我国实施ICH M系列技术指导原则的策略研究

通过对ICH M系列指导原则与我国相关技术指导原则的对比研究,分析我国相关技术指导原则与ICH M系列指导原则的主要差异。通过对公众、专家、企业进行问卷调查,摸清了ICHM系列指导原则在我国的认知和实施基础。在对比研究和问卷调查的基础上,结合ICH的要求,提出了ICH M系列指导原则在我国实施的建议。     

药物遗传毒性研究技术指导原则的修订

制定本指导原则的目的是，在我国原指导原则的基础上，结合我国科研实践的经验和具体情况，参考国外相关指导原则和遗传毒性研究的进展，制定出既符合我国国情又符合国际注册要求的遗传毒性研究技术指导原则。本指导原则适用于中药、天然药物及化学药物的遗传毒性研究。遗传毒性研究是药物非临床安全性研究的一部分，本指导原则应与其他相关指导原则配套使用。     

《药物安全药理学研究技术指导原则》和《药物QT间期延长潜在作用非临床研究技术指导原则》与ICH S7A/S7B的对比研究及实施建议

对比我国《药物安全药理学研究技术指导原则》和《药物QT间期延长潜在作用非临床研究技术指导原则》与ICH S7A/S7B相关指导原则的差别,为前者的修订和实施提供参考。以ICHS7A/S7B为基础,逐个条目对比我国相关两个指导原则的差别,并分析国内指导原则的修改方向及可实施性。我国的两个指导原则与ICHS7A/S7B的对比结果显示,我国和ICH在总体上对于非临床研究中对于药物安全药理学和QT间期延长潜在作用问题上的处理意见相同,在某些细节上,我国的两个指导原则描述的内容更为全面和具体。因此,国内指导原则可对ICHS7A/S7B有所借鉴,并依据国内实际情况加以修订和实施,从而提高指导原则对实际操作的指导意义。     

仿制药品处方与工艺研究

处方与工艺研究是仿制药品研发的重点之一,国内外相应指导原则对仿制药品处方与工艺都有相关指导原则予以阐述。众所周知,处方与工艺直接关系产品的质量、稳定性,也可能对产品的安全性和有效性产生影响。现结合相关指导原则,对仿制药品的处方和工艺研究的思路进行了探讨。     

生物样品定量分析方法指导原则（草案）

根据目前国际上对生物样品定量分析的相关指导原则,建议《中国药典》修订和扩充现有的的指导原则,以适应新药开发和仿制药开发的需求。内容包括：指导原则适用范围,生物分析方法确证,试验样品分析,配体结合分析,试验报告,以及生物分析相关定义。其中,对基质效应、已测样品再分析、稳定性考察等列出了详细的要求。     

《非无菌化学药品及原辅料微生物限度研究技术指导原则(试行)》的介绍

目的 协助申请人更好地理解《非无菌化学药品及原辅料微生物限度研究技术指导原则(试行)》的相关技术要求。方法 以指导原则的起草和修订过程为基础,对非无菌化学药品及原辅料微生物限度控制策略的建立、微生物限度研究过程中的关注点、申报资料的撰写要求进行解读。结果 根据指导原则,能够提高非无菌化学药品及原辅料微生物限度标准制定的科学性及合理性,明确申报资料中微生物限度研究及控制的相关要求。结论 本文详细解读有利于帮助业界进一步理解和执行该指导原则。     

我国医疗器械注册技术审查指导原则现状探讨

目的：医疗器械注册技术审查指导原则作为审评的重要技术文件,是提高注册申报质量和技术审评一致性的有力抓手,对我国指导原则现状进行梳理归纳以供医疗器械相关人员参考。方法：对我国指导原则发布数量、覆盖情况、编制现状等进行概述、剖析存在的问题。结果与结论：我国指导原则的编制需要从数量、质量和产品覆盖率等多方面考量,以满足我国医疗器械行业的迅猛发展。     

《药物刺激性、过敏性和溶血性研究技术指导原则》修订情况介绍

《药物刺激性、过敏性和溶血性研究技术指导原则》是2005年国家食品药品监督管理总局(CFDA)发布的《化学药物刺激性、过敏性和溶血性研究技术指导原则》《中药、天然药物免疫毒性(过敏性、光过敏性反应)研究的技术指导原则》和《中药、天然药物刺激性和溶血性研究的技术指导原则》的修订版。本文通过介绍该指导原则的修订背景、阐述修订的指导思想及主要修订内容,解读需要关注的相关问题,以方便药品研发单位及申请人理解,并在试验设计及撰写注册申报资料时参考。     

美国FDA鼻用制剂相关个药指导原则汇总分析

目的 通过梳理美国食品药品监督管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）发布的鼻用制剂相关个药指导原则,总结FDA对鼻用制剂仿制药的研究要求,为国内鼻用制剂仿制药开发和评价提供参考。方法 在FDA官网发布的个药指导原则中筛选出鼻用制剂相关指导原则,进行汇总分析。结果 目前FDA现行43个鼻用制剂相关个药指导原则,推荐的生物等效性方法包括体外生物等效性研究、药动学研究、比较临床终点研究方法等,因不同品种而有所区别。部分个药指导原则已收录先进的体外检测技术如形态定向拉曼光谱用于代替体内临床试验。本文对不同种类生物等效性试验的试验设计、主要研究终点和等效性标准方面进行了代表性描述。结论 本文对FDA发布的鼻用制剂相关个药指导原则进行了汇总分析,为国内鼻用制剂仿制药开发和评价提供参考。     

FDA的“在COVID-19预防或治疗药物和生物制品临床试验中，门诊成人和青少年受试者COVID-19相关症状评估的供企业用的指导原则”介绍

虽然新型冠状病毒肺炎 （COVID-19） 紧急状态已结束 , 但新型冠状病毒 （SARS-CoV-2） 还在继续传播 ,COVID-19 对某些人来说仍然是严重的健康风险。为促进开发治疗和预防 COVID-19 的药物和生物制品,FDA 于 2024 年 2 月发布了“在 COVID-19 预防或治疗药物和生物制品临床试验中,门诊成人和青少年受试者的 COVID-19 相关症状评估供企业用的指导原则”。该指导原则讨论了这种门诊临床试验中,检测和分析 COVID-19 相关常见症状的方法,包括一般建议;主要症状的示例评估;试验终点选择;数据处理和其他相关的评估。而我国目前还没有类似的指导原则,详细介绍该指导原则,期望对我国这类研究和监管有启示。     

韩国生物类似药的研究进展

随着多个"重磅炸弹"级原研生物药的专利逐渐到期,全球生物类似药的研发呈现出蓬勃发展的态势,各个国家及地区的监管机构也逐步明确了技术指南要求,生物类似药的发展也因各国监管方式及监管理念的不同而各具特色。介绍韩国生物类似药的批准上市情况和临床在研状况,对韩国生物类似药的研究进展进行综述。     

Recommendations and requirements for the design of bioanalytical testing used in comparability studies for biosimilar drug development

With the imminent expiry of patents on a number of biological products on the market, the development of biosimilars (or 'follow-on biologics') creates an increasing opportunity in the biotechnology industry. Although general guidelines on the quality and safety of biological products also apply to biosimilars, there is a need to address specific requirements for developing biosimilar drugs. Since it is critical to show comparability of the biosimilar products to their reference (or innovator) products, developing the appropriate bioanalytical methods to support such preclinical and clinical comparability studies is of great importance. The present work recommends the requirements for the development and validation for both pharmacokinetic and immunogenicity assays to support the biosimilar drug development.     

Non-clinical safety studies on biosimilar recombinant human erythropoietin

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is widely used for the treatment of patients with anaemia and its loss of patent protection has stimulated the development of cheaper biosimilar products. However, the quality and comparability of rhEPO products recently marketed in several developing countries is questionable. Paying attention to quality in its isolation, purification and analytical characterization, it has been possible to produce a biosimilar rhEPO that is comparable with the originator product. Non-clinical safety testing was initially carried out in the absence of a regulatory framework and contributed to the receipt of marketing approval for biosimilar rhEPO in Eastern Europe. Subsequently, this non-clinical testing was extended to take into account the recent guidelines for similar biological medicinal products published by the European regulatory authorities, which were markedly influenced by the intervening occurrence of pure red cell aplasia in patients taking what proved to be an impure rhEPO product. This Mini Review discusses the challenges faced, approaches taken and lessons learned in developing a biosimilar rhEPO product, both before and after the publication of the regulatory guidelines.     

Biosimilar epoetins: an analysis based on recently implemented European medicines evaluation agency guidelines on comparability of biopharmaceutical proteins

Patents of innovator biopharmaceutical products, such as epoetin, are expiring, and biosimilar versions of these products may soon enter European and American markets. Copies of these products, termed biosimilars or follow-on biologics, are not truly equivalent and cannot gain market approval through the procedure typically applied to generic drugs. We evaluated literature reports of both analytic and clinical studies conducted with biosimilar epoetin products currently marketed outside the United States and Europe in light of recently implemented European Medicines Evaluation Agency guidelines. The analytic studies reported that products differed widely in composition, did not always meet self-declared specifications, and exhibited batch-to-batch variation. Although several clinical studies demonstrated correction of anemia with biosimilar epoetins by using an open-label or placebo-controlled study design, only 4 of 22 studies were competitor controlled. Most of the studies were small (median 41 patients, range 18-1079 patients) and of short duration (median 12 wks, range 6 wks-1 yr). Clinical experience with epoetin shows that the dosage required to achieve similar hemoglobin levels varies among patients, making it impossible to demonstrate bioequivalence without a comparator. The analytic reports did not demonstrate comparability of biosimilar epoetin products with innovator epoetin alfa, and the clinical studies were not rigorous enough to show equivalent safety and efficacy of a biopharmaceutical product. The variation between products illustrates the challenge in replicating and consistently producing biopharmaceutical proteins. Immunogenic reactions with epoetin indicate that large, long-term studies are needed to adequately monitor safety.     

Current Japanese Regulatory Systems for Generics and Biosimilars

Currently, biosimilar products are being actively developed around the world. One reason for this is the expiry of patents of original biopharmaceutical products with an extremely large market share because the biosimilar companies need to avoid infringing patents. A representative example of this is biosimilar versions of monoclonal antibodies. In Japan, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare is promoting the use of biosimilar products because the market share of such products is currently extremely low compared with that of generic products. The Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency is responsible for reviewing generic and biosimilar products in Japan. However, no comparison of review systems for generics and biosimilars in Japan has been published. A more detailed understanding of review systems is important for using generic and biosimilar products. This article presents the current Japanese review systems for generic and biosimilar products and also the future challenges to facilitate the better regulation of both types of product.     

各国生物类似药上市后监测要求及非可比生物制品对比研究及建议

通过对美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等国家生物类似药上市后监测的管理要求进行比对研究以及对WHO非可比生物制品管理的研究,提炼生物类似药上市后监测和非可比生物制品的管理要素;结合我国现状、设计问卷、开展调研和专家研讨,综合对比研究、调研和研讨,提出完善我国生物类似药上市后监测及非可比生物制品管理的建议和建议的考量。     

Biosimilares: situación regulatoria para su autorización

Biotecnological drugs represents the future treatment in medicine. Since the expiry of the patent of the fi rst approved biotech drug, “copying” and marketing of them can be offered by any other biotech company, these new medicines are known as biosimilar medicines. They are approved by the EMEA (European Medicines Evaluation Agency) through the European centralised procedure, the EMEA issued several stringent guidelines to approve a biosimilar drug on the European market, preclinical and clinical studies are necessary to asses the highest standards in quality, efficacy and patient safety. The World Health Organization has determined that biosimilar have the same INN than the original product.     

The regulatory landscape of biosimilars: Algeria's efforts and progress made from 2006 to 2021

Biologics are tremendously efficacious biological molecules that have enabled the treatment of many life-threatening diseases, which have previously been hard to treat. Biosimilars, also known as “follow-on biologics”, are highly similar versions of another already approved biologic, called the Reference Product. The European Union has been a pioneer in the regulation of biosimilars. WHO guideline on evaluation of biosimilars published in 2009 was an important landmark in biosimilar regulations worldwide, and several countries have adopted its principles in the development of their own regulatory pathway for the approval of biosimilars. Most countries in the Middle East North Africa (MENA) region still lack official and scientific guidelines for biosimilar approval pathways. This article explores the regulatory situation of biosimilar registration pathways in Algeria and describes the progress made and the regulatory landscape changes for biosimilars in Algeria during the past ten years. Our findings indicate that the development of biosimilar regulation in Algeria went through three major phases between 2006 and 2021, during which there has been much progress in drafting guidance documents for biosimilars. Since 2016, Algeria has used the EMA, FDA and WHO guidelines as the basis for approval of several biosimilars and no national guidelines or regulations have been adopted to date. Additionally, there has been no regulation on substitution/interchangeability. The Algerian regulatory authority has gained considerable experience with approval and use of increasingly complex biosimilars over the past 5 years and has the potential to create its own biosimilar-specific regulatory pathway in the near future.     

欧美生物仿制药注册制度及对我国的启示

目的完善我国生物仿制药注册制度。方法对欧洲生物仿制药审批指南体系和美国有望出台的BPCIA法案进行对比研究,并借鉴欧关经验指导我国实践。结果作为大分子药品,生物制品在药理特性、制备工艺等方面具有众多特性,这使生物仿制药注册必须进行更加精细的生物等效性验证。结论生物等效性验证不能直接被套用于生物仿制药注册,有必要对其进行更加严格的临床前和临床研究。