HPLC法同时测定祛喘胶囊中木兰脂素、欧前胡素、异欧前胡素的含量

摘 要 目的： 建立祛喘胶囊中对木兰脂素、欧前胡素和异欧前胡素的HPLC测定方法。方法: 采用日本资生堂CAPCELL PAK C₁₈ 色谱柱（150 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以乙腈-水为流动相进行梯度洗脱,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长在0～25 min为278 nm,25～70 min为248 nm,进样量为10 μl。结果: 木兰脂素在6.126～55.134 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 7）,平均回收率为101.5%,RSD为1.4%;欧前胡素在9.862～88.758 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为99.6%,RSD为1.2%;异欧前胡素在4.830～43.470μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好（r=0.999 8）,平均回收率为100.2%,RSD为1.7%。结论:本法操作简便、结果准确,可用于祛喘胶囊的质量控制。     

双波长HPLC法同时测定复方肤清洗剂中3种指标性成分含量

摘 要 目的：建立双波长HPLC法同时测定复方肤清洗剂中绿原酸、咖啡酸、芍药苷3种指标性成分含量的方法。方法: 采用Inertsil C18柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）为色谱柱,柱温40℃,以乙腈-0.02%磷酸水溶液（17∶83）为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长分别为323 nm、230 nm。结果:绿原酸、咖啡酸和芍药苷分别在7.50~120.00 μg·mL^-1,2.50~40.00 μg·mL^-1,14.06~225.00 μg·mL^-1范围内线性关系良好,r分别为0.999 9,0.999 8,0.999 7;平均加样回收率分别为98.55%,94.52%,99.18%,RSD分别为1.66%,0.98%,0.65%（n=6）。结论:该方法简便快捷、结果准确、专属性强,可用于复方肤清洗剂的质量分析与控制。     

HPLC法同时测定氯霉素醋酸曲安奈德乳膏中两组分含量

摘 要 目的： 建立HPLC法测定氯霉素醋酸曲安奈德乳膏中氯霉素和醋酸曲安奈德的含量。方法: 使用ZORBAX SB C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱,以甲醇：pH3.0磷酸盐缓冲液为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长：240 nm,柱温：室温,进样量:20 μl。结果: 醋酸曲安奈德在6.12～48.96 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为99.7%,RSD=1.3% (n=9)。氯霉素在62.1～745.2 μg·mL^-1浓度范围内线性关系良好(r=0.999 9);平均回收率为99.4%,RSD=1.0% (n=9)。结论:本法灵敏、准确、专属性强,可用于氯霉素醋酸曲安奈德乳膏的质量控制。     

《中国药典》中桑叶含量测定项下方法的改进

摘 要 目的： 对《中国药典》中桑叶含量测定项下方法进行改进。方法: 采用HPLC法,Agilent Zorbax SB-C18色谱柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm);流动相为乙腈-0.2%磷酸水溶液（梯度洗脱）,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为354 nm;柱温为30 ℃。结果: 《中国药典》2010年版桑叶含量测定项下测得的芦丁含量实为芦丁和异槲皮苷的含量之和,优化后方法可分离该两种化合物,且芦丁和异槲皮苷分别在2.76～27.60 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）和4.74～47.39 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系;平均加样回收率分别为100.31% (RSD=0.83%)和100.32%（RSD=1.04%）（n=6）。结论: 优化后方法简便、稳定、重复性好,可用于桑叶的质量控制。     

HPLC法测定马来酸依那普利分散片的有关物质

摘 要 目的： 建立高效液相色谱法测定马来酸依那普利分散片的有关物质。方法: 采用Kromasil 100 SC₈色谱柱（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）,以0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾溶液（用磷酸调节pH为2.2）为流动相A,乙腈为流动相B梯度洗脱,流量1.0 ml· min^-1,检测波长215 nm,柱温40℃,进样量20 μl。结果: 依那普利拉、马来酸依那普利及依那普利双酮的浓度分别在14.64～43.92μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）;9.29～27.87 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 1）;10.80～32.40 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 5）范围内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。采用《中国药典》方法测得依那普利拉未检出,依那普利双酮含量为0.2%,采用梯度洗脱方法测得依那普利拉、依那普利双酮含量分别为0.1%、0.2%, 主药与有关物质能达到较好的基线分离。结论:该方法灵敏度高,专属性强,准确可靠, 可用于该药品质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定大败毒胶囊中绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量

摘 要 目的: 建立HPLC法同时检测大败毒胶囊中绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的测定方法。方法: 采用Agilent C₁₈（250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm）色谱柱;乙腈-0.4%磷酸溶液（15∶85）为流动相,流速：1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长：324 nm。柱温:30℃,进样量：10 μl。结果:线性范围：绿原酸5.42～32.43 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8),咖啡酸2.63～26.32 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 4),阿魏酸1.44～14.44 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 9);平均回收率：绿原酸99.98%,RSD=0.2%(n=6),咖啡酸99.31%,RSD=0.4%(n=6),阿魏酸99.48%,RSD=0.8%(n=6)。结论:该方法操作简便、准确,重复性好,可用于测定大败毒胶囊中绿原酸、咖啡酸和阿魏酸的含量。     

HPLC法测定黄连上清片中4种成分的含量

摘 要 目的： 提高黄连上清片质量标准,建立同时测定绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱4种成分含量的方法。方法: 采用高效液相色谱法,色谱柱为DiamonsilTM C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm),流动相为二元梯度系统,其中溶剂A为乙腈,溶剂B为0.3%磷酸水溶液,流速为1.0 ml·min^-1,检测波长为238 nm,柱温30℃,进样量为10 μl。结果: 绿原酸、栀子苷、黄芩苷、盐酸小檗碱的线性范围分别为8.11～81.10 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 7)、13.08～130.80 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 7)、10.76～107.60 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8)、7.92～79.20 μg·ml^-1(r=0.999 8)范围内呈良好的线性关系,平均加样回收率分别为99.19%(RSD=0.9%)、98.44%(RSD=1.1%)、99.12%(RSD=1.0%)、99.18%(RSD=1.1%)(n=9)。结论:该方法简便、准确、重复性好,可用于黄连上清片的质量控制。     

HPLC法同时测定田基黄颗粒中3种黄酮类成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立测定田基黄颗粒中3种黄酮类成分含量的高效液相色谱方法。方法: 用ZORBAX Eclipse XDB C₁₈色谱柱,流动相为甲醇-0.2%磷酸溶液(42∶58),检测波长为350 nm,流速1.0 ml·min^-1。结果: 异槲皮苷、槲皮苷、槲皮素分别在4.572～114.300 μg·mL^-1、7.028～175.700 μg·mL^-1、2.195～54.880μg·mL^-1浓度范围内呈良好线性关系（r分别为0.999 8、0.999 8、0.999 9）;平均加样回收率分别为98.01％（RSD=1.24％,n=6)、98.14%（RSD=0.98％,n=6)、97.00%（RSD=1.09％,n=6)。结论:该方法专属性强、操作简便,可以用于田基黄颗粒的质量控制。     

顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的含量

摘 要 目的：采用顶空气相色谱法测定富马酸卢帕他定原料中的环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷5种有机溶剂的残留量。方法: 色谱柱：DB WAXETRR毛细管色谱柱（30 m×0.32 mm,0.25 μm）;载气：氮气;FID检测器;进样口温度：200℃;采用程序升温：初始温度为35℃,保持10 min,以20℃·min^-1升温至220℃,保持5 min。结果: 环己烷、乙酸乙酯、甲醇、二氯甲烷、三氯甲烷分别在77.590 1~698.310 9 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 7）,102.166 6~919.499 4 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 8）,62.744 7~564.703 2 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 9）,12.011 2~108.101 1 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）,1.262 8~11.365 6 μg·mL^-1（r=0.999 6）范围内线性关系良好。5种残留溶剂的平均回收率分别为103.9%,103.5%,104.9%,107.1%,103.4%,RSD值分别为2.3%、2.6%、3.1%、2.8%、4.5%（n=9）。富马酸卢帕他定原料中均未检出此5种残留溶剂。结论:本方法稳定、简便、准确,灵敏度高,适用于富马酸卢帕他定原料中残留溶剂的测定。     

HPLC法同时测定复方青蒿安乃近片中两成分的含量

摘 要 目的：建立HPLC法同时测定复方青蒿安乃近片中两成分的含量。方法: 色谱柱为Waters Symmetry C₁₈(250 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm ) ;流动相为甲醇-0.02 mol·L^-1磷酸二氢钾 ( 25∶75,用磷酸调pH至3.5) ;流速为1.0 ml·min^-1;检测波长为250 nm;柱温为30℃;进样量为20 μl。结果: 安乃近质量浓度在50.11～601.36 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 9)内,葛根素质量浓度在2.64～31.74 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 8)内与峰面积呈良好的线性关系。安乃近和葛根素的平均回收率分别为99.1%（RSD=0.7%,n=9）和99.9%（RSD=0.6%,n=9）。结论:该法简便准确、重复性好,可用于该制剂的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.