狭窄病例中胆汁细胞学检查阳性26例,敏感性66．7％,血清CA19-9检测阳性28例,敏感性71．8％;8例良性狭窄病例中胆汁细胞学检查阴性8例,特异性100．0％,血清CA19—9阴性7例,特异性87．5％。26例胆管癌病例中血清CA19-9检测阳性18例,敏感性69．2％。胆汁细胞学检查和血清CA19-9联合检测,平行法联合检测敏感性89．7％,系列法联合检测特异性100．0％。结论胆汁细胞学检查能够为胆道恶性狭窄疾病的诊断提供病理学依据,具有临床应用价值。联合检测胆汁细胞学和血清CA19．9,提高了诊断敏感性,具有重要的临床应用价值。     

胰腺疾病内镜诊断与治疗现状

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ ERCP）诊断技术日趋成熟,已成为胰腺疾病诊断的重要手段,是胰腺分裂症诊断的唯一方法,近年来对内镜下收集胰液、细胞刷检、穿刺及活组织检查 (简称活检 )标本进行细胞学检查,极大地丰富了胰腺疾病内镜诊断手段。长海医院采用胰管细胞刷刷取细胞涂片并结合 ERCP对 27例患者进行研究,结果显示细胞学检查阳性率为 55.6％,特异性为 100％,敏感性为 65.2％,与 ERCP结合诊断正确率可达 100％,该诊断方法快速,经济实用,安全和准确性高。经胆总管腔内活检（ endobiliary forcep biopsy ,EFB）也有助于诊断…     

ERCP胆管刷检联合血清、胆汁中CA19-9、CEA对胆管良、恶性狭窄鉴别诊断的价值

目的探讨ERCP胆管刷检联合血清、胆汁中CA19-9、CEA在胆管良、恶性狭窄定性诊断中的价值。方法77例胆管狭窄患者ERCP术中行胆管细胞刷检并留取血清、胆汁标本,测定CA199、CEA水平,比较在胆管良恶性狭窄中的变化规律。结果胆管良、恶性狭窄中血清、胆汁CA19-9,CEA水平均有差异性,恶性组明显高于良性组(P0.05)。根据ROC曲线,AUC_((胆汁CA19-9))AUC_((胆汁CEA))AUC_((血清CA19-9))AUC_((血清CEA))。两两联合后诊断的敏感性较单独检测明显提高,其中胆汁CA19-9、CEA联合检测时,诊断敏感性为92.6%,特异性为78.3%。54例胆管癌组患者行胆管刷检阳性率为40.7%,特异性为100%。胆管刷检及胆汁CA19-9、CEA联合检测,诊断胆管恶性狭窄的敏感性为96.2%,特异性为82.6%。结论在胆管恶性狭窄的诊断中,ERCP下刷检及胆汁CA19-9、CEA联合检测大大提高诊断率。     

经内镜细胞刷检查对胆管恶性狭窄性病变的诊断价值

目的 探讨经内镜细胞刷检查对胆管恶性狭窄性病变的诊断价值,分析影响诊断的因素.方法 对ERCP检查发现可疑胆管恶性狭窄的144例患者行胆管细胞刷检查.2004年-2006年在胆管内来回拉刷10次 2007年-2009年在狭窄部位来回拉刷20次,并重复操作2次.专业病理医师固定阅片,对照术后病理诊断和（或）临床最终诊断,分析细胞刷检查诊断胆管狭窄病变的作用.结果 最终诊断96例为胆管恶性狭窄,48例良性狭窄.恶性狭窄患者中78例细胞刷检查阳性（敏感度81.3%）,18例阴性 良性狭窄患者细胞刷检查均为阴性（特异度100.0%） 总体准确率87.5%.2007年-2009年间恶性狭窄性病变细胞刷检出率为87.7%（50/57）,2004年-2006年间检出率仅为71.8%（28/39）,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）.细胞刷检查阳性率与肿瘤来源及狭窄部位无明显关系.术后发生4例轻度胰腺炎、3例胆管炎、2例胆管出血,无严重并发症发生.结论 胆管细胞刷检查对恶性胆管狭窄病变具有较高的特异度和敏感度,于狭窄部位反复拉刷和重复操作有助于提高细胞刷检阳性率.     

内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术不同处理标本方法对诊断结果的影响

目的探讨内镜超声引导下细针穿刺抽吸术（EUS—FNA）不同处理标本方法对诊断结果的影响。方法回顾分析2005年2月-2008年9月间由同一内镜超声医师行EUS—FNA检查118例患者的临床资料。依据病理报告将诊断结果分为明确良恶性诊断、可疑恶性、取材不满意3类,比较液基细胞学、现场细胞学和传统细胞学方法的穿刺成功率及诊断敏感性、特异性和准确性。结果现场细胞学方法的穿刺成功率为95．2％（40／42）,显著高于传统细胞学方法的68．0％（32／47）（P〈0．05）,略高于液基细胞学方法的89．7％（26／29）（P〉0．05）。液基细胞学和现场细胞学方法获得明确良恶性的诊断率分别为82．8％（24／29）和78．6％（33／42）,显著高于传统细胞学方法的57．4％（27／47）（P〈0．05）。现场细胞学方法诊断敏感性及准确性均高于传统细胞学和液基细胞学方法,但差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论现场细胞学方法和液基细胞学方法较传统细胞学方法提高了穿刺成功率,且液基细胞学方法更易于获得明确良恶性的诊断结论。     

纤维支气管镜刷检结合液基细胞学检查在肺癌诊断中的价值

目的探讨液基细胞学检查(liquid based cytology test,LCT)在肺癌支气管镜刷检检查中的应用价值。方法分析我院353例肺癌患者,对比气管镜刷检传统涂片细胞学检查和刷检液基细胞学检查和组织学检查,进行分型归纳,计算敏感度和分型符合率。结果液基细胞学诊断肺癌的敏感度为73.65%,传统涂片诊断肺癌的敏感度为60.34%,两者差异有统计学意义。纤支镜刷检液基细胞学诊断肺癌分型与组织学活检病理有较高的一致性。其中鳞癌68.82%,腺癌84.69%,小细胞癌70.75%,大细胞癌75%;均优于传统涂片。结论将液基细胞学技术运用于纤维支气管镜刷检细胞学检查可以提高支气管刷检诊断肺癌的阳性率,而且与肺癌组织学分型的符合率较高。     

Influence of stricture dilation and repeat brushing on the cancer detection rate of brush cytology in the evaluation of malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND: The sensitivity for cancer detection of brush cytology at ERCP is relatively low. Manipulation of the stricture and repeated tissue sampling may increase the yield. This study compared the cancer detection rate of brush cytology before and after biliary stricture dilation. METHODS: In patients with a biliary stricture at ERCP of suspected malignant origin, the stricture was sampled with a cytology brush and then dilated with either a graduated dilating catheter or a dilating balloon (4-8 mm). Brushing was then repeated in all patients. Specimens were interpreted as normal, atypical (benign), highly atypical (suspicious for cancer), and malignant. Final diagnoses were based on cytology plus surgery, EUS, percutaneous biopsy, autopsy, or clinical follow-up. RESULTS: A total of 139 patients with suspected malignant obstructive jaundice underwent 143 ERCPs (116 ultimately found to have malignant obstruction, and 27 benign disease). Dilation was performed with a catheter in 68 cases, balloon in 73, and both in 2. Brush cytology had a sensitivity of 34.5% (40/116) before dilation and 31% (36/116) after dilation (p = NS). However, sensitivity with predilation and postdilation brushing specimens combined was 44% (51/116), which was higher than that for either the predilation or postdilation brush cytology (p = 0.001). Cancer detection rates were 34.7% (17/49) after dilation with the catheter and 27.7% (18/65) after balloon dilation (p = NS). CONCLUSIONS: Stricture dilation does not improve the sensitivity of brush cytology for the detection of cancer, which remains relatively low. However, repeat brushing increases the diagnostic yield and should be performed when sampling biliary strictures with a cytology brush at ERCP.     

The combination of stricture dilation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and biliary brushings significantly improves diagnostic yield from malignant bile duct strictures.

BACKGROUND: Brush cytology, routinely performed at ERCP to assess malignant-appearing biliary strictures, is limited by relatively low sensitivity and negative predictive value. This study assessed whether the combination of stricture dilation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and biliary brushing improves diagnostic yield. METHODS: In a prospective nonrandomized study, 46 consecutive patients were evaluated with malignant-appearing biliary strictures at ERCP. Twenty-four patients (Group A) underwent standard brush cytology alone and 22 patients (Group B) underwent stricture dilatation to 10F, endoscopic needle aspiration, and subsequent biliary brushing by using the Howell biliary system. The diagnostic yields for both techniques were compared. RESULTS: Of the 46 patients, 34 had proven malignant strictures (14 Group A, 20 Group B). Compared with brushing alone, the combination of stricture dilatation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and subsequent biliary brushing significantly increased both the sensitivity (57% vs. 85%, p < 0.02) and specificity (80% vs. 100%, p < 0.02) of cytology with positive brushings in all patients with pancreatic or gallbladder carcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of stricture dilation, endoscopic needle aspiration, and biliary brushing significantly improves diagnostic yield for malignant bile duct strictures and may particularly be of benefit for extrinsic strictures caused by pancreatic or gallbladder carcinoma.     

A prospective evaluation of cytology from biliary strictures.

BACKGROUND: Bile duct strictures may be benign or malignant. A definite diagnosis is desirable to advise patients of their prognosis and to identify any amenable to curative surgery. AIMS: To compare different methods of cytology sampling from biliary strictures and evaluate the use of cytology in this context. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a prospective study 54 patients undergoing endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) had cytology samples obtained as follows: (1) biliary stricture brushings, (2) from the screw thread of a "Soehendra stent retriever" inserted through the stricture, (3) from the proximal end of a blocked biliary stent, and (4) cellular material spun down from a 20 ml specimen of bile. Examination of slides and rinsings was performed by an expert cytologist who graded them for the adequacy of the sample and for evidence of malignancy. RESULTS: Prolonged follow up disclosed malignancy in 52 of the 54 cases, the other two being chronic pancreatitis. Bile samples provided adequate cytology samples in 44%, the Soehendra stent retriever in 70%, retrieved stents in 84%, and cytology brush sampling in 96%. Overall, 28 malignancies were detected by cytology, including 14 of 28 pancreatic carcinomas and 12 of 16 cholangiocarcinomas. Twenty two of the malignancies were detected by brush sampling and the other methods added a total of another six cases. CONCLUSIONS: Cytology sampling is best done by brushing the biliary stricture. Cytology sampling can confirm the diagnosis in 75% of cholangiocarcinomas and 50% of pancreatic carcinomas. The techniques involved are simple to perform and should be routine clinical practice whenever potentially malignant biliary strictures are encountered at ERCP.     

Brush cytology evaluation of lesions encountered during ERCP

Malignant obstruction of the pancreaticobiliary system is a frequent indication for ERCP. Twenty-five patients with abnormalities suggestive of malignancy were encountered during ERCP at our institution and brush cytology was obtained. Positive cytology specimens were collected in 12 of 20 (60%) cases of malignancy causing biliary obstruction. Using a recently developed cytology brush for the biliary tree, detection of malignancy in strictures of the bile duct had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 100%. Both cases of cholangiocarcinoma were diagnosed with cytology, as were 5 of 10 cases of pancreatic cancer. It is concluded that brush cytology is a diagnostically reliable, highly specific technique for malignant lesions encountered at ERCP. In experienced hands, a positive cytologic result may obviate the need for additional invasive diagnostic studies.     

A comparison of routine cytology and fluorescence in situ hybridization for the detection of malignant bile duct strictures

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of this study was to assess the relative sensitivities and specificities of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and routine cytology for the detection of malignancy in biliary tract strictures. METHODS: Bile duct brushing and aspirate specimens were collected from 131 patients being evaluated for possible malignant bile duct strictures. Both specimen types were assessed by FISH but only brushing specimens were assessed by cytology. The FISH assay used a mixture of fluorescently-labeled probes to the centromeres of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and chromosomal band 9p21 (Vysis UroVysion) to identify cells having chromosomal abnormalities. A case was considered positive for malignancy if five or more cells exhibited polysomy. RESULTS: Sixty-six of the 131 patients had surgical pathologic and/or clinical evidence of malignancy. Thirty-nine patients had cholangiocarcinoma, 19 had pancreatic carcinoma, and 8 had other types of malignancy. The sensitivity of cytology and FISH for the detection of malignancy in bile duct brushing specimens in these patients was 15% and 34% (p < 0.01), respectively. The sensitivity of FISH for the bile aspirate specimens was 23%, and the combined sensitivity of FISH for aspirate and brushing specimens was 35%. The specificity of FISH and cytology brushings were 91% and 98% (p= 0.06), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: FISH is significantly more sensitive than and nearly as specific as conventional cytology for the detection of malignant biliary strictures in biliary brushing specimens. FISH may improve the clinical management of patients who are being evaluated for malignancy in bile duct strictures.     

Endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) of the biliary and pancreatic ducts.

A new device with a brushing tube that can be introduced through the biopsy channel of the duodenoscope (Olympus JF B) used for cannulation of the papilla of Vater is reported. In 17 patients in whom ERCP had demonstrated ductal abnormalities, an endoscopic retrograde brush cytology (ERBC) was performed. A cytological diagnosis of malignancy was made in 8 patients and a possible malignancy in 2 cases. Seven cases were operated upon, and a malignant tumor was found in 6. In one case a malignant tumor was found at autopsy. Histological examination was performed in 6 cases and showed adenocarcinoma in all.. Two patients with malignant cells and ERCP-findings of suspected pancreatic carcinoma were not operated upon. The tumours were localized in 1 case to the papilla of Vater, in 2 to the biliary duct, in 4 to the pancreatic head, and in 2 cases to the pancreatic corpus. No complications occured. It is concluded that this technique provides information supplementary to that of other diagnostic procedures.