天台县流行性出血热监测点专题报告——Ⅱ.鼠间疫情监测

从天台县疫区捕获的14194只小兽中,经IFAT检查为阳性的有484只,总阳性率为3.41%,室内总带病毒率为3.88%,野外总带病毒率为2.99%,二者有显著差异(x~2=8.533,P<0.01)。在13种小兽中发现9种自然携带EHF病毒抗原,它们是褐家鼠、黑线姬鼠、大足鼠、小家鼠、黄胸鼠、罗赛鼠、东方田鼠和臭鼩(鼠胄)、灰麝鼩。其中褐家鼠和黑线姬鼠数量最多、带病毒率高,是本地EHF病毒的主要贮存宿主;其带病毒率的季节波动与人群发病率的季节波动相吻合,是本县EHF的主要传染源。监测表明,EHF是属于多宿主动物源性的自然疫源性疾病;本地EHF疫区类型可能属于姬鼠和家鼠混合型。     

临沂地区鼠类携带流行性出血热病毒抗原的初步调查

从临沂地区捕获5种鼠共341只,其中EHF疫区280只。经IFAT检测鼠肺携带EHF病毒抗原,黑线姬鼠带毒率9.5%(16/167),用该地区EHF患者血清与这种EHF病毒抗原进行IFAT检查特异性较高。认为黑线姬鼠为临沂地区EHF的主要传染源。首次从黑线仓鼠检出EHF病毒抗原,带毒率2.4%(1/42),并用10例典型EH F患者双份血清检查,抗体滴度均4倍或4倍以上增高。     

上海市传播流行性出血热鼠种的调查

1984年8月、10～11月,用间接免疫荧光法检测上海市8个县、6个区捕获的啮齿类和食虫目,除宝山、崇明两县和6个区未检出EHF带毒动物,其它6个县均发现EHF带毒动物,其中发现5个县褐家鼠、2个县黑线姬鼠、黄胸鼠和鼩鼱肺组织携带病毒抗原,用EHF病人双份血清检阳性肺组织抗原具有特异性,证实了本市EHF的主要传染源为褐家鼠和黑线姬鼠。     

鼠类携带有肾综合征出血热病毒抗原检测及血清流行病学调查

1981年11月在吉林省延吉县太阳公社的田野里扑获褐家鼠227只,小家鼠98只,黑线姬鼠149只,巢鼠25只,东方田鼠1只和普通鼯鼱1只。在这516只兽肺冰冻切片中,用IFAT发现5只黑线姬鼠(东北亚种)自然携带HFRS病毒抗原。在太阳公社本病病后11年的患者血清中仍然存在较高滴度(>1:320)HFRS抗体。太阳公社健康人群171份血清中查出两人存在HFRS抗体。     

三峡库区涪陵段黑线姬鼠携带汉坦病毒抗原的研究

目的 了解三峡库区涪陵段沿江地区黑线姬鼠携带汉坦病毒(HV)抗原情况。为三峡库区蓄水后防治肾综合征出血热(HFRS)提供依据。方法 捕鼠用鼠夹法，抗原检测用IFAT法。结果 各调查点布放23956夹次，捕获黑线姬鼠1248只，捕获率为5．21％；检测鼠肺1172只，阳性64只，阳性率为5．46％。不同高度黑线姬鼠携带HV抗原无差别，黑线姬鼠年龄组和性别及不同月份携带HV抗原差异有显著性。结论 黑线姬鼠密度及携带HV抗原高低与HFRS发病有着密切关系。     

蕲春县1979—1992年流行性出血热监测

1979～1992年流行性出血热(EHF)监测结果:野鼠密度与EHF发病率呈正相关,野外鼠带毒率为15.74％,显著高于室内鼠带毒率8.94％,其中黑线姬鼠病毒携带率最高,为16.17％,显著高于褐家鼠带毒率10.13％,并认为黑线姬鼠可能是动物间EHF病毒的主要宿主,而褐家鼠可能是鼠与人之间EHF的主要媒介和传染源。     

河南省新野县流行性出血热疫区鼠肺抗原及病人血清学检查

<正> 1982年6月下旬,我们在新野县 EHF发病较高的沙堰和溧河两个公社的病家及其野外进行捕鼠,检查各种鼠肺携带 EHF 病毒抗原情况,并对 EHF 病人的单,双份血清和疫区健康人血清检测 EHF 抗体,现将检查结果报告如下:材料和方法一、典型 EHF 病人恢复期血清:系山东省齐河县朱××血清。二、抗原来源:系河南省新野县流行性出血热疫区的黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠和黄胸鼠肺抗原。     

集安市EHF流行病学调查

本文根据集安市1974～1989年 EHF 发病情况,分析了其分布特征和流行趋势。平均发病率为3.93/10万,病例多呈散发,发病季节呈双峰型。通过宿主动物的血清学调查,从黑线姬鼠查示 EHF 抗原,其抗原阳性检出率力1.08%;EHF 抗体阳性鼠种为黑线姬鼠、褐家鼠、巢鼠、其抗体阳性率分别为2.68%、3.13%、12.6%。调查确认集安市有 EHF 自然源地的存在,并呈多宿主性。     

长春市家栖鼠传播肾综合征出血热调查

目的通过分析长春市家栖鼠传播肾综合征出血热（HFRS）特征，为科学指导HFRS防制提供依据。方法鼠情监测采用夹夜法，将鼠肺切片，用免疫荧光法测定病毒抗原。结果长春市家栖鼠类群落由褐家鼠、大林姬鼠、小家鼠、黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠、东方田鼠、布氏田鼠、黑线仓鼠组成，平均鼠密度7．0％，褐家鼠为优势种，且该鼠带病毒率最高。结论褐家鼠是长春城市和农村居民区鼠害防制的重点鼠种，也是HFRS主要宿主动物。     

流行性出血热疫区鼠、螨带毒调查

1984年11~12月从江苏和安徽两个EHF疫区208个鼠窝中共捕鼠603只。在四种鼠中,以黑线姬鼠为优势种,其EHF抗原阳性率最高。在采集的革螨中,以革氏血厉螨、厩真厉螨为优势种,并有EHFV的自然感染。在每窝鼠数多和窝螨指数高的组的鼠EHF抗原和抗体阳性率均较高。调查结果表明黑线姬鼠是两疫区EHF的重要储存宿主,格氏血厉螨和厩真厉螨可能是EHF的传播媒介。     

Trends in meningococcal disease in Italy in 1988

Meningococcal disease in Italy decreased 15% in 1988 from the previous year (290 vs. 342 cases). The decline was particularly evident in military cases (1.7/100,000 in 1988 vs. 5/100,000 in 1987) reflecting the full coverage of bivalent serogroup (A + C) meningococcal polysaccaride vaccine in army recruits, achieved since January 1988. The highest proportion of cases was seen in people older than 25 years of age (25%). Serogroup C constituted 60% of the isolates, while 19% belonged to serogroup B. The proportion of strains resistant to sulphonamides was 45%, while 15% were resistant to Minocycline and none to Rifampin. Out of the five military cases, only one (due to serogroup C) was attributable to the vaccine failure. A single coprimary case, but no secondary cases occurred among civilians. These findings are consistent with the trends reported in Italy in the previous years.     

Benzene in blood and phenol in urine in monitoring benzene exposure in industry

Determinations of benzene concentration in blood and of phenol in urine were made by head-space gas chromatography techniques on samples taken near the end of the work day from two groups of workers potentially exposed to low levels of benzene in the work-place atmosphere. Preliminary results suggest that benzene in blood is more reliable than phenol tests for assessing both exposure and uptake of benzene. Normal values of phenol in urine (10 mg/liter or less) were found in nearly all those cases in which benzene was detected in the blood.     

Changes in immune function in asthma in the elderly

Asthma is an inflammatory disorder of the airway. The airway inflammation of asthma is typically an allergic inflammation characterized by cells and mediators described as a "Th2" inflammatory response. There is a growing body of evidence describing changes in the function of immune cells upon aging, a phenomenon referred to as "immunosenescence". Several studies utilizing animal models and human subjects with asthma have begun to explore age-related effects on the airway inflammation in asthma. This review explores the existing data on the presence and effects of immunosenescence or age-related changes in immune function in asthma.     

Changes in Fatty Acid Composition in Beef in Italy

Results from a study conducted in Italy concerning the updating of composition data of beef consumed in Italy are reported here. The study required a very wide sampling plan with regard to both animals and cuts to analyse. Data related to lipid composition of the most widely used type of beef consumed in Italy (young bull, 16–22 months old) show a reduction in total lipid content (which, according to the cuts, ranges between 1.8 and 10.2%) and a substantial change in fatty acid composition, with a high % of polyunsaturated fatty acids (mean 20% of total fatty acids). Such data have been confirmed by other studies conducted in Italy, and are in contrast with data reported in the tables of food composition from other countries, reporting a fatty acid composition characterized by a high fatty acid saturation degree. The occurrence of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid is probably due to the high ratio of phospholipids: triglycerides, occurring when the content in intramuscular lipid is very low; to the young age of animals; to the reduced activity of the rumen, where saturation of fatty acids occurs. It may be concluded that a fatty acid composition, which is particularly rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids, seems typical for Italian products.     

2015年郑州市饮用水放射性水平状况调查

目的了解郑州市不同地区、不同季节、不同水源类型的放射性水平。方法分别于丰水期和枯水期采集郑州市区黄河水源水、井水源水、丹江口水源水、出厂水和末梢水各一份;以县为单位,每单位采集出厂水、末梢水、水库水、河水、井水各1份,按《生活饮用水生活标准检验方法》(GB/T 5750.13-2006)检测饮用水中总α和总β放射性水平,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)进行判定。结果丰水期、枯水期水体总α、总β放射性水平均低于国家标准限值。结论郑州市不同水源类型均处于正常的天然放射性本底水平。     

Occupational stress in nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan

Nurses are known to be exposed to occupational stress. However, occupational stress is not well documented for nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the work-related stress and risk factors of nurses in psychiatric institutions in Taiwan. A structured questionnaire was distributed to nurses at five state-owned psychiatric hospitals in Taiwan in 2001. Demographic information, working environment, and personal health status were inquired. Occupational stress was assessed based on the Chinese version of Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ). General health status and mental health were evaluated by the International Quality of Life Assessment Short Form-36 (IQOLA SF-36). A total of 573 questionnaires were disseminated to nurses and 518 (90.4%) were satisfactorily completed by nurses, including 408 female full-time nurses who had been in their current work for more than 6 months. In the past one month, 17.2% of nurses reported being under significant stress often or always. Assault episodes were reported by 45.1% of nurses in the past 6 months. Among the nurses, 16.9%, 25.2%, 50.0%, and 7.8% belong to the "High strain", "Low strain", "Active", and "Passive" groups, respectively. Perceived occupational stress was associated with young age, widowed/divorced/separated marital status, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and threat of assault at work. Lower general health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, and perceived occupational stress. A lower mental health score was associated with low job control, high psychological demand, low workplace support, and perceived occupational stress. We concluded that nurses in psychiatric institutions are under significant stress related to work factors.     

Changes in nursing administration in supporting transplantation in Brazil

This historical and bibliographic study aimed to understand how Nursing was organized to support care in transplantation. The HISA, LILACS, BDENF, PERIENF and DEDALUS databases were consulted, and thirteen references were found, ten of which were scientific articles, two were master's dissertations and one was a doctoral thesis. The span of time chosen for study ranges from the date of the first kidney transplant in Brazil (1965), to the date of publication of the last scientific article found in the databases mentioned above (2003). After reading these articles, the ones that were similar in topic were grouped together, thus creating the thematic axis for the presentation of the results. The results showed that the Nursing profession has played an important and active role in transplants ever since the first procedure in 1965.