腰椎间盘突出症术后椎间隙感染的诊治

目的：探讨椎间盘术术后椎间隙急慢性感染的诊断和治疗方法。方法：椎间盘术后，通过临床查体，MRI检查，血常规，血沉，C反应蛋白等指标的检测，对椎间隙感染进行诊断，急性椎间盘感染的患者采用保守治疗，椎间隙引流等方法治疗：慢性椎间隙感染采用椎间隙病灶清除，植骨融合法手术治疗。结果：本组被诊断为椎间隙感染的患者主要表现为剧烈的腰痛，低热，血象升高，血沉加快，腰椎MRI出现特征性改变等表现。其中6例获得早期诊断，早期保守治疗效果良好。1例慢性感染合并腰椎不稳患者予以后路病灶，植骨内固定术，8例患者均症状改善，病愈出院。结论：椎间盘术后椎间隙感染应该早期渗断，并根据不同的类型采用相应的治疗。     

椎管内感染的分析与探讨

目的：探讨腰椎椎管内感染的临床症状及相关性分析和治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析1985年2月-2004年4月，15例腰椎椎管内感染的临床症状、体征、实验室检验和治疗效果。腰间盘突出症术后感染9例，椎弓根螺钉内固定术后1例，椎管减压术后2例，腰椎压缩性骨折后2例（保守治疗），硬膜外药物注射治疗1例。不明细菌感染12例，结核杆菌感染2例（抗结核治疗有效），霉菌感染1例（病理检查证实）。分别给予广谱抗生素治疗、抗结核治疗和抗霉菌治疗。结果：本组随访5个月～14年，9例腰腿痛症状完全消失，4例劳累后经常复发腰腿痛，1例常复发腰腿痛，生活完全能自理，1例不能参加工作，生活能自理，在家休养至今7年余。按腰椎术后日本N．Nakano和T．Nakano功能评定标准：优9例，良4例，可2例。结论：涉及椎管的疾病在保守治疗过程中或病人创伤后，出现腰腿痉挛性、阵发性抽痛是腰椎椎管内感染的最早体征，可作为早期诊断的主要依据。结合血沉明显增高及磁共振的表现，则可明确诊断。广谱的、有效的或针对性（经病理检查或诊断性用药有效）、足量地、持续地抗生素应用效果理想。     

腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的诊治分析

目的通过临床病例,探讨腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的诊治方法。方法分析手术后腰柞间隙感染5例的临床资料及特点,非手术治疗4例,手术治疗1例。治疗匕严格卧床,早期静脉联合应用大剂量抗生素,并适量给予少量激素。症状较重．非手术治疗无效者,尽甲行病灶清除术。结果5例椎间隙感染患者,其中非手术治疗4例,手术治疗1例。5例患者均住术后4～6周带腰围离床活动。随访6～18个月,4例恢复正常生活,1例遗有轻度腰痛和腰椎活动受限。结论依靠临床症状体征,结合ESR、CRP以及MRI检查可建立早期诊断,多数患者经保守治疗可以治愈,保守治疗1～2周无效,炎症扩散出现相应临床症状者,应及时行手术治疗。而且一旦出现感染,应早期诊断,早期处理。     

腰椎椎管内感染的分析

目的探讨腰椎椎管内感染的临床症状及相关性分析和治疗效果：方法同顾性分析本院1985年2月-2004年4月,15例腰椎椎管内感染的临床症状、体征、实验室检验和治疗效果。腰间盘突出症术后感染9例,椎弓根螺钉内固定术后1例,椎管减压术后2例,腰椎压缩性骨折后2例(保守治疗)。硬膜外药物注射治疗1例一不明细菌感染12例,结核菌感染2例(抗结核治疗有效),霉菌感染1例(病理检查证实)：分别给予广谱抗生素治疗、抗结核治疗和抗霉菌治疗：结果本组随访5个月～14年,按腰椎术后日本N．Nakano和T．Nakano功能评定标准;优9例,良4例,可2例。结论涉及椎管的治疗和创伤后,出现腰腿痉挛性、阵发性抽痛是腰椎椎管内感染的最早体征,可作为早期诊断的主要依据,结合血沉明显增高及磁共振的表现,可明确诊断,广谱的、有效、足量的、抗菌素应用效果理想。     

手术后腰椎间隙感染的诊断和治疗

目的 探讨腰椎间盘突出术后椎间隙感染诊断和治疗。方法 分析手术后腰椎间隙感染9例的临床资料及特点,保守治疗7例,再手术治疗2例。结果 随访1－3年,8例恢复正常生活,1例仍有腰痛和活动受限。结论 早期确诊较困难,CRP是敏感性指标之一,保守治疗可取得良好疗效。     

不明原因性腰椎间隙感染6例诊治分析

目的：探讨不明原因性腰椎间隙感染诊治经验?方法：本组6例就诊前无1例得到正确诊断：6例中1例行保守治疗，5例行经腹膜后入路切开、病灶清除术。经10个月～3年随诊，术前症状消失疗效满意，无1例复发，4例腰椎后凸畸形较术前进展。结论：不明原因性腰椎间隙化脓性感染与结核鉴别困难，病灶清除术可获满意疗效，Ⅰ期后路内固定植骨可避免术后后凸畸形加重。     

腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染

作者报告了近１５年收治的腰椎间隙感染１３例，其中３例曾误诊为腰椎结核和椎体肿瘤。１１例经保守治愈，２例手术治愈。病变间隙：Ｌ３４２例，Ｌ４５８例，Ｌ５Ｓ１３例。行同位素骨扫描６例，腰椎ＣＴ扫描８例，ＭＲＩ检查５例，腰椎Ｘ线断层５例，均有腰椎系列Ｘ线平片。作者认为：本病因以细菌感染可能性大，反应蛋白和血沉可作为预示感染和观察疗效的指标，ＭＲＩ、ＣＴ、ＥＣＴ、Ｘ线检查具有诊断价值，ＭＲＩ将本病与腰椎结核、椎体肿瘤及退变加以鉴别，多数患者经保守治疗可以治愈，对有神经受损症状、保守治疗无效、椎体破坏超过５０％者，应行病灶清除术或植骨融合，经皮髓核摘除术具有明确诊断和治疗作用。     

成人原发性椎间盘炎（8例报告与文献复习）

本文报告了成人原发性椎间盘炎８例，其中男５例，女３例，年龄平均４４．５岁。病变间隙：Ｌ１～２１例，Ｌ２～３４例，Ｌ３～Ｌ４３例。入院前误诊为腰椎结核２例，椎体肿瘤３例。病因有三大学说即：细菌感染、无菌性炎症和自身免疫性反应，多数倾向于血源性细菌感染。讨论了临床特点、诊断与鉴别诊断及治疗问题。作者认为ＣＲＰ和ＥＳＲ较体温血象更敏感、更准确，可作为观察疗效的有效指标。本病应与腰椎结核、椎体肿瘤及退行性改变加以鉴别，ＭＲＩ有助于本病的诊断。保守治疗以卧床、大剂量广谱抗菌素治疗为主。经皮椎间盘镜行病灶清除及活检术有助于诊断和治疗。对椎体破坏超过５０％有神经受损症状、保守治疗无效者，手术病灶清除术同时可植骨融合，以增加脊柱稳定性。     

腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的防治

目的：探讨腰椎间盘术后椎间隙感染的病因、临床、诊治及预防等方面的问题。方法：分析１１例腰椎间盘术后并发椎间隙感染的临床资料。结果：经３０天～１３９ 天,平均７５．５天的保守治疗,所有病人均达痊愈。结论：医源性感染和病人抵抗力低下是该并发症最重要的致病因素,长时间顽固性难治性腰痛、活动受限是其主要特点。其诊断主要依赖于临床表现血沉加快,腰椎Ｘ线、ＣＴ扫描及ＭＲＩ检查等。强调早期发现和保守治疗。严格遵守无菌原则,合理使用抗生素是预防该病的关键。     

原发性腰椎间隙感染的诊断和治疗

目的:探讨原发性腰椎间隙感染的诊断及治疗.方法:2004年8月～2008年12月收治10例原发性腰椎间隙感染患者,男6例,女4例,年龄26～79岁,平均52岁.轻度腰痛3例,腰痛伴下肢放射痛2例,仅有腰部剧痛5例,体温37.8℃～41.0℃,平均38.3℃.有糖尿病史4例,发病前前列腺有创检查2例、尿路感染2例.血白细胞计数正常6例,增高4例;均有血沉(ESR)和C-反应蛋白(CRP)增高;术前血液和尿液细菌培养阳性各1例,分别为金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠埃希杆菌.病变节段L2/3和L3/4 1例,LA/5 5例,L5/S1 4例.CT检查发现相邻椎体边缘不规则骨质破坏9例(其中1例L5椎弓根破坏),MRI T1像示病变椎间盘呈不均匀低信号影、MRI T2像为均匀的高信号影9例,椎间盘信号异常伴椎管内占位1例.5例诊断为原发性腰椎间隙感染,予绝对卧床和抗生素治疗,其中3例年轻患者保守治疗有效而未行手术,2例保守治疗无效而行手术治疗;3例诊为结核,2例诊为肿瘤,均行手术;7例手术患者术后均行病理检查及抗生素治疗.结果:7例术后病理检查均提示感染.随访8～24个月,平均18个月.3例保守治疗1周后腰痛缓解,6周后ESR和CRP恢复正常,治愈后12个月随访时腰椎X线片检查提示病变节段无脊柱不稳.7例手术治疗患者术后2～5d腰痛减轻,2周左右消失,2～3周后体温、ESR和CRP恢复正常;植骨均骨性融合,平均融合时间为3-4个月(3～5个月),无内固定松动和断裂.1例术后6个月邻近椎间隙出现感染,其余均在术后5个月恢复正常生活和工作.结论:原发性腰椎间隙感染临床症状缺乏特异性,早期易误诊.对年轻患者,可行保守治疗.对保守治疗效果不佳或症状较重者,手术治疗是安全有效的治疗方法.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.