无ST段抬高的急性冠状动脉综合征

急性冠状动脉综合征 (ａｃｕｔｅｃｏｒｏｎａｒｙｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ,ＡＣＳ)包括Ｑ波急性心肌梗死 (ＡＭＩ)、非Ｑ波ＡＭＩ和不稳定性心绞痛(ＵＡ)。他们的主流机制都是斑块破裂的基础上诱发急性血栓形成 ,如果形成急性闭塞性血栓则主要造成ＳＴ段抬高的Ｑ波ＡＭＩ,如果血栓为非闭塞性 ,或虽为闭塞性 ,但其远端已有侧支循环形成 ,多造成非Ｑ波ＡＭＩ或ＵＡ ,统称为无ＳＴ段抬高的ＡＣＳ。梗死相关冠脉血栓性闭塞率在ＳＴ段抬高的Ｑ波性ＡＭＩ、无ＳＴ段抬高的非Ｑ波性ＡＭＩ和ＵＡ中分别占90 %、2 0 %～ 40 %和 10 %左右。急性血栓形成的速…     

非ST段抬高型急性冠脉综合征的治疗

急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）是一个疾病谱的统称，通常在冠状动脉粥样硬化的基础上，斑块破裂、破损或出血、痉挛，导致血栓形成。完全或不完全堵塞冠状动脉的急性病变为病理基础的一组临床综合征，包括不稳定型心绞痛（UA）、急性心肌梗死（AMI）或猝死。近年来的研究使人们对ACS从概念、病理生理机制到治疗策略的认识和理解不断深入，尤其随着循证医学的发展，为其治疗策略的逐步更新和完善提供了越来越充分的依据。     

吸烟对急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死的影响

吸烟与急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)的风险增加密切相关,它影响着冠状动脉粥样硬化的各个阶段。STEMI在冠状动脉内血栓完全阻塞管腔时发生,除典型症状以外,心电图会显示ST段抬高,此时应尽快行急诊经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI),重症患者在急诊PCI术之前也可以进行溶栓治疗。STEMI患者的短期预后优于非STEMI患者,但在长期预后上两者无较大差异。与非吸烟者相比,吸烟的STEMI患者对PCI及药物治疗的反应可能不同。病理学、临床研究和影像学研究对吸烟这一危险因素导致的STEMI给予了高度关注,这也为吸烟患者的治疗提供了新思路。本文将从吸烟及STEMI在国内外的流行病特点、吸烟在冠状动脉粥样硬化形成中的影响和作用、吸烟对STEMI发生的影响和作用、吸烟对STEMI患者预后的影响这四方面进行综述。     

急性冠状动脉综合征诊断与危险评估

急性冠状动脉综合征（ACS）是由于冠状动脉（冠脉）内不稳定性粥样硬化斑块破裂引发冠脉内血栓形成，使血管腔部分或完全堵塞所产生的一组急性心肌缺血综合征，具有发病急、病情变化快及病死率高的特点。ACS向临床医师提出了严峻挑战：怎样从那些发生胸痛或胸部不适的患者中尽早识别出ACS并根据其危险程度作出相应的决策？为此，我们将ACS分为两大类：一是ST段抬高型ACS，也就是急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死（STE-AMI）；二是非ST段抬高型ACS（NSTE-ACS），包括不稳定型心绞痛（UA）和非ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死（NSTE-AMI）。     

急性冠脉综合征的临床及心电图表现

急性冠脉综合征(ACS)是以冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂或糜烂,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成为病理基础的一组临床综合征。包括不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)、ST段抬高型急性心肌梗死(STEMI)、非ST段抬高型(NSTEMI)及猝死。病情属于急性、多变、进展状态。心电图对ACS的诊断、分型具有重要意义。急性心肌梗死(AMI)后,心电图的特征性、规律性演变,是心电图诊断心肌梗死的重要依据,在短时间内与临床资料相结合进行分析,可对70%~80%的心肌梗死作出早期诊断。1ACS的临床表现及特点ACS是冠心病的一组特殊临床类型,主要依据冠心病史及临床表…     

非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征抗栓治疗的研究进展

该文综述近年来非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征抗栓治疗的研究进展。抗栓药物包括抗血小板药和抗凝药,其中抗血小板药有阿司匹林、磷酸腺苷（ ADP）受体拮抗剂和血小板膜糖蛋白（ GPⅡb／Ⅲa）受体拮抗剂等;抗凝药有普通肝素和低分子肝素、抗Xa因子抑制药和直接凝血酶抑制剂等。     

急性冠脉综合征双联抗血小板治疗与上消化道出血

急性冠脉综合征（acute coronary syndrome,ACS）是一组由急性心肌缺血引起的临床综合征,包括急性心肌梗死（AMI）、不稳定型心绞痛（UA）,其中AMI又分为ST段抬高的心肌梗死（STEMI）及非ST段抬高的心肌梗死（NSTEMI）.其病理基础是冠状动脉粥样硬化斑块破裂（rupture）或糜烂（erosion）,继发完全或不完全闭塞性血栓形成.     

急性冠脉综合症患者住院期和出院后脑卒中的患病危险因素研究--GRACE研究

背景脑卒中是急性心肌梗塞的一个重要并发症,但有关急性冠脉综合症(acutecoronarysyndrome,ACS)患者中脑卒中的发生率和结局的报道很少。本研究探讨了ACS患者发生出血性和非出血性脑卒中的危险因素。方法和结果研究对象为急性冠脉事件全球性登记研究(GlobalRegistry0fAcuteCoronaryEvents,GRACE)入选的35,233名ACS患者。住院期间发生脑卒中310冽(0.9%),其中100例死亡(占32.6%)。ST段抬高的心肌梗塞患者住院期间的脑卒中发生率显著高于非ST段抬高的心肌梗塞患者以及不稳定型心绞痛(分别为1.3%,0.9%,0.5%;P<0.001)。有35.50A,的脑卒中发生在入院6天内。增加住院期间非出血性卒中的最重要危险因素是冠脉搭桥术(CABG),其次是住院期间发生房颤、脑卒中史、谷草转氨酶和高龄。服用他汀类药物是一个保护因素。校正混杂因素后,脑卒中显著增加ACS患者的住院死亡率达8.3倍(95%可信区间:6.0-11.4)。出院后的ACS患者发生脑卒中者有269例(占1.1%),其中56例死亡(占20.9%)。住院期间发生过脑卒中是增加出院后脑卒中的最重要危险因素。结论脑卒中在ACS患者中的发生率并不高,但有很高的死亡率。出院后脑卒中的发生率也较高,因此有待采取新措施以降低ACS患者发生脑卒中的危险。简介:GRACE研究-GlobalRegistryofAcuteCoronaryEvents,急性冠脉事件全球性登记研究,是一项国际多中心针对ACS患者进行的登记研究,随访6个月。研究设计为非随机化的观察性研究,研究者为FoxKAA,GoodmanSG,KleinW,etal.GRACE研究主要研究急性冠脉综合征的对策,不同治疗措施及其临床后果的差异,为急性冠脉综合征患者提供充分有力的人群水平的治疗资料。     

心血管疾病介入治疗的几个相关问题：非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征的处理策略

2007年非ST段抬高急性冠状动脉综合征（NSTE-ACS），包括不稳定型心绞痛和非ST段抬高心肌梗死的2个最新指南相继颁布，分别由欧洲心脏病协会（ESC）、美国心脏病学院／美国心脏协会（ACC／AHA）在各自2002年版指南基础上重新修订，汇集了近5年来该领域的研究成果，以进一步更规范的指导临床实践。现重点阐述ESC2007年指南所建议的NSTE-ACS的处理步骤。     

急性冠状动脉综合征——不稳定型心绞痛与非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死的药物治疗

不稳定型心绞痛(UAP)和非ST段抬高急性心肌梗死(NSTEMI)均是急性冠状动脉综合征(ACS)的表现形式。2000年美国心脏病学会／美国心脏病协会(ACC／AHA)UAP与NSTEMI治疗指南强调，应对UAP／NSTEMI患者进行危险性分层，并根据危险分层选择相应的治疗策略。UAP／NSTEMI的药物治疗进展中，以抗血小板治疗和抗凝治疗的进展最快，本文将重点介绍。     

Optimizing antithrombotic therapy in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome

The acute coronary syndromes (i.e., ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, non-ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction, and unstable angina) share a common pathophysiology: the rupture or breakdown of atheromatous plaque superimposed on intracoronary thrombosis (i.e., atherothrombosis). The aim of this review article was to summarize developments occurring during the last year in antithrombotic therapy for non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. Four specific issues are considered: pretreatment with clopidogrel before percutaneous coronary intervention, antiplatelet resistance, indications for glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in patients pretreated with clopidogrel, and the role of bivalirudine and fondaparinux in the treatment of these patients.     

Acute massive pulmonary embolism mimicking non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome

Non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome frequently presents with negative T-wave inversion. In acute pulmonary embolism precordial T-wave inversion occurs due to right ventricular strain. We herein report a case of a 48-year-old woman presenting with syncope secondary to massive main pulmonary artery embolism which was initially diagnosed as acute coronary syndrome due to negative anterior T-wave inversion and raised troponin. In addition, her room air saturation was normal and electrocardiogram showed T-wave inversion in inferior wall leads as well. We present this case of massive pulmonary embolism with varied presentation which was initially misdiagnosed as acute coronary syndrome.     

GRACE危险评分与非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征患者冠状动脉病变的关系

目的探讨非ST段抬高型急性冠状动脉综合征（NSTE-ACS）患者GRACE危险评分与冠状动脉病变的关系,评价GRACE危险评分对冠状动脉病变预测的价值。方法收集2008年6月~2009年12月住院的NSTE-ACS患者154例,对其进行GRACE危险评分,以评分差异分组,分析不同组别中患者冠状动脉病变的特点及与GRACE危险评分之间的关系。结果随着GRACE危险评分分值的增加,冠状动脉狭窄的支数及程度呈增加趋势,冠状动脉病变的性质趋向于B型和C型。结论 GRACE危险评分对冠状动脉病变支数、严重程度、病变性质有一定的预测价值。     

Prognostic value of serum creatinine in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with kidney failure. Moreover, the presence of impaired renal function is an important prognostic factor in patients with heart disease, and is a determinant of outcome during follow-up. The main aim was to investigate the relationship between kidney failure at admission and one-year mortality in patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome. PATIENTS AND METHOD: We studied 1029 consecutive patients admitted to our institution. The serum creatinine level and glomerular filtration rate were determined at admission, and classical risk factors and biochemical markers were assessed. The primary endpoint was all-cause mortality at one year. RESULTS: Patients who died were older, more frequently had a history of diabetes or coronary artery disease, were more likely to have heart failure at admission, had higher troponin-I, myoglobin and creatinine levels, and were less likely to have dyslipidemia or to be a smoker. Multivariate analysis showed that the independent predictors of all-cause mortality at one year were age, diabetes, troponin-I level, Killip class > 1, male gender, creatinine level, and glomerular filtration rate. There was a linear correlation between increased risk and creatinine level. CONCLUSIONS: Creatinine level at admission is one of the most important covariates in early prognostic stratification in these patients. A high serum creatinine level (or a low glomerular filtration rate) increases the probability of death due to all causes. The serum creatinine level is, moreover, an inexpensive, easy-to-use, and widely available prognostic marker.     

盐酸替罗非班治疗非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征的临床疗效

目的观察盐酸替罗非班治疗非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征（NSTE-ACS）的临床疗效及安全性。方法入选不稳定型心绞痛及非ST段抬高心肌梗死患者164例,随机分为观察组（n=82）和对照组（n=82）。对照组给予阿司匹林、低分子肝素、氯吡格雷等常规治疗;观察组在常规治疗基础上加用盐酸替罗非班[静脉负荷量0.4μg/（kg.min）,30 min后以0.1μg/（kg.min）维持,持续48～120 h]。观察两组患者治疗36 h及30d后的主要不良心血管事件（MACE）及不良反应的发生情况。结果观察组治疗36 h及30 d后的MACE发生率分别为：2.4%和6.1%对照组分别为：12.2%和18.5%,两组患者36 h及30 d MACE发生率差异均有统计学意义（P均〈0.05）。观察组与对照组出血发生率分别为：9.8%、6.1%,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组均无严重的出血并发症及显著血小板减少。结论 NSTE-ACS患者在常规药物基础上联用盐酸替罗非班治疗可减少MACE的发生率,但增加轻微出血的发生率。     

Necrotic core and its ratio to dense calcium are predictors of high-risk non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome

Increased creatine kinase-MB levels and ST-segment depression are well-known prognostic factors in the setting of non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (ACS). We hypothesized a relationship between virtual histology intravascular ultrasound (VH-IVUS) findings and these prognostic factors. We performed "whole vessel" VH-IVUS analysis in culprit arteries of 225 patients with ACS and measured the 4 basic VH-IVUS coronary plaque components--fibrous, fibrofatty, dense calcium (DC), and necrotic core (NC)--and calculated a NC/DC ratio. Patients' age was 62 +/- 11 years; 72% were men and 23% had diabetes. Only the NC/DC ratio had a positive association with creatine kinase-MB levels (r = 0.21, p = 0.03), and it was significantly higher for patients with ST-depression compared with those with non-ST-depression ACS (1.97 +/- 1.46 vs 1.58 +/- 1.10, p = 0.02). Sensitivity and specificity curves determined that a NC/DC value > or =2 (odds ratio 3.8, p = 0.01) and percentage of NC > or =6 (odds ratio 3.1, p = 0.04) were thresholds that best separated patients with high-risk non-ST-elevation ACS from those without abnormal creatine kinase-MB or ST depression. Patients with both predictors had significantly higher total cholesterol (204.7 +/- 60.5 vs 173.6 +/- 44.3 mg/dl, p = 0.01), higher low-density liprotein cholesterol (132.5 +/- 49.8 vs 101.3 +/- 33.2 mg/dl, p = 0.02), and more myocardial injury (creatine kinase-MB value of 42 +/- 38 vs 12 +/- 21, p = 0.01) than patients with no predictors. In conclusion, VH-IVUS analysis showed that the percentage of NC and its ratio to DC in diseased coronary segments are positively associated with a high-risk ACS presentation.     

Gender differences in management and outcome in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome

Objective

To study gender differences in management and outcome in patients with non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndrome.

Design, setting and patients

Cohort study of 53 781 consecutive patients (37% women) from the Register of Information and Knowledge about Swedish Heart Intensive care Admissions (RIKS‐HIA), with a diagnosis of either unstable angina pectoris or non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. All patients were admitted to intensive coronary care units in Sweden, between 1998 and 2002, and followed for 1 year.

Main outcome measures

Treatment intensity and in‐hospital, 30‐day and 1‐year mortality.

Results

Women were older (73 vs 69 years, p<0.001) and more likely to have a history of hypertension and diabetes, but less likely to have a history of myocardial infarction or revascularisation. After adjustment, there were no major differences in acute pharmacological treatment or prophylactic medication at discharge.Revascularisation was, however, even after adjustment, performed more often in men (OR 1.15; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.21). After adjustment, there was no significant difference in in‐hospital (OR 1.03; 95% CI, 0.94 to 1.13) or 30‐days (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 0.99 to 1.15) mortality, but at 1 year being male was associated with higher mortality (OR 1.12; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.19).

Conclusion

Although women are somewhat less intensively treated, especially regarding invasive procedures, after adjustment for differences in background characteristics, they have better long‐term outcomes than men.Since the beginning of the 1990s there have been numerous studies on gender differences in management of acute coronary syndromes (ACS). Many earlier studies,^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8} but not all,⁹ found that women were treated less intensively in the acute phase. In some of the studies, after adjustment for age, comorbidity and severity of the disease, most of the differences disappeared.^6,7 There is also conflicting evidence on gender differences in evidence‐based treatment at discharge.^{1,3,5,6,8,10,11}After acute myocardial infarction (AMI), a higher short‐term mortality in women is documented in several studies.^{2,5,6,7,12,13,14} After adjustment for age and comorbidity some difference has usually,^2,5,12,13 but not always,^11,14 remained. On the other hand, most studies assessing long‐term outcome have found no difference between the genders, or a better outcome in women, at least after adjustment.^7,10,13,14 Earlier studies focusing on gender differences in outcome after an acute coronary syndrome have usually studied patients with AMI, including both ST‐elevation myocardial infarction and non‐ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI).^{2,5,6,7,12,13,14} However, the pathophysiology and initial management differs between these two conditions,¹⁵ as does outcome according to gender.^11,16 In patients with NSTEMI or unstable angina pectoris (UAP), women seem to have an equal or better outcome, after adjustment for age and comorbidity.^{1,4,8,11,16,17} Studies on differences between genders, in treatment and outcome, in real life, contemporary, non‐ST‐elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE ACS) populations, large enough to make necessary adjustments for confounders, are lacking.The aim of this study was to assess gender differences in background characteristics, management and outcome in a real‐life intensive coronary care unit (ICCU) population, with NSTE ACS.     

非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征的危险分层和治疗策略

临床上，非ST段抬高急性冠脉综合征（ACS）包括不稳定型心绞痛和非Q波心肌梗死，极为常见，根据临床，心电图，血清生化，左心功能状态和冠状动态（冠脉）病变作危险分层对治疗策略的制定尤为重要。尽管内科保守治疗已普遍采用，但对心绞痛反复发作，ST段压低，TnT或TnI增高，血流动力学或心电不稳定，心肌梗死后早期不稳定型心绞痛等高危患者，应尽早行冠脉造影，并根据冠脉病变情况决定行介入治疗（最好联合应用血小板GPⅡb/Ⅲa受体阻滞剂），以改善患者的临床预后。     

急性冠脉综合征诊断

急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)是与急性冠状脉缺血相关的一组临床综合征.根据心电图ST段的表现分为ST段抬高型和非ST段抬高型.ST段抬高型即ST段抬高性心肌梗死,非ST段抬高型又分为不稳定性心绞痛和非ST段抬高性心肌梗死.……