胎儿双主动脉弓的超声心动图特征

目的 总结分析胎儿双主动脉弓的超声心动图特征,探讨产前超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓的应用价值。方法 回顾性分析我院经产前超声心动图诊断为双主动脉弓胎儿的超声心动图及临床资料,分析超声心动图特征,随访产后诊断结果,总结产前超声心动图诊断经验。 结果 共计17例胎儿产前超声心动图诊断为双主动脉弓,其中右弓优势型11例,对称型6例;合并室间隔缺损1例,合并双上腔静脉并冠状静脉增宽2例,无合并其他心内畸形14例;出生6例,终止妊娠2例,9例失访;出生后出现症状2例,无症状4例;接受手术治疗1例。与胎龄相匹配的正常胎儿比较,病例组胎儿的左右心房内径、左右心室内径、卵圆孔大小、升主动脉与肺动脉内径及峰值流速差异均无统计学意义（p＞0.05）。双主动脉弓胎儿典型的超声心动图特征表现为：（1）在三血管-气管（3VT）切面显示两条主动脉,将气管与食管包绕,并与动脉导管形成“9”字形血管环;（2）在3VT切面均显示左位动脉导管;（3）升主动脉冠状切面可见升主动脉发出两条主动脉弓,降主动脉冠状切面可见两条主动脉弓汇入降主动脉;（4）主动脉弓长轴切面可见左、右主动脉弓各发出两个分支;（5）3VT向头侧连续扫查显示两条主动脉弓及分支走行。结论 双主动脉弓胎儿具有独特的产前超声心动图特征,三血管-气管切面对诊断胎儿双主动脉弓具有重要意义,发现左、右两个主动脉弓及分支走行是诊断的关键。     

右位主动脉弓胎儿超声心动图诊断分析

目的总结右位主动脉弓胎儿超声心动图表现及其血管特征.方法对26例超声心动图诊断为右位主动脉弓胎儿的超声心动图表现进行总结分析并观察其临床结局.结果26例右位主动脉弓胎儿中12例为孤立右位主动脉弓,2例为双主动脉弓,2例合并永存左上腔静脉,7例合并法洛四联症,3例合并永存动脉干.26例右位主动脉弓胎儿超声心动图均在上纵隔三血管气管观作出诊断.其中21例为右位主动脉弓合并迷走左锁骨下动脉、左位动脉导管,形成围绕气管食管的“U”字形血管环;2例双主动脉弓形成围绕气管食管的“O”字形血管环;3例无上述典型超声心动图图像特征.26例中12例活产儿经产后超声心动图或X线检查证实为右位主动脉弓;2例双主动脉弓经外院胎儿磁共振检查证实为右位主动脉弓;10例合并复杂先天性心脏病的胎儿均引产(6例尸体解剖检查证实为右位主动脉弓,4例未行尸体解剖检查);2例失访.结论胎儿右位主动脉弓有特征性超声表现,上纵隔三血管气管观可作为诊断胎儿右位主动脉弓的主要切面观;右位主动脉弓可孤立存在或同时合并其他心脏畸形.     

胎儿双主动脉弓的超声心动图特征分析

目的总结分析胎儿双主动脉弓的超声心动图特征,探讨产前超声心动图对其的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析我院17例经产前超声心动图诊断为双主动脉弓胎儿(病例组)和与其胎龄相匹配的17例正常健康胎儿(对照组)的超声心动图及临床资料,分析双主动脉弓超声心动图特征,并随访产后诊断结果。结果 17例胎儿产前超声心动图诊断为双主动脉弓,其中右弓优势型11例(1例左弓闭锁),对称型6例;合并室间隔缺损1例,合并双上腔静脉并冠状静脉增宽2例,余未合并其他心内畸形。出生6例,终止妊娠2例,失访9例。出生后有临床症状2例,无症状4例;接受手术治疗1例。对照组与病例组胎儿的左右心房内径、左右心室内径、卵圆孔大小、升主动脉与肺动脉内径及峰值流速比较,差异均无统计学意义。双主动脉弓胎儿典型的超声心动图特征表现为:①三血管-气管(3VT)切面显示两条主动脉,将气管与食管包绕,并与动脉导管形成"9"字形或"O"字形血管环;②3VT切面均显示左位动脉导管;③升主动脉冠状切面可见升主动脉发出两条主动脉弓,降主动脉冠状切面可见两条主动脉弓汇入降主动脉;④主动脉弓长轴切面可见左、右主动脉弓各发出两个分支;⑤3VT切面向头侧连续扫查显示两条主动脉弓及分支走行。结论双主动脉弓胎儿具有独特的产前超声心动图特征,3VT切面对诊断胎儿双主动脉弓具有重要意义,发现左、右两个主动脉弓及分支走行是诊断的关键。     

胎儿右位主动脉弓产前超声诊断、妊娠结局及漏误诊分析

目的探讨并总结胎儿右位主动脉弓（RAA）超声图像特征、鉴别诊断方法,分析其漏误诊原因,提高胎儿RAA产前超声诊断准确率。 方法选取2014年1月至2017年12月黑龙江省哈尔滨市红十字中心医院31例经产后小儿超声心动图检查、手术或引产后尸体解剖病理证实的胎儿RAA病例,总结胎儿RAA及其合并圆锥动脉干畸形产前超声图像特征、鉴别诊断方法,分析其漏误诊原因并随访其妊娠结局。应用胎儿心脏标准超声切面的灰阶和彩色多普勒血流成像,进行胎儿心脏系统超声检查。当三血管气管切面（3VT）发现主动脉弓位于气管右侧时,再获取气管及其分支冠状切面进一步明确主动脉弓、动脉导管弓与气管的位置关系。 结果产前超声诊断41例胎儿RAA,活产20例,引产15例,失访6例;产后证实31例,产前超声正确诊断25例（25/31,80.65%）,漏误诊6例（6/31,19.35%）。2例左位主动脉弓产前超声均未获取胎儿气管及其分支冠状切面,在3VT切面将支气管横断面误认为气管横断面而误诊为RAA,2例RAA伴左锁骨下动脉迷走（ALSA）左位动脉导管（LDA）,将左颈总动脉误认为发育不良的左弓而误诊为双主动脉弓（DAA）,2例RAA合并心脏圆锥动脉干畸形产前超声漏诊RAA。31例胎儿RAA在3VT切面显示主动脉弓位于气管右侧,不同类型的胎儿RAA在3VT切面形成血管环或无血管环。胎儿RAA合并圆锥动脉干畸形在3VT切面和气管及其分支冠状切面有不同超声表现。20例活产胎儿中13例孤立性RAA、2例合并永存左上腔、1例合并2~3腰椎椎体融合、2例合并室间隔缺损手术治疗、最大年龄随访至3岁半,无呼吸道消化道压迫症状,小儿状态良好。1例IDD型矫正型大动脉转位并RAA,未经手术治疗,目前小儿11个月,状态良好。1例合并食道闭锁产后14 d新生儿死亡。6例行胎儿染色体核型检查,5例染色体核型正常,1例合并心内外严重多发畸形胎儿染色体核型检查为18-三体。 结论3VT切面是诊断胎儿RAA的主要切面,联合应用气管及其分支冠状切面可提高产前超声诊断准确率。单纯性RAA多数预后好、RAA合并严重心内外畸形预后与其合并畸形严重程度有关。     

Berry综合征的产前超声心动图及病理解剖诊断研究

目的探讨Berry综合征产前超声心动图及病理解剖异常特征。 方法对2012年8月至2015年10月在广西壮族自治区妇幼保健院产前超声诊断的3例Berry综合征胎儿声像图特征进行分析,结合文献对引产后胎儿标本心脏解剖异常所见与产前超声心动图特点进行对照研究。 结果3例Berry综合征均因三血管气管观（3VT）首先发现主动脉弓异常和主动脉弓缩窄1例,主动脉弓离断2例。三血管肺动脉分支观（3VP）均显示主-肺动脉间隔远端缺损,右肺动脉起源于升主动脉,左肺动脉起源于主肺动脉,在此切面上升主动脉、主肺动脉、左肺动脉及右肺动脉可呈"羊角征"特征性声像改变;彩色多普勒显示主-肺动脉间隔缺损处均可测及主动脉至肺动脉分流信号。2例胎儿产前超声心动图诊断与引产标本心脏解剖病理诊断结果相符合,1例胎儿引产后未行病理解剖检查。 结论Berry综合征在三血管肺动脉分支具有特征性声像表现,三血管肺动脉分支观结合三血管气管观可对Berry综合征进行诊断。     

27例胎儿右位主动脉弓产前超声诊断分析

目的分析右位主动脉弓胎儿的产前超声特征,提高产前超声检出率。方法回顾性分析我院产后确诊的27例胎儿右位主动脉弓产前超声特征及合并畸形情况。结果 27例右位主动脉弓胎儿经尸体解剖11例,经产后行新生儿超声心动图16例,结果证实产前误诊1例,漏诊3例。27例中右位主动脉弓并左锁骨下动脉迷走、左位动脉导管合并血管环形成12例;镜面右位主动脉弓、左或右位动脉导管14例,其中合并血管环形成2例;双主动脉弓1例。大部分镜面右位主动脉弓合并其他心内结构畸形,部分合并心外畸形;右位主动脉弓并左锁骨下动脉迷走、左位动脉导管或双主动脉弓较少合并心内结构畸形。结论右位主动脉弓胎儿在产前有特征性超声表现,3VT切面是诊断右位主动脉弓畸形的有效切面,镜面右位主动脉弓常合并其他心内结构畸形。     

产前超声心动图诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常与合并畸形的临床价值

目的：探讨产前超声心动图在诊断胎儿主动脉弓先天发育异常中的可能性和诊断价值,分析在胎儿期的常见类型及合并心内畸形情况,提高对该种疾病的产前诊断率。方法：回顾性分析我院经超声心动图检查明确诊断的先天性心脏病胎儿304例,其中主动脉弓先天发育异常37例。结果：37例胎儿复杂主动脉弓畸形中主动脉弓缩窄22例,主动脉弓离断2例,先天性动脉环11例（右位主动脉弓9例、双主动脉弓2例）,升主动脉闭锁2例。其中同时合并其他心脏畸形24例。结论：产前超声心动图是诊断胎儿主动脉弓畸形的重要方法;主动脉弓先天发育异常合并其他心内畸形发生率高;胎儿主动脉弓先天发育异常中以主动脉弓缩窄最为多见;合并最多的心内畸形是室间隔缺损,共15例;右位主动脉弓在先天性动脉环畸形中发生率最高。     

产前超声心动图诊断左无名静脉走行异常的临床意义

目的 ：探讨左无名静脉（Left innominate vein,LINV）走行异常产前超声心动图诊断的临床意义。方法 ：对33例LINV走行异常胎儿产前超声心动图三血管观及三血管气管观LINV走行及与周边组织的关系进行观察，总结分析LINV走行异常的产前超声心动图特征。结果：本研究33例胎儿LINV均未走行于胸腺后方、主动脉弓上方，其中18例胎儿走行于主动脉弓下，合并法洛四联症3例，合并右位主动脉弓1例，合并室间隔缺损1例；12例胎儿走行于胸腺内；2例胎儿走行于胸腺前；1例胎儿走行于气管后。结论：LINV走行异常在三血管观及三血管气管观具有特征声像图表现，产前超声心动图诊断LINV走行异常对生后心脏介入手术或心外手术方式的选择有临床意义。     

产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的应用价值

目的探讨产前超声诊断胎儿主动脉弓发育异常的应用价值。方法选取45例主动脉弓发育异常的胎儿,获取以下标准切面的超声图像:四腔心切面、左右室流出道切面、三血管切面、三血管气管(3VT)切面、主动脉弓长轴切面、上下腔静脉切面、气管及支气管冠状切面、胸主动脉上段冠状切面,各切面叠加彩色多普勒超声,重点观察主动脉弓位置、内径、形态及血流方向。结果 45例主动脉弓发育异常胎儿均经产后证实,其中主动脉弓缩窄15例(13例合并心内畸形,6例合并心外畸形);主动脉弓离断3例(均合并心内畸形);右位主动脉弓并迷走左锁骨下动脉、左位动脉导管12例(1例合并心内畸形);镜面右位主动脉弓14例(7例合并心内畸形,4例合并心外畸形);双主动脉弓1例(未合并心内畸形)。结论主动脉弓离断、主动脉弓缩窄、镜面右位主动脉弓常合并心内畸形,部分合并心外畸形,产前明确主动脉弓发育异常及其合并心内、心外畸形情况,对于评价胎儿预后有重要指导意义。     

产前超声检查胎儿右位主动脉弓的诊断价值及分析

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿右位主动脉弓的诊断价值,以提高产前诊断率。方法 回顾性总结在我院产前超声诊断的33例右位主动脉弓胎儿的超声资料及随访结果,并对产 后超声心动图检查或引产后尸检结果进行比较,对其超声特征进行总结分析。结果 33例产 前诊断的胎儿右位主动脉弓病例,19例为单纯性右位主动脉弓,10例伴有其他心内畸形,4 例伴有心外畸形,所有病例均在三血管气管切面上有异常图像,且随访结果均证实存在右位 主动脉弓。结论 产前超声检查对诊断右位主动脉弓具有明确诊断价值,三血管气管切面是 超声诊断胎儿右位主动脉弓的重要切面,具有特征性表现,扫查时需注意血管走行,避免漏 诊误诊。     

超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓的价值

目的探讨超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓的临床价值。方法 8例双主动脉弓胎儿,超声对各切面超声特点进行分析。结果超声心动图诊断胎儿双主动脉弓6例,5例为右弓稍大于左弓,1例为左右弓内径基本相同。1例胎儿同时合并其他心内畸形,核型分析为21-三体。左、右侧主动脉弓上分别发出两支头臂动脉。超声心动图漏诊2例,为左弓内径明显小于右弓。结论胎儿双主动脉弓在三血管-气管切面显示,由左弓和右弓包绕气管形成的完全血管环,左弓和右弓上均仅见两支头臂动脉发出。超声心动图对胎儿双主动脉弓早期检出具有重要的临床价值。     

胎儿完全性血管环的产前超声诊断研究

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿完全性血管环的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析6例经引产后尸检证实的完全性血管环胎儿的产前超声表现,总结其声像图特点。结果 5例为右位主动脉弓伴左侧动脉导管构成的完整血管环;1例为双主动脉弓构成的完整血管环。在三血管-气管平面显示5例主动脉弓走行在气管右侧,与左侧动脉导管在气管后方交汇,构成“U”形动脉弓,包绕气管;1例主动脉弓在气管前呈“Y”形分支走行在气管两侧并在气管后方汇合,构成“O”形动脉环,包绕气管。结论 产前超声诊断胎儿双主动脉弓及右位主动脉弓伴左侧动脉导管构成的完全性血管环具有重要临床价值。三血管-气管平面是产前超声诊断胎儿血管环的重要切面。     

产前超声三血管多切面和主动脉冠状及矢状切面诊断胎儿先天性血管环

目的 观察产前超声三血管多切面和主动脉冠状及矢状切面诊断胎儿先天性血管环的价值。方法 回顾性分析42胎经产前超声诊断的先天性血管环胎儿,于超声三血管多切面、主动脉冠状及矢状切面观察上腔静脉、主动脉弓、肺动脉及动脉导管与气管的位置关系等,并结合产后随访结果分析各切面用于诊断胎儿先天性血管环的价值。结果 42胎中,19胎为右位主动脉弓,其中16胎为右位主动脉弓+迷走左锁骨下动脉+左侧动脉导管,3胎为右位主动脉弓伴镜像分支+左侧动脉导管;17胎为左位主动脉弓伴迷走右锁骨下动脉;3胎为双主动脉弓,其中2胎为右弓优势型、1胎为均衡型;3胎为肺动脉吊带。15胎合并心内畸形。8名孕妇因胎儿染色体异常终止妊娠,9名孕妇于外院分娩而失访;25例新生儿超声心动图或CTA所见均与产前检查结果相符。结论 产前超声三血管多切面结合主动脉冠状及矢状切面有助于检出胎儿先天性血管环。     

Fetal echocardiographic diagnosis of vascular rings.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this series is to describe the prenatal echocardiographic findings of vascular rings. METHODS: The 3-vessel and trachea view consists of the axial view of the upper mediastinum. The normal left aortic arch appears as a V-shaped confluence of the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, with the trachea situated posterior and to the right. No vessel should encircle the trachea. The diagnoses of vascular rings were made prenatally and were confirmed in all patients postnatally. RESULTS: Six fetuses had diagnoses of vascular rings. The mean gestational age at diagnosis was 23.3 weeks (range, 18-31 weeks). The indications for fetal echocardiography were family history of congenital heart disease, echogenic focus in the left ventricle, and abnormal 4-chamber view. There were 2 fetuses with a double aortic arch; 3 fetuses with a right aortic arch, an aberrant left subclavian artery, and a left ductus arteriosus; and 1 with a right circumflex aortic arch with a left ductus arteriosus and an aberrant left subclavian artery. Two fetuses had associated structural cardiac defects, 1 with an unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect and trisomy 21 and the other with a double-outlet right ventricle, pulmonary atresia, and multiple other congenital anomalies. CONCLUSIONS: Vascular rings can be accurately diagnosed prenatally with recognition of a vascular structure that courses around the trachea and absence of the usual V-shaped relationship of the aortic and ductal arches. The color Doppler findings and the presence of a ductus arteriosus aid in identifying various components of the vascular ring.     

Anomalies of the fetal aortic arch: a novel sonographic approach to in-utero diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: To describe a novel, sonographic approach for in-utero evaluation of normal and abnormal aortic arch. METHODS: Aortic arch was evaluated by imaging of the axial view of the upper fetal mediastinum. The normal left aortic arch was defined by the V-shaped appearance of the junction between the ductus arteriosus and aortic arch, with the trachea situated posteriorly. Right and double aortic arches were diagnosed when the great vessels appeared U-shaped, with intermediate location of the trachea. RESULTS: Between 1997 and 1999, 18 347 women were scanned in three prenatal centers, and pathological findings were prospectively recorded. In a retrospective analysis of the records, we identified 19 fetuses (0.1%) with atypical, U-shaped appearance, and no other structural abnormalities present. With the exception of one fetus with a ventricular septal defect, no congenital cardiac defects were present. Right aortic arch was found in 18 cases, while color Doppler made it possible to diagnose one case with double aortic arch, and one fetus was demonstrated as having Kommerell's diverticulum. In all 18 cases, a left descending aorta and left ductus arteriosus were present, the latter coursing to the left of the trachea, forming a loose partial vascular ring. All were asymptomatic at birth and early infancy. The fetus with double aortic arch that had a true vascular ring underwent early infantile correction. CONCLUSIONS: It is possible to diagnose right and double fetal aortic arch using prenatal ultrasound. The use of color Doppler facilitated in-utero evaluation of possible complications, such as true vascular ring.     

Prenatal double aortic arch presenting with a right aortic arch and an anomalous artery arising from the ascending aorta

Double aortic arch is a rare anomaly of the aortic arch and this may cause tracheal damage by compressing the trachea during the first year of life. We report here on three fetal cases of double aortic arch and their outcomes. These malformations presented as an isolated right aortic arch or as a typical vascular ring form on the prenatal echocardiography that was obtained between 22 and 24 weeks gestation. In two of the three patients, the major intracardiac anomaly was a ventricular septal defect, and this was associated with the aortic malformation. A more detailed evaluation of the branching pattern of the aorta, and particularly whether the aorta gives off a left-sided limb of the double arch, could suggest the diagnosis of a double aortic arch in utero. Two patients underwent successful surgical correction and they showed good clinical outcomes. Fetal double aortic arch can be prenatally suspected after performing fetal echocardiography for those fetuses that show a right side aortic arch, and this can help to avoid delaying the postnatal management of this rare anomaly.     

胎儿先天性矫正型大动脉转位的产前超声心动图诊断

目的探讨并总结胎儿先天性矫正型大动脉转位（cc-TGA）产前超声心动图图像特征。 方法回顾分析2011年1月至2017年12月黑龙江省哈尔滨市红十字中心医院行产前超声心动图诊断,并经引产后病理解剖或产后小儿超声心动图确诊的5例cc-TGA胎儿超声心动图影像,总结其超声心动图特征、诊断及鉴别诊断方法。 结果5例cc-TGA胎儿中,4例引产后病理解剖证实为cc-TGA SLL型;1例活产后经小儿超声心动图证实为cc-TGA IDD型,小儿产后90 d状态良好。5例cc-TGA胎儿中2例行胎儿染色体检查,染色体核型正常。5例cc-TGA胎儿产前超声心动图四腔心切面与上腹部横切面联合应用、左右心室流出道切面、主动脉弓与动脉导管弓切面、三血管切面、三血管气管切面具有特征性表现。产前超声心动图显示5例cc-TGA胎儿合并多种心内外畸形：4例SLL型胎儿中3例合并室间隔缺损,2例合并肺动脉闭锁,1例合并肺动脉狭窄,2例合并永存左上腔,2例合并房室瓣返流,1例合并心内膜垫缺损;1例SLL型胎儿合并心外多发畸形,包括双侧脑积水、脊柱裂、双侧足内翻;1例IDD型胎儿合并心内多发畸形,包括室间隔缺损、肺动脉轻度狭窄、右位主动脉弓,合并心外畸形有腹腔脏器镜像反位。 结论掌握cc-TGA各切面超声心动图特征可以有效发现、诊断本病。胎儿cc-TGA预后差异很大,取决于相关缺陷的严重程度。     

Diagnosis of fetal ductus arteriosus aneurysm: importance of the three-vessel view.

OBJECTIVE: To present four cases of ductus arteriosus aneurysm (DAA) detected by fetal echocardiography and highlight the value of the three-vessel view in the diagnosis of DAA. METHODS: In addition to the standard fetal echocardiographic views, we examined the three-vessel view in four cases of DAA. The three-vessel view was achieved by sliding the transducer cranially from the four-chamber plane toward the fetal upper mediastinum to demonstrate cross-sections of the main pulmonary artery, the ascending aorta and superior vena cava arranged in a straight line from the left anterior to the right posterior aspect of the mediastinum. DAA was diagnosed when there was a tortuous ductus arteriosus with a dilation that protruded leftward of the aortic arch. CASE SERIES: In the first case, an insulin-dependent diabetic woman underwent fetal ultrasound examination at 36 weeks' gestation showing right-to-left cardiac disproportion and bidirectional flow in the aorta and main pulmonary artery (PA). The three-vessel view showed a dilated ductus arteriosus (DA) which was stenosed at its distal end. In the second case, a woman had fetal ultrasound scans at 38 and 39 weeks' gestation for suspected intrauterine growth restriction and oligohydramnios. The scans identified an abnormal aortic arch and the three-vessel view showed an elongated vascular structure at the distal end of the PA, which was the DAA. In the third case, a woman with a high-risk obstetric history had multiple scans showing an abnormal PA to aorta relationship, with an apparent 'kink' in the PA. The three-vessel view clarified that this was the DAA. In the fourth case, a woman was scanned because of a 3-kg weight gain in 1 week. The fetal ultrasound scan showed moderate polyhydramnios with normal fetal growth and normal intracardiac anatomy and flow, and the three-vessel view demonstrated a large DA. In each of these cases, the DAA appeared to have occurred in isolation with non-specific clinical findings. CONCLUSION: We advocate the use of the three-vessel view, in conjunction with the standard echocardiography views currently employed, to assist in the diagnosis of DAA.