活动平台与固定平台全膝关节置换的比较研究

目的评价人工全膝关节置换术中使用活动平台和固定平台假体治疗膝骨关节炎的早期疗效。方法对2009年3月至2011年3月收治的诊断为膝骨关节炎的患者,随机应用活动平台型假体和固定平台型假体行全膝关节置换（total knee arthroplasty,TKA）手术。记录术前及随访时术膝的膝关节评分、疼痛评分、功能评分、髌骨评分和膝关节活动度,以及股骨角、胫骨角、膝外翻角、胫骨平台后倾角、截骨高度。结果术前活动平台组和固定平台组的年龄、体重指数、患膝内翻畸形、最大屈曲角度及屈曲挛缩度均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。术后平均随访26个月,活动平台组和固定平台组的术前术后膝关节评分、疼痛评分、功能评分、髌骨评分均无统计学差异（P〉0.05）,都明显地改善了患膝的症状和功能。活动平台组和固定平台组的术后最大屈曲度间存在显著性差异（P〈0.05）。两组的股骨角、胫骨角、膝外翻角、胫骨平台后倾角、截骨高度和术前术后髌骨高度无显著性差异（P〉0.05）。结论活动平台型假体和固定平台型假体TKA均明显改善了患膝的症状和功能,两组的膝关节评分、功能评分、疼痛评分、髌骨评分及X线检查评价差异均无统计学意义。固定平台组的术后最大屈曲度大于活动平台组的最大屈曲度。     

旋转平台与固定平台全膝关节置换术的对比研究及髌骨置换与否对疗效的影响

目的评估旋转平台和固定平台假体全膝关节置换(TKA)两型假体间的疗效有无差异及髌骨置换与否对疗效的影响。方法选取同一医师施行的78侧初次TKA进行回顾。术前诊断包括骨关节炎、类风湿性关节炎等。施行固定平台TKA手术的患者共30侧,14侧置换髌骨;施行旋转平台TKA手术的共48侧,36侧置换髌骨。术前和术后随访行膝HSS评分、测量关节伸直角度和屈曲角度,以比较两型假体TKA疗效;比较髌骨置换组与未置换组TKA疗效;在髌骨置换组与未置换组中,分别比较固定平台TKA和旋转平台TKA的疗效。结果成功随访76侧,平均25.2个月。旋转平台组术后HSS评分、伸直角度与固定平台组间的差异无统计学意义,前者术后的屈曲角度(112.0±11.5)°优于固定平台组间的差异有统计学意义(t=3.270,P0.01)。髌骨未置换组术后HSS评分、伸直角度与髌骨置换组(102.5±15.1)°组间差异有统计学意义(t=2.469,P0.05;t=3.747,P0.01),术后屈曲角度与后者间的差别无统计学意义。髌骨未置换组中,旋转平台TKA与固定平台TKA的术后HSS评分、屈曲角度无差异,伸直角度差别无临床意义。髌骨置换组中,旋转平台TKA术后HSS评分、伸直角度与固定平台TKA间的差异无统计学意义,前者术后的屈曲角度(112.9±13.0)°与后者术后的屈曲角度(96.7±18.4)°比较差异有统计学意义(t=2.838,P0.05)。结论旋转平台假体与固定平台假体TKA术后总体疗效相似,旋转平台假体能够更好地改善关节屈曲角度;置换髌骨并不能更好地改善膝关节功能。     

固定平台后稳定型假体全膝关节置换术后的运动学研究

 目的 探讨固定平台后稳定型假体全膝关节置换(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)术后膝关节在负重屈膝下蹲时的运动学特征。方法 选取10名健康志愿者和10例固定平台后稳定型假体TKA术后患者。制作骨骼及膝关节假体三维模型,在持续X线透视下完成负重下蹲动作,膝关节屈曲度每增加15°截取一幅图像。通过荧光透视分析技术完成三维模型与二维图像的匹配,再现股骨与胫骨在屈膝过程中的空间位置,通过连续的图像分析比较正常与固定平台后稳定型假体TKA术后膝关节在负重下蹲时股骨内、外髁前后移动及胫骨内外旋转幅度。结果 负重下蹲时,正常膝关节平均屈曲136°,股骨内、外髁分别后移(7.3±1.2) mm和(19.3±3.1) mm,胫骨平均内旋23.8°±3.4°;TKA术后膝关节平均屈曲125°,股骨内、外髁分别后移(1.4±1.6) mm和(6.4±1.7) mm,胫骨平均内旋8.5°±3.4°。结论 固定平台后稳定型假体TKA术后膝关节运动与正常膝关节相似,均表现出股骨内、外髁后移及胫骨内旋运动,但幅度小于正常膝关节,且在屈膝过程中存在股骨矛盾性前移及胫骨外旋现象。     

固定与旋转平台膝关节假体治疗重度膝外翻骨性关节炎的疗效比较

目的比较固定与旋转平台膝关节假体治疗重度膝外翻骨性关节炎的临床疗效。方法对76例接受治疗的重度膝外翻骨性关节炎患者按照膝关节假体类型分为观察组(应用旋转平台假体,36例)和对照组(应用固定平台假体,40例)。比较术后两组患者解剖学参数(股骨角、胫骨角、平台后倾角、髌骨高度、膝外翻角)、膝关节屈曲角度和KSS评分情况。结果患者均获得随访,时间6～36个月。两组患者术后股骨角、胫骨角、平台后倾角、髌骨高度以及膝外翻角指标比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后膝关节屈曲角度观察组高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后KSS评分两组比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论旋转平台假体能够有效恢复膝关节屈曲角度,纠正膝关节外翻畸形。     

不同类型假体全膝关节置换术后的运动学分析

目的观察以后稳定型、固定平台保留后十字韧带型和移动平台保留后十字韧带型假体行全膝关节置换术(TKA)后膝关节最大屈曲度,及膝关节屈曲过程中股骨假体相对胫骨假体的前后移动距离,探讨屈膝时股骨的前后移动对膝关节最大屈曲度的影响。方法选取以三种类型假体行TKA术的病例各25例,均为膝骨性关节炎;TKA术后效果优良,膝关节屈曲≥90°,术后1年以上。患者年龄63～77岁,平均68岁;男32膝,女43膝。后稳定型组、固定平台组及移动平台组术前膝关节最大屈曲度分别为77.8°±15.1°、80.1°±12.9°和76.4°±12.7°。术后拍摄膝伸直位和最大被动屈曲位侧位X线片,测量膝关节从伸直位至最大屈曲位时股骨假体相对胫骨假体的前后移动距离及膝最大屈曲度。结果三组术前屈膝度差异无显著性。后稳定型组、固定平台组和移动平台组术后最大屈曲度分别为118.0°±7.1°、108.7°±7.9°和100.2°±8.3°,三组差异有非常显著性(F=32.86,P=0.0001)。三组术后股骨假体相对胫骨假体前后移动距离分别为(6.3±2.5)mm、(?1.2±4.6)mm和(?4.7±3.7)mm(向后移为正值,向前移为负值),三组差异有非常显著性(F=57.71,P=0.0001)。股骨假体相对胫骨假体前后移动距离与膝最大屈曲度间存在相关性,股骨假体前移会使膝最大屈曲度减小。结论三     

比较固定平台和高屈曲旋转平台假体人工膝关节置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎的效果

目的比较固定平台和高屈曲旋转平台假体人工膝关节置换术治疗膝骨性关节炎(OA)的效果。方法回顾性分析2016-10—2018-10间在新乡市第二人民医院接受人工膝关节置换术治疗的176例膝OA患者的资料。按不同假体分为2组,各88例。固定组采用固定平台假体,旋转组采用高屈曲旋转平台假体。比较2组术前,术后6个月、12个月膝关节功能(HSS)评分、膝关节活动度(ROM)、并发症发生率。结果 2组并发症发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。术后12个月旋转组HSS评分、ROM均高于固定组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论采用高屈曲旋转平台假体实施人工膝关节置换术治疗膝OA,中期效果显著,有利于患者膝关节功能及活动度提升,且不增加并发症风险。     

固定平台型与活动平台型膝关节假体人工全膝关节置换术后膝前痛的比较研究

目的比较采用固定平台型与活动平台型膝关节假体行人工全膝关节置换术(total knee arthroplasty,TKA)后发生膝前痛的差异。方法 2008年1月-10月收治72例骨性关节炎患者,其中37例采用固定平台型膝关节假体置换(固定平台组),35例采用活动平台型膝关节假体置换(活动平台组)。固定平台组:男8例,女29例;年龄57～76岁,平均69.6岁。左膝20例,右膝17例。体重55～92 kg,平均66.7 kg。体重指数(body mass index,BMI)为17.6～37.3,平均26.2。病程3～22年。根据膝关节学会评分系统(KSS)标准评定膝评分(29.4±15.3)分,功能评分(33.4±16.8)分。髌骨评分(7.2±2.5)分,疼痛评分(2.5±2.2)分。Insall-Salvat(iI-S)指数为1.6±0.3。活动平台组:男9例,女26例;年龄58～73岁,平均68.2岁。左膝30例,右膝5例。体重50～86 kg,平均67.9 kg。BMI为18.4～34.4,平均25.6。病程6～18年。KSS膝评分(30.9±14.7)分,功能评分(31.4±14.4)分。髌骨评分(6.8±3.1)分,疼痛评分(2.0±2.3)分。I-S指数为1.6±0.2。两组患者一般资料比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05),具有可比性。结果两组患者术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合,无下肢深静脉血栓形成及肺栓塞发生。患者术后均获随访,随访时间为12～16个月。术后活动平台组发生膝关节感染1例,膝关节脱位1例,膝关节弹响3例;固定平台组发生膝关节弹响1例。两组末次随访时KSS膝评分及功能评分、疼痛评分及髌骨评分比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组以上指标分别与术前比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。末次随访时两组适合角、外侧髌骨角、髌骨倾斜角、髌骨外移距离、髌骨移位距离及I-S指数比较,差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。术后1～5个月固定平台组7例(18.9%)、活动平台组5例(14.3%)出现膝前痛。两组膝前痛发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.227,P=0.634)。术后出现膝前痛患者KSS膝评分、功能评分、髌骨评分及I-S指数与未出现膝前痛患者比较,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);其余各指标差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用固定平台型与活动平台型膝关节假体行TKA术后膝前痛发生率及术后近期疗效无明显差异。     

固定与旋转平台型假体置换治疗膝骨关节炎的比较

[目的]比较固定平台假体(FB)与旋转平台假体(RP)应用于人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗终末期膝骨关节炎的效果。[方法]2014年6月~2015年6月本院骨科收治的终末期膝骨关节炎患者86例,所有患者均行全膝关节置换术,根据受试者选择置换假体的意愿分为FB组(共40例)和RP组(共46例)。记录比较两组围手术期情况(包括手术时间、切口长度、术中失血量、术后引流量、下地时间等)及术后并发症发生情况,比较术前及末次随访时两组KSS评分、疼痛评分及髌骨评分,并摄膝关节X线片进行影像学评估。[结果]两组患者的手术时间、切口长度、术中失血量、术后引流量及下地时间比较,差异均无统计学意义(P0.05),RP组术后6 d发生脱位1例,处理后未再发生脱位,随访未发现其他严重并发症;两组末次随访KSS评分、膝评分及功能评分、疼痛评分、髌骨评分均较术前显著升高(P0.05),末次随访组间同期比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后正侧位X线片显示两组术后假体位置均良好,无松动,末次随访膝关节活动度较术前显著增大,胫骨角较术前显著减小(P0.05),末次随访组间膝关节活动度、胫骨角同期比较差异无统计学意义(P均0.05)。[结论]RP与FB应用于TKA术治疗终末期膝骨关节炎均可显著改善膝骨关节功能,术后膝关节疼痛明显改善或消失,膝内外翻等畸形得到改善,疗效显著,安全性高。     

固定平台后稳定型假体与旋转高屈曲型假体治疗膝骨性关节炎的早期疗效比较

目的评价人工全膝关节置换(total knee replacement,TKR)中使用固定平台后稳定型假体与旋转高屈曲型假体治疗骨性关节炎的早期临床疗效。方法对我院2007年1月—2009年12月收治的68例骨关节炎患者施行TKR手术,其中应用固定平台后稳定型假体32例38膝,旋转高屈曲型假体36例44膝,通过测量手术前及末次随访时的膝关节活动度和美国特种外科医院膝关节评分(hospital for special knee surgery score,HSS)对两种假体置换方式的临床疗效进行比较。结果 68例患者获随访3～26个月,平均19个月。根据HSS评分标准,末次随访时优47例(69.1%),良17例(25.0%),可4例(5.9%),总优良率94.1%。两组之间术前活动度以及术前、末次随访时HSS的差异无统计学意义(P0.05),而旋转高屈曲型假体组在末次随访活动度方面较固定平台后稳定型假体组为高(P0.05)。结论高屈曲度人工膝关节假体在运动学上有潜在的优势,有助于改善关节功能,减轻接触应力和假体磨损;固定平台后稳定型假体手术方式简单、疗效肯定、术后并发症少,对不需要从事高屈曲活动、经济较为困难以及高龄患者是一种可供选择的假体。     

膝关节外翻畸形的人工全膝关节置换术

目的探讨膝关节外翻畸形患者行人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)的手术方法和临床效果。方法对1996年1月至2004年8月74例87个膝关节外翻畸形TKA手术进行回顾分析。患者男11例,女63例,平均年龄63岁(26~80岁);股胫角(股骨和胫骨解剖轴线的夹角)平均为21·59°(12°~40°);应用后稳定型假体,采用髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨加单纯外侧软组织松解方法。随访检查膝关节活动度、X线外翻角度及KSS评分以评价手术效果。结果术后评价随访时间33·8个月(5个月~9年),根据膝关节活动度数及KSS评分评估关节功能情况。膝关节平均活动度为112·4°(80°~130°),KSS评分平均为81·7分(71~93分),比术前提高了59分;功能评分平均为86·3分,比术前提高了59·8分。所有膝关节在行TKA后外翻畸形基本得到矫正,随访时外翻度数(股胫角)平均为8·7°(0°~11°),较术前有明显改善。随访时1例患者有膝关节轻度不稳症状,1例术前严重髌脱位患者术后髌骨存在半脱位,其余正常。结论对于膝关节外翻畸形患者,采用髌旁内侧入路、常规截骨加单纯外侧软组织松解以及安装后稳定型假体的方法,可取得比较满意的临床效果。     

An Anatomic Study on Whether the Patella is Centered in an Ideal Anteroposterior Radiograph of the Knee

BackgroundCurrently, an anteroposterior radiograph of the knee is judged based on a centered position of the patella between the femoral condyles. We are not aware of any anatomic literature supporting this recommendation.Questions/PurposesOrthogonal images are required for accurate assessment of knee deformity. Although an image with the patella centered at the distal femur is generally accepted as a true anteroposterior (AP) radiograph of the knee, there is minimal anatomic data to support that this view is orthogonal to a true lateral view of the knee where the condyles are overlapped. We designed an anatomical study to test the relationship between these two radiographic views.MethodsWe studied 428 well-preserved cadaveric skeletons ranging from 40 to 79 years of age at death. Centering of the patella was calculated based on distal femoral and patellar widths. Multiple regression analysis was then performed to determine the relationship between patellar centering and age, gender, ethnicity, mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA), femoral anteversion, and contralateral centering.ResultsAverage patellar centering was 0.13 ± 0.04, indicating that the average patella was laterally positioned in the distal femur. Only mLDFA and contralateral centering showed statistically significant independent correlations with patellar centering with modest standardized beta coefficients of 0.10 and 0.23, respectively.ConclusionsIn the average specimen, the patella is laterally deviated by 13% of the condylar width. Clinicians should be aware that a lateral view with the femoral condyles overlapped is not always orthogonal to a patella-centered AP view when planning and implementing deformity correction.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11420-014-9419-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

单髁置换术与全膝关节置换术治疗膝单间室骨性关节炎近中期疗效的对比研究

目的探讨膝单髁置换术(UKA)和全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗膝单间室重度骨性关节炎(KOA)的近中期临床疗效。方法随访本研究中因患膝单间室重度KOA接受单髁置换术的患者23例(23膝),同时期同术者施行的全膝关节置换术50例(56膝)。UKA组23位患者22名获得到了较为完整的临床随访,1例死亡。平均时间为28.6个月(4个月～7年),TKA组50位患者均获得随访,平均时间为32.9个月(2个月～7年)。对手术前后HSS评分,疼痛缓解,术中出血量及术后3d血红蛋白下降量,关节屈曲大于90°时间及屈曲大于120°膝关节数进行比较。结果UKA组与TKA组均获得满意疗效,两组患者均无假体松动,无关节翻修等严重并发症,HSS评分UKA组术前(64±5.75)分,术后末次随访(86±7.85)分(t=11.53,P0.001);TKA组术前(61±6.53)分,术后末次随访(84±7.92)分(t=18.64,P0.001)。与TKA组比较,UKA组术中出血(t=12.47,P0.001)及术后3d天血红蛋白下降少(t=13.61,P0.001),疼痛缓解相似(2=0.007,P0.05),术后膝关节屈曲到90°时间短(t=3.97,P0.05),术后能屈曲到120°的比率高。结论在严格掌握适应证的前提下,对于膝单间室重度KOA患者的手术治疗,UKA的近中期疗效可与TKA相媲美,而且UKA具有创伤小,出血少,患者耐受性好,术后恢复快的优点。     

膝关节单间室置换术的研究进展

膝关节单间室置换术（单髁置换术,unicompartmental knee arthroplasty,UKA）已沿用30多年,被认为是治疗膝关节单间室骨性关节炎及骨坏死的一种有效术式。此术式有很多成功病例的报道,也有引发灾难性后果需要再次手术的情况。由于UKA多采用微创手术方式,因而在术后恢复及患者病死率等方面优于全膝关节置换;并且有学者经过10年的随访,发现关节存活率令人满意。随着手术技术日趋成熟、关节假体制造工艺越来越精细、     

Preclinical Evaluation Method for Total Knees Designed to Restore Normal Knee Mechanics

The objective was to develop a simple, rapid, and low-cost method for evaluating proposed new total knee arthroplasty (TKA) models and then to evaluate 3 different TKA models with different kinematic characteristics. A “desktop” knee testing rig was used to apply forces and moments over a full flexion range, representing a spectrum of positions and activities; and the positions of the femur on the tibia were measured. The average neutral path of motion (for compressive force only) and the laxities about the neutral path (for superimposed shear and torque) were determined from 8 knee specimens to be used as a benchmark for the TKA evaluations. A typical posterior-stabilized TKA did not display the normal external femoral rotation with flexion and also showed abnormal anterior sliding on the medial side. A medial-pivot type of guided-motion design showed medial stability comparable to anatomical but still did not produce external femoral rotation and posterior lateral displacement with flexion. The addition of a central cam-post produced the rotation and displacement but only after 75° of flexion. It was concluded that the test method satisfied the objective and could be used as a design tool for evaluating new and existing designs, as well as for formulating a TKA with anatomical characteristics.     

Management of the painful knee

The painful knee is one of the most common musculoskeletal presentations to primary and secondary care. It is important to distinguish between acute and chronic causes of knee pain, since the urgency of diagnosis and management can be vastly different. This short review covers the common diagnoses that are frequently encountered, with a systematic approach to confirming the diagnosis, and a management strategy.     

Restoration of the joint line in total knee arthroplasty

The purpose of the study was to assess the effect of the joint line position in a posterior cruciate ligament–retaining, mobile-bearing total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Seventy-six consecutive TKAs performed by 1 surgeon were prospectively assessed for a minimum of 2.5 years. Posterior cruciate ligament–retaining, mobile-bearing TKA was performed in all cases. The joint line was elevated 1 mm on average (range, −11 to +10). There was no correlation between joint line position and range of motion, knee function scores, knee pain scores, or patellar height. The joint line position in a posterior cruciate–retaining, mobile-bearing (LCS AP Glide; DePuy, Leeds, United Kingdom) TKA did not affect the early clinical results.     

人工全膝关节置换治疗膝关节骨关节炎

目的探讨人工全膝关节置换术(TKA)治疗终末期膝关节骨关节炎的临床疗效。方法对行TKA治疗的181例终末期膝关节骨关节炎患者(226膝)分别于手术后40、120、180、360 d进行定期随访观察,对患者HSS膝关节功能评分及膝关节最大活动度进行比较。结果患者均获得随访,时间1~2年。膝关节功能HSS评分:优209膝(92.5%),良13膝(5.8%),可3膝(1.3%),差1膝(0.4%),优良率98.2%。术后各时间段的HSS评分及膝关节最大活动度均较术前显著提高,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 TKA是治疗终末期膝关节骨关节炎的有效方法,正确的手术操作和合理的功能锻炼是取得满意临床效果决定性因素。     

Extension Deficit and Lateral Instability in Degenerative Disease of the Knee

During the period October 1975-June 1977, 70 Marmor knee arthroplasties were performed. the operative procedure provided a good opportunity to study the anatomical conditions in vivo. the causes of extension deficit and lateral instability of the knees were analysed in a prospective investigation. Thirty-seven out of 69 knees had an extension deficit exceeding 10° preoperatively. At operation a bony impediment to extension was found in 32 of these 37 knees, and by removal of this obstruction the extension deficit was relieved in 31 of the knees. At radiography a bony impediment was demonstrated preoperatively as a cause of an extension deficit in 29 of the 32 knees. No false positive diagnosis was made radiographically. Varus or valgus instability exceeding 5° was observed preoperatively in 42 of the 70 knees. Lateral stability was achieved in all knees at operation by compensating for the intra-articular loss of cartilage and bone with the Marmor module system. Macroscopically intact collateral ligaments were found in all knee joints even in those severely affected by rheumatoid arthritis. All knees except three showed lateral stability 1 year postoperatively.