Is CT scan a predictor of instability in recurrent dislocation shoulder?

Purpose: Glenoid bone defect and the defect on the posterior-superior surface of the humerus “HillSachs lesion” are the commonly seen bony lesions in patients with recurrent dislocation shoulder. Computed tomography (CT) scan is considered as the best option in assessing the bony defects in the recurrent dislocation shoulder. The aim of this study was to assess the clinical and radiological corelation in the patients with recurrent dislocation shoulder. Methods: Forty-four patients of recurrent dislocation shoulder who were evaluated between January 2015 and December 2017 at a tertiary care center, clinically and radiologically using CT scan and meeting the inclusion criteria, were included. The correlation between the clinical history of the number of dislocations and the bone loss using CT scan was evaluated. Two sided statistical tests were performed at a significance level of a = 0.05. The analysis was conducted using IBM SPSS STATISTICS (version 22.0). Results: All the patients were male with mean age of 25.95 (SD ± 4.2) years were evaluated. Twenty-four patients sustained injury in sporting activities while 20 patients sustained injury in training. There were an average of 4.68 (SD ± 3.1, range 2-15, median 3) episodes of dislocation. Forty-one patients had the glenoid bone loss while 40 had the Hill-Sachs lesions. The mean glenoid width defect was 10.80% (range 0-27%) while the mean Hill-Sachs defect was 14.27 mm (range 0-26.6 mm). The mean area of bone loss of the glenoid surface was 10.81% (range 0-22.4%). The lesions were on track in 34 patients and off track in 10 patients. Conclusions: CT scan of the shoulder joint is an effective method for assessing the amount of bone loss. The number of dislocations are correlated significantly with off-track lesions and the amount of bone loss on the glenoid and Hill-Sachs lesion. The glenoid width bone loss of more than 9.80% or Hill-Sachs defect of more than 14.80 mm are the critical defects after which the frequency of dislocations increases.     

复发性肩关节前脱位的临床病理表现

目的通过肩关节镜全面了解复发性肩关节前脱位的临床病理表现。方法52例复发性肩关节前脱位患者行关节镜检查,男38例,女14例;年龄16～49岁,平均24.7岁;脱位次数3～15次,平均7.4次。除2例癫痫外,其余50例患者在全麻下行平移试验及Sulcus试验,依照Hawkins分类系统记录试验结果,如果向前、后、下移位超过2°,则为肩关节松弛。50例患者中,32例肩关节松弛,归为关节松弛组,男22例,女10例;18例无肩关节松弛,为单纯创伤性复发性前脱位,归为单纯创伤组,男14例,女4例。记录镜下病理改变并对比两组镜下病理改变的差异。结果51例患者有前下盂唇损伤,50例有Hill-Sachs损伤,32例有肱二头肌腱炎症或损伤,30例有前下盂骨、软骨的损伤,29例有SLAP损伤,7例有肩袖损伤。前下盂唇损伤时,单纯创伤组磨损消失较多(P=0.055),关节松弛组ALPSA损伤较多(59.4%对38.9%,P=0.164)。单纯创伤组前下盂软骨及骨损伤较多(P=0.083,P=0.052)。Hill-Sachs损伤,在关节松弛组以浅或软骨性损伤为主,在单纯创伤组以较宽深或骨性损伤为主。结论复发性肩关节前脱位最常见的病理改变依次为:前下盂唇损伤,Hill-Sachs损伤,肱二头肌腱炎症或损伤,前下盂的骨、软骨损伤,SLAP损伤,肩袖损伤。肩关节松弛伴肩关节复发性前脱位患者镜下病理改变相对较轻。     

The relationship between Hill-Sachs lesion and recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation

The relationship between the number of shoulder dislocations and the depth and percent of head involvement of the Hill-Sachs lesions was investigated in this study. Thirty patients with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder were divided into three groups according to the numbers of dislocations they had presented: Group 1: 1 to 5 dislocations ; Group 2: 6 to 20; Group 3: over 20. The mean percentage of head involvement was 11.9% in the first group, 25.4% in the second group and 26% in the third group of patients with Hill-Sachs lesions. The average depth of the Hill-Sachs lesions was 4.14 mm in the first group, 5.13 mm in the second group and 4.38 mm in the third group. Based on these findings, it appears that there is a correlation between the number of dislocations and the extent and depth of the Hill-Sachs lesions. Surgical treatment should therefore be performed as early as possible in patients with recurrent anterior dislocation of the shoulder, in order to prevent progression of the Hill-Sachs lesion which can become by itself a cause of instability.     

Double Hill-Sachs lesion: a report of two cases

Hill-Sachs lesions are common after anterior dislocation of the shoulder. We present two cases of uncommon double Hill-Sachs lesions composed of a typical Hill-Sachs lesion and an atypical extra compression fracture with a rim of normal cartilage in between. Both patients had two anterior shoulder dislocations before surgery. These case reports show that recurrent posttraumatic anterior glenohumeral dislocations can result in increased damage to the humeral cartilage.     

Traumatic glenohumeral bone defects and their relationship to failure of arthroscopic Bankart repairs: Significance of the inverted-pear glenoid and the humeral engaging Hill-Sachs lesion

Purpose: Our goal was to analyze the results of 194 consecutive arthroscopic Bankart repairs (performed by 2 surgeons with an identical suture anchor technique) in order to identify specific factors related to recurrence of instability. Type of Study: Case series. Materials and Methods: We analyzed 194 consecutive arthroscopic Bankart repairs by suture anchor technique performed for traumatic anterior-inferior instability. The average follow-up was 27 months (range, 14 to 79 months). There were 101 contact athletes (96 South African rugby players and 5 American football players). We identified significant bone defects on either the humerus or the glenoid as (1) “inverted-pear” glenoid, in which the normally pear-shaped glenoid had lost enough anterior-inferior bone to assume the shape of an inverted pear; or (2) “engaging” Hill-Sachs lesion of the humerus, in which the orientation of the Hill-Sachs lesion was such that it engaged the anterior glenoid with the shoulder in abduction and external rotation. Results: There were 21 recurrent dislocations and subluxations (14 dislocations, 7 subluxations). Of those 21 shoulders with recurrent instability, 14 had significant bone defects (3 engaging Hill-Sachs and 11 inverted-pear Bankart lesions). For the group of patients without significant bone defects (173 shoulders), there were 7 recurrences (4% recurrence rate). For the group with significant bone defects (21 patients), there were 14 recurrences (67% recurrence rate). For contact athletes without significant bone defects, there was a 6.5% recurrence rate, whereas for contact athletes with significant bone defects, there was an 89% recurrence rate. Conclusions: (1) Arthroscopic Bankart repairs give results equal to open Bankart repairs if there are no significant structural bone deficits (engaging Hill-Sachs or inverted-pear Bankart lesions). (2) Patients with significant bone deficits as defined in this study are not candidates for arthroscopic Bankart repair. (3) Contact athletes without structural bone deficits may be treated by arthroscopic Bankart repair. However, contact athletes with bone deficiency require open surgery aimed at their specific anatomic deficiencies. (4) For patients with significant glenoid bone loss, the surgeon should consider reconstruction by means of the Latarjet procedure, using a large coracoid bone graft.Arthroscopy: The Journal of Arthroscopic and Related surgery, Vol 16, No 7 (October), 2000: pp 677–694     

三维CT测量肩关节复发前脱位肩胛盂轨迹的可靠性研究

目的:本研究旨在评估三维CT测量肩盂轨迹的可靠性和可重复性.方法:由3位独立观察者(肩关节专科医生)通过三维CT评估60例单侧肩关节复发前脱位患者的肩胛盂及Hill-Sachs骨缺损情况,并按Di Giacomo等的方法,将损伤分类,制定手术方案.所有观察者在1周后重复测量.采用组内相关系数(intraclass co...     

Traumatic Shoulder Dislocation With Combined Bankart Lesion and Humeral Avulsion of the Glenohumeral Ligament in a Professional Basketball Player: Three-Year Follow-up of Surgical Stabilization

Traumatic anterior shoulder instability has been well documented to have associated lesions such as a Bankart tear, humeral avulsion of the glenohumeral ligament (HAGL), Hill-Sachs lesion, fracture, and nerve injury. To our knowledge, the combined Bankart and HAGL injury in a single acute anterior shoulder dislocation has not yet been reported. We describe a traumatic first-time anterior-inferior shoulder dislocation in a professional basketball player with a combined Bankart and HAGL lesion. The patient underwent arthroscopic Bankart repair followed by open repair of the HAGL lesion with an open capsular shift reconstruction. At 3 years' follow-up, the patient had returned to an elite level of play, with an excellent outcome.     

Frische und habituelle Luxationen des Schultergelenkes

In case of the most common anterior-inferior dislocation of the shoulder joint the humeral head is forced out of the glenoidal cavity and tears the capsule. In about 20% of cases the dislocation is complicated by tears of the rotatory cuff, avulsion fractures and lesions of vessels and nerves. Reduction as soon as possible according to the method of Arlt or Hippokrates is recommended to avoid further damage. X-ray examination in 2 directions is necessary to confirm the position of the head. Clinical examination must be done to detect lesions of nerves or vessels caused by the procedure. In cases of recurrent dislocation a Hill-Sachs lesion and/or a Bankart lesion is responsible for instability of the shoulder joint. The elevation of the margin of the glenoid by autologous bone grafting (Eden-Hybinette, Trillat) and/or the derotation of the humeral head (Weber) reliably avoids redislocation. Except rare infections no severe complications are known. The operative correction of the severe disability should be recommended to all patients suffering from recurrent dislocation of shoulder joint.     

两种手术方法治疗习惯性肩关节前下脱位的比较

目的 对比研究小切口改良Bristow手术和关节镜下带线锚钉修复Bankart损伤治疗肩关节习惯性前下脱位的临床疗效.方法 2004年6月至2008年1月对20例习惯性肩关节前下脱位患者根据其经济状况进行分组,11例采用小切口改良Bristow手术,为小切13组;9例采用关节镜下带线锚钉垂直褥式缝合修复Bankart损伤,为关节镜组.回顾分析两组的手术时间、术后Rowe肩关节功能修正评分;观察两组的复发率与并发症发生情况.结果 手术时间:小切口组平均为45 min,关节镜组平均为51min.术后Rowe肩关节修正评分:小切口组为80～95分,关节镜组为75～94分.小切口组11例患者术后获6～48个月(平均15.8个月)随访.关节镜组9例患者术后获18～38个月(平均26个月)随访.两组结果全为优,优良率为100%,随访期间均无复发及并发症发牛.结论 小切口改良Bristow手术与关节镜下Bankart损伤修复手术临床效果无明显差别,均较满意,且具有手术切口小、创伤小、手术时间短等优点.前者手术易于临床普及.     

The value of sonographic diagnosis for the demonstration of Hill-Sachs lesions

In a prospective study we evaluated the use of diagnostic ultrasound for Hill-Sachs lesions in unstable shoulder joints of 114 patients. In 38 patients we found a Hill-Sachs lesion by sonography. 31 patients underwent an arthroscopic procedure. The arthroscopic control of the sonographic findings showed a sensitivity of 95%, a specifity of 92%, an accuracy of 94%, a positive predictive value of 95%, and a negative predictive value of 92%. We also documented posttraumatic joint effusion. With these results ultrasound seems to be more reliable than x ray in the diagnosis of Hill-Sachs lesions. Clinical relevance: With a high diagnostic value for detecting Hill-Sachs lesions ultrasound may replace difficult special x ray techniques.     

Arthroscopic Repair of Combined Bankart and SLAP Lesions: Operative Techniques and Clinical Results

Background

To evaluate the clinical results and operation technique of arthroscopic repair of combined Bankart and superior labrum anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions, all of which had an anterior-inferior Bankart lesion that continued superiorly to include separation of the biceps anchor in the patients presenting recurrent shoulder dislocations.

Methods

From May 2003 to January 2006, we reviewed 15 cases with combined Bankart and SLAP lesions among 62 patients with recurrent shoulder dislocations who underwent arthroscopic repair. The average age at surgery was 24.2 years (range, 16 to 38 years), with an average follow-up period of 15 months (range, 13 to 28 months). During the operation, we repaired the unstable SLAP lesion first with absorbable suture anchors and then also repaired Bankart lesion from the inferior to superior fashion. We analyzed the preoperative and postoperative results by visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, the range of motion, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeon (ASES) and Rowe shoulder scoring systems. We compared the results with the isolated Bankart lesion.

Results

VAS for pain was decreased from preoperative 4.9 to postoperative 1.9. Mean ASES and Rowe shoulder scores were improved from preoperative 56.4 and 33.7 to postoperative 91.8 and 94.1, respectively. There were no specific complication and no significant limitation of motion more than 10 degree at final follow-up. We found the range of motions after the arthroscopic repair in combined lesions were gained more slowly than in patients with isolated Bankart lesions.

Conclusions

In recurrent dislocation of the shoulder with combined Bankart and SLAP lesion, arthroscopic repair using absorbable suture anchors produced favorable clinical results. Although it has technical difficulty, the concomitant unstable SLAP lesion should be repaired in a manner that stabilizes the glenohumeral joint, as the Bankart lesion can be repaired if the unstable SLAP lesion is repaired first.     

Arthroscopic posteroinferior capsular plication and rotator interval closure after Bankart repair in patients with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability—A minimum follow-up of 5 years

Background

Shoulder joint laxity over anteroinferior and posteroinferior labral-capsular structure in patients with traumatic anterior glenohumeral instability was reported in the previous literature. The purpose of this study was to report our experience in arthroscopic treatment of traumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability by Bankart lesion stabilisation with rotator interval closure and posteroinferior capsular plication.

Methods

From August 2000 to November 2004, 45 patients with traumatic anterior-inferior shoulder instability were retrospectively enrolled. Each shoulder was treated with absorbable suture for rotator interval closure and posteroinferior capsular plication after anteroinferior stabilisation. The assessments were performed using the Rowe score, the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score) and shoulder range of motion (ROM).

Results

With the average follow-up time of 77.1 months, all shoulder scores improved after surgery (P < 0.001). The average ROM deficit of the operated shoulders was not significant (P > 0.05) as compared with the healthy side. A total of 42 shoulders remained stable (93.3%) and there were three recurrences (6.6%). All patients without recurrence returned to their pre-injury levels of athletic activity.

Conclusions

In patients with anterior glenohumeral instability, arthroscopic stabilisation of anteroinferior capsulolabral structure with rotator interval closure and posteroinferior capsular plication provided a reasonable result without significant loss of ROM at a minimum follow-up of 5 years.     

Combined arthroscopic-open procedure for the recurrent shoulder dislocation in a 74-year-old man with an irreparable massive rotator cuff tear and a large Hill-Sachs lesion

Large, engaging Hill-Sachs lesions can be one of causes for recurrent glenohumeral instability after initial anterior shoulder dislocation or Bankart repair for the torn anteroinferior labrum. However, there have been relatively few articles describing specific treatments for the humeral head defects. This article described a case of an alternative treatment for large Hill-Sachs lesion using the corticocancellous iliac autograft. The authors present a case of recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation, with a large humeral head defects, and an irreparable massive rotator cuff tear in a 74-year-old man. The size of this Hill-Sachs lesion was 2.7 × 2 cm with a depth of 1.2 cm. After arthroscopic anterior capsulolabral repair, a 3 × 2 cm semicircular graft was harvested from the inner table of anterior iliac crest, trimmed, and transplanted to the humeral defect by cancellous screw fixation. At his 2-year follow-up, the patient remained free of dislocation and apprehension. We recommend this technique as an alternative method for symptomatic patients with engaging Hill-Sachs lesion.     

全关节镜下手术治疗骨性Bankart损伤的术后疗效分析

目的 探讨肩关节镜下金属缝合锚钉固定治疗骨性Bankart损伤的术后疗效.方法 2004年5月至2008年5月共收治45例存在肩关节骨性Bankart损伤的患者,均应用全关节镜下复位,金属缝合锚钉固定术治疗.其中男性40例,女性5例.手术时平均年龄27.6岁(16.5～50.1岁),平均随访时间29.7个月(24.8～...     

漂浮肩不同治疗方式的疗效评价

目的 :探讨采用非手术治疗、手术固定锁骨、手术固定锁骨和肩胛骨3种不同方式治疗漂浮肩的临床疗效。方法:对2006年2月至2014年8月56例采用3种不同方式治疗漂浮肩患者的临床疗效行回顾性分析:其中A组12例,男7例,女5例,平均年龄(45.08±13.47)岁,均采用非手术治疗法;B组29例,男18例,女11例,平均年龄(37.28±10.43)岁,均采用手术治疗单独固定锁骨法;C组15例,男11例,女4例,平均年龄(36.20±9.50)岁,均采用手术治疗固定锁骨和肩胛骨法。分别采用Herscovici标准和Constant-Murley肩关节评分对3种不同方式治疗后的肩关节功能进行评分,并对3组患者术后的临床疗效进行分析。结果:B组患者的手术时间、术中出血量均少于C组(P=0.000)。分别采用Herscovici标准和Constant-Murley肩关节评分比较3种方式治疗漂浮肩患者的临床疗效,A组与B组、A组与C组的临床疗效差异有统计学意义(P=0.000),B组与C组的临床疗效差异无统计学意义。结论:手术治疗对漂浮肩损伤患者的肩关节功能恢复有明显优势,且单独固定锁骨风险更低。     

Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术治疗骨缺损性复发性肩关节前脱位

目的 探讨关节镜下Bankart重建术辅助Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术治疗存在明显骨缺损的复发性肩关节前脱位的疗效.方法 回顾性分析随访2年以上的应用关节镜下Bankart重建术辅助Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术治疗的复发性肩关节前脱位49例患者的病例资料,男42例,女7例;接受手术时年龄16.7～54.7岁,平均28.4岁.49例均为单向不稳定,合并明显的肩盂骨性损伤及巨大的Hill-Sachs损伤.术中采用金属缝合锚钉行Bankart修补,辅助后方冈下肌腱固定填充Hill-Sachs损伤.全部病例随访24～35个月,平均29.0个月,随访时采用ASES评分、Constant-Murley评分、Rowe评分进行功能评估,观察肩关节活动度变化.结果 术前及终末随访时肩关节平均前屈上举162.9°±17.1°和170.9°±7.4°(P=0.007),平均体侧外旋56.0°±17.6°和54.1°±17.1°(P=0.511);ASES评分为(84.7±11.3)分和(96.0±3.4)分(P=0.000),Constant-Murley评分为(93.3±8.7)分和(97.8±3.6)分(P=0.005),Rowe评分为(36.8±8.5)分和(89.8±12.5)分(P=0.000).终末随访时1例患者出现复发脱位,3例患者出现半脱位,失效率8.2%(4/49).此4例患者恐惧试验阳性.结论 肩关节镜下Bankart重建术辅助Hill-Sachs Remplissage手术是治疗存在明显骨缺损的复发性肩关节前脱位的有效方法之一.手术适应证的正确选择、熟练的关节镜下操作技术以及术后长期、严格的功能康复锻炼是手术成功的关键.

Abstract：

Objective The purpose of our study was to report the results of using arthroscopic Remplissage and Bankart repair in patients who had an engaging Hill-Sachs lesion with significant glenoid bone loss. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 49 consecutive patients who underwent arthroscopic Remplissage and Bankart repair for anterior shoulder instability with a mean duration of follow-up of 29.0 months (24-35 months). At the time of surgery the mean age of 42 men and 7 women was 28.4 years. All patients were diagnosed as recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation with a bony lesion of glenoid and an engaging HillSachs lesion. An arthroscopic Remplissage and Bankart repair using metal anchor was performed in all cases.ASES score, Constant-Murley score and Rowe score were used to evaluate the stability and the function of the shoulder. Results Patients' active forward elevation significantly(P=0.007) improved from 162.9°±17.1°preoperatively to 170.9°±7.4° at final follow-up. The external rotation was 56.0°±17.6° before the surgery compared with the 54.1°±17.1° postoperatively(P=0.511 ). The ASES score, Constant-Murley score and Rowe score was 84.7±11.3, 93.3±8.7 and 36.8±8.5 preoperatively compared with 96.0±3.4, 97.8±3.6 and 89.8±12.5 postoperatively. Significant difference could be found with regard to ASES score (P=0.000), ConstantMurley score (P=0.005) and Rowe score (P=0.000). One redislocation happened and a subluxation was noticed in three patients (8.3%). Conclusion Arthroscopic Remplissage combined with Bankart repair can achieve satisfactory for recurrent anterior shoulder dislocation accompany with engaging Hill-Sachs lesion.     

Prognosis of primary anterior shoulder dislocation in young adults

Summary From 1982 to 1987, 194 patients with 196 primary traumatic anterior shoulder dislocations were treated in our hospital. One hundred and sixty-six patients with 168 shoulder dislocations (87%) were available for study at follow-up an average of 4 years after treatment. The most important prognostic factor in relation to recurrence was the age of the patient at the time of the primary dislocation. The highest recurrence rate was found in patients of 30 years and younger (64%). Athletes in this age group had no worse a prognosis as to recurrence than non-athletes. A fracture of the greater tuberosity improved the prognosis significantly (P < 0.01). Neither the presence of a Hill-Sachs lesion nor the period of immobilization influenced the recurrence rate in patients aged 30 years and younger.     

关节镜下Bankart损伤修复联合Remplissage填塞术治疗合并Hill-Sachs缺损的成年人复发性肩关节前脱位

目的:探讨关节镜下Bankart损伤修补术联合Remplissage填塞术治疗复发性肩关节前脱位合并Hill-Sachs损伤的方法和临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析2016年3月至2019年3月行关节镜下Bankart损伤修复治疗关节盂骨缺损＜20％的复发性肩关节前脱位患者106例,其中男76例,女30例;年龄18～45(2...     

Shoulder arthroplasty in patients with a history of epilepsy is safe and effective

BackgroundThe safety of shoulder arthroplasty for patients with a history of convulsive seizures is unknown. Concerns include the possibility of a postoperative seizure resulting in dislocation, cuff disruption, or implant failure. We sought to compare outcomes and complications following shoulder arthroplasty in patients with and without a history of convulsive seizures.MethodsOur institutional Total Joint Registry Database was queried to identify all patients with a history of convulsive seizures who had undergone a primary shoulder arthroplasty between 2000 and 2018. The query identified 56 shoulders (49 patients) with an average age of 61.8 years. 51.8% of patients were female. This cohort was matched 2:1 to a group of patients with similar surgical and demographic characteristics who did not have a seizure history. Kaplan–Meier estimates and univariate Cox regression models were utilized to compare implant survival and reoperation rates. Patient-reported outcomes, including the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score were also extracted.ResultsAt most recent follow-up, cumulative reoperation rates were equivalent between the groups (P = .9) with 3 reoperations out of 56 shoulders (5.4%) in the seizure group, and 7 reoperations out of 112 shoulders (6.3%) in the nonseizure group. Rates of implant revision were also similar. Five-year Kaplan–Meier survival estimates free of reoperation were 97.8% (95% confidence interval, 91.1-100.0) in the seizure group and 93.1% (95% confidence interval, 87.4-98.9) in the nonseizure group. Postoperatively, 23 of 56 patients in the seizure group had at least 1 known seizure after their index arthroplasty, at an average of 4.4 years after surgery. None of the patients with postoperative seizures sustained a dislocation. Altogether only 3 episodes of prosthetic dislocation were observed, all in the nonseizure group. The only complication attributable to a seizure was an early postoperative seizure resulting in subscapularis failure, although this patient never underwent reoperation. Patient-reported outcomes and range of motion were similar between groups, with average American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons scores of 77.2 and 74.9 in the seizure and nonseizure groups, respectively (P = .6).DiscussionReoperation rates and implant survival following shoulder arthroplasty were similar when comparing patients with and without a history of convulsive seizures. Postarthroplasty seizures occurred in a notable number of patients but did not result in any major complications. While it remains prudent to ensure that patients’ seizures are well controlled prior to arthroplasty, our data suggest that individuals with a convulsive seizure disorder can undergo shoulder arthroplasty safely.