北京市门头沟区2015—2016年Victoria系乙型流感病毒HA1基因特征分析

目的 了解北京市门头沟区2015—2016年分离的Victoria系乙型流感病毒血凝素HA1基因变异特征,分析流行株与我国疫苗株的匹配情况,为乙型流感防控提供依据.方法 对狗肾传代细胞(MDCK)培养分离得到的14株Victoria系乙型流感病毒进行核酸提取,采用逆转录-聚合酶链反应(RT-PCR)扩增病毒HA1基因后进行核苷酸序列测定,采用邻接法进行遗传进化树分析.结果 2015—2016年北京市门头沟区流行的乙型流感病毒以Victoria系为主.分离并测序的14株Victoria系乙型流感病毒HA1基因与WHO推荐的2016—2017年流感疫苗株B/Brisbane/60/2008(FJ766842)和国内代表株B/JilinNanguan/1223/2016(EPI768805)亲缘性更近.与B/Brisbane/60/2008和B/JilinNanguan/1223/2016(EPI768805)的HA1区的氨基酸相比,所有毒株都在2个位点发生氨基酸替换,个别毒株也会在其他个别位点发生点突变,变异涉及1个抗原决定簇.而与WHO推荐的2015—2016年Yamagata系疫苗株B/Phuket/3073/2013(EPI608074)亲缘关系稍远一些.结论 在2015—2016年流感监测季中,北京市门头沟区乙型流感病毒以Victoria系为优势流行株.而WHO推荐的乙型流感疫苗株为Yamagata系,可见疫苗株与本区流行株匹配性不佳.     

江苏省2011年乙型流感病毒血凝素和神经氨酸酶分子流行特征

目的 分析2011年江苏省乙型流感病毒的血凝素(HA)和神经氨酸酶(NA)的分子流行特征.方法 选择13株2011年江苏省不同地区、不同流行时间的乙型流感毒株进行全基因组测序,通过生物信息学方法对HA、NA分子流行特征进行分析.结果 13株乙型流感毒株中,10株属于Victoria系,3株属于Yamagata系.10株Victoria系毒株的NA基因来源于Yamagata系病毒,是基因重配流行株.与疫苗株相比,10株Victoria系毒株和3株Yamagata系毒株的HA蛋白分别在197和196位增加一个糖基化位点.结论 2011年江苏省乙型流感Victoria系和Yamagata系病毒同时流行,其中重配的Victoria系病毒占优势.     

2021—2022年流感监测季北京市乙型Victoria系流感病毒血凝素基因特性和抗原性分析

目的分析2021—2022年流感监测季北京市乙型Victoria系流感病毒(BV)的血凝素(hemagglutinin, HA)基因特性、抗原性及与流感疫苗组分株的匹配性。方法采集2021—2022年流感监测季流感样病例(influenza like-illness, ILI)咽拭子样本经MDCK和鸡胚培养分离流感病毒, 提取病毒核酸后测序。应用MEGA5.0进行病毒HA基因的核苷酸和氨基酸变异, 采用maximum likelihood方法构建HA基因的遗传进化树, 在线预测N-糖基化位点。SWISS-MODEL同源建模, 建立BV毒株HA的蛋白质三维空间模拟图。通过血凝抑制(hemagglutination inhibition, HI)试验, 进行毒株的抗原性分析。结果共收集402株BV毒株, 选取58株测序获得HA基因全长序列, 与本年度的疫苗组分BV株(B/Washington/02/2019)HA基因相比较显示, 有27个氨基酸位点发生变异, 其中11个变异位点位于4个不同的抗原决定簇。遗传进化树分析显示:3个进化分支的毒株共同流行, 其中54株(54/58, 93.10%...     

1994-2006年深圳市分离的B型流感病毒分子进化研究

目的 通过对深圳市分离的B型流感病毒HA1分子系统进化分析,初步了解深圳市B型流感病毒的流行变异规律.方法 选取深圳市1994-2006共13年间分离的50株B型流感毒株,通过RT-PCR将其HA1基因片段扩增后进行序列解析,然后,通过MEGA等软件对序列进行分子进化分析.结果 1994-2006年间深圳市流行的B型流感病毒分为Yamagata和Victoria两个亚系,两系的毒株分别是不同年份的主要流行株.两个亚系的HA1分子具有1个糖基化位点的差异,在4个抗原决定簇区域也分布有多个氨基酸位点的变异.结论 1994-2006年间深圳市B型流感病毒的两个亚系分别在不同年份主导流行,但变异均比较缓慢.

Abstract：

Objective To study the prevalence and variation of influenza B viruses of Shenzhen. Methods Fifty strains influenza B viruses in Shenzhen from 1994 to 2006 were selected. HA1 gene were amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of HA1 was conducted by MEGA program. Results The influenza B viruses of Shenzhen were divided into Yamagata and Victoria lineage. The two lineages prevailed respectively in different years from 1994 to 2006. The variance of glycosylation site and some mutations of antigenic determinants were detected in the two lineages. Conclusion The viruses of Yamagata and Victoria lineage prevailed respectively in different years in Shenzhen but the mutation rates of the two lineages were slowly.     

2004-2005年中国B型流感病毒抗原性及基因特性研究

目的 阐明2004-2005年中国流行的B型流感病毒血凝素抗原性及其基因变异情况.方法 对2004-2005年分离的B型毒株先进行单向血凝抑制试验;在此基础上选取不同时间、地点的B型流感毒株进行血凝素基因HA1区核苷酸序列测定并推导出其氨基酸序列,然后进行基因进化特性分析.结果 2004-2005年我国人群中同时流行着B型Yamagata系和Victoria系毒株.Yamagata系毒株与B/Shanghai/361/02比较,2004年有3.7%病毒单向血凝抑制效价有4倍以上差异,2005年有4.5%病毒单向血凝抑制效价有4倍以上差异,并且在血凝素基因HA1区发生9个氨基酸替换,在196为增加一个糖基化位点.Victoria系毒株与B/Hong kong/330/01比较,2004年有8.5%病毒单向血凝抑制效价有4倍以上差异,2005年有20.6%病毒单向血凝抑制效价有4倍以上差异,并且在HA1区发生9个氨基酸替换,在197位增加一个糖基化位点.结论 2004-2005年我国人群中流行的B型流感病毒的抗原性与B/Shanghai/361/02、B/Hong kong/330/01相比抗原性已经发生了变化.     

江苏省2019—2022年乙型流感病毒Victoria系HA基因特征分析

目的分析江苏省2019—2022年乙型流感病毒Victoria系流行特征, 了解其基因变异情况, 监测江苏省流感活动水平和流行趋势。方法通过"中国流感监测信息系统"收集的江苏省2019—2022年流感样病例监测数据, 选取16株乙型流感病毒Victoria系毒株进行全基因组测序, 利用MEGA 7软件构建进化树并进行HA基因序列特征分析。结果江苏省2019—2022年监测到的流感病毒中乙型流感病毒Victoria系占绝对优势。16株标本株中2019—2020年度的毒株在V1A.3早期分支, 而2021—2022年度的毒株则聚类在3a.2亚型分支。与疫苗株相比, 2019—2020及2020—2021年度的毒株发生了1个氨基酸位点的改变并增加了1个糖基化位点, 而2021—2022年度的毒株则存在多个位点变异, 其中H122Q、A127T、R133G、P144L、N150K、S194D及K200R位于抗原决定簇上。结论江苏省乙型流感病毒Victoria系在多处基因位点发生了变异, 提示对该亚型变异的持续监测至关重要, 可为疫苗的更新提供重要依据。     

唐山市甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素基因序列分析

目的 分析2010—2016年唐山市甲型H1N1流感病毒血凝素(hemagglutinin,HA)基因序列进化特征.方法 选取唐山市3家哨点医院流感样病例分离到的24株甲型H1N1病毒,通过RT-PCR和测序方法获得HA基因的全长序列,运用分子生物学软件和统计学软件对序列进行拼接、比对和分析.结果 同源进化分析显示,24株甲型H1N1流感病毒HA基因与疫苗株A/California/7/2009的核苷酸和氨基酸的同源性分别为97.0%~99.0%和97.0%~98.5%.进化分析显示,2010—2016年唐山地区流行的甲型H1N1流感病毒属于1、7、6三个基因分支,其中6分支毒株分为6C、6B、6B.1和6B.2亚支.氨基酸位点分析显示,不同毒株与疫苗株比较存在8~16处氨基酸位点改变,其中7个变异涉及3个抗原表位:H138Q/Y和S203T突变位于Ca区,N125S、K153E、S162N、K163T/Q突变位于Sa区,S185T突变位于Sb区同时也位于受体结合部位;2015—2016流行季6B.1分支毒株抗原位点S162N突变增加了新的潜在糖基化位点.结论 与疫苗株比较,随着时间推移唐山地区甲型H1N1流感病毒发生了抗原漂变,未来仍应关注6B分支流行株的变化.     

2001年中国新分离维多利亚系乙型流感病毒的抗原性及基因特性分析

目的：研究2001年中国新分离维多利亚（Victoria)系乙型流感病毒的抗原性及基因特性。方法：鸡胚传代流感病毒，从尿囊液中提取流感病毒的RNA，进行逆转录－聚合酶链反应（RT－PCR），扩增产物用纯化试剂盒纯化后测序，然后用MegAlign软件进行基因种系发生树分析。结果：B／Sichuan/63/2001和B／Zhejiang/2/2001毒株的抗原性与B／Shandong/7/97毒株间存在有差异，编码血凝素重链区基因已发生了突变并导致了HA1蛋白抗原性表位两个位点（197和199）氨基酸不同于B／Shandong/7/97毒株，基因种系发生树分析同样也证明了它们的HA1基因不同于B／Shandong/7/97病毒。然而，B／Sichuan/63/2001与B／Zhejiang/2/2001毒株间无论抗原性还是HA1基因特性均很相似。结论：2001年我国人群中流行的乙型流感病毒维多利亚毒株系的抗原性已发生进一步的漂移。     

1990～2000年间我国乙型流感病毒HA1基因演变的特征

目的 了解1990—2000年间我国乙型流感病毒HA1基因的演变特征。方法 提取病毒RNA，经逆转录和聚合酶链式反应扩增后测序，测定的序列和Gen bank中已有的相关序列进行比较。结果 ①我国乙型流感病毒在此期间一直存在两个差别较大的谱系，除1994年和1997年Victoria谱系为主外，其余各年均以Yamagata谱系为主；②1992年以后Yamagata谱系又分化出两个组，彼此间氨基酸序列差异达6％；③1990—2000年间非回复突变的、大的变异株引导乙型流感的流行；④除了个别毒株之外，同一年份我国不同地区流行的属于同一谱系的乙型毒株HA1基因序列差别不大。结论 我国乙型流感病毒1990—2000年间一直存在两个差别较大的谱系，其中Yamagata谱系在此期间又分化出两个组，谱系的更换和同一谱系内出现大的变异株具有重要的流行病学意义。     

广东新型甲型H1N1病毒血凝素基因分子进化与变异

目的 揭示广东地区2009-2011年新型H1N1病毒血凝素基因(HA)进化特征及抗原表位变异特征.方法 采用时空抽样方法抽样,检测2009-2011年广东分离的24株新型H1N1病毒HA基因核苷酸序列,与GenBank中44株国外相应序列比较;比对HA基因核苷酸序列,分析基因分子变异,构建分子遗传动力学MCMC进化树;同时分析2009-2011年广东毒株HA基因的抗原表位变异情况.结果 68株HA基因进化树显示,广东毒株进化树主干至少分为6大分支;其中2011年毒株聚类为2个(Ⅴ和Ⅵ)主要分支,各具基因特征.变异频率较高的位点包括391、467、202和214位,正向选择位点包括8、145和391;广东毒株抗原表位区发生S145L/P、L208I、Q240R、S160G和G187R位点变异.2009年广东毒株HA基因分支Ⅰ毒株可能于2010年传播到亚洲、欧洲和澳洲地区.结论 广东新型H1N1病毒HA基因变异具有传播特征(Ⅰ)和地区特征(Ⅵ),位于抗原表位Ca、Sa和Sb的氨基酸发生变异,其中位点145等变异频率较高,承受着正向选择压力.     

Increasing appearance of reassortant influenza B virus in Taiwan from 2002 to 2005

Genetic and antigenic analyses of influenza B virus field strains isolated in Taiwan from 1998 to 2005 were performed. To investigate the molecular evolution of influenza B viruses, sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin (HA1 subunit) and neuraminidase genes was performed. All influenza B viruses isolated between 1998 and 2000 belonged to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage. The B/Victoria/2/87 lineage, which was cocirculating with the Yamagata lineage, was identified in Taiwan in March 2001. Concurrently, there was an increasing prevalence of this lineage in many parts of the world, including North America and Europe, during the 2001-2002 season. Since 2002, genetic reassortants of influenza B virus with the Victoria lineage of hemagglutinin and the Yamagata lineage of neuraminidase have been found at a rate of 46%. Therefore, in 2002, at least three sublineages of influenza B virus strains, the B/Shanghai/361/2002-like strain (Yamagata lineage), the B/Hong Kong/330/01-like strain (Victoria lineage), and the B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like strain (B reassortant lineage), were identified in Taiwan. The results showed that genetically distinct lineages can cocirculate in the population and that the reassortment among these strains plays a role in generating the genetic diversity of influenza B viruses. Interestingly, from January to April 2005, B reassortant viruses became dominant (73%) in Taiwan, which indicated that a mismatch had occurred between the influenza B vaccine strain recommended for the 2004-2005 season in the Northern hemisphere by the World Health Organization and the epidemic strain.     

B型流感病毒Yamagata系和Victoria系双重荧光PCR诊断方法的建立与应用

目的 建立一种新型的双重荧光PCR诊断方法,用于B型流感病毒By (B/Yamagata)和Bv(B/Victoria)亚系的准确分子分型.方法 从GenBank随机下载By和By HA(hemagglutinin)基因各50条序列,通过MEGA分析,利用Primer Primer软件设计亚系特异性引物和通用探针,建立双重荧光PCR诊断方法.用HAI(hemagglutination inhibition)实验确认的B型流感病毒亚系分离毒株和A型流感病毒进行特异性验证,用体外转录核酸拷贝数进行灵敏度实验.结果 2006-2010流感监测年份,对17 765份流感样病例咽拭标本中分离到B型流感病毒793株,本方法鉴定有152株By和641株Bv病毒,与HAI鉴定结果一致.本诊断方法的检测特异性达100％,灵敏度达102拷贝/μl,重复性变异系数＜3.5％.结论 本研究所建立的荧光PCR方法为流感实时监测提供了有力的技术支撑,适合于流感监测实验室对流感病毒的快速分子诊断.     

Molecular characterization of the HA gene of influenza type B viruses

Nucleotide sequences of the HA1 subunit of influenza B viruses isolated in Portugal between 1994 and 2003 influenza winter seasons were analyzed by the Neighbor-Joining algorithm and rates of HA1 evolution estimated by linear regression. From 1994 to 2002, all influenza B viruses studied were of the Yamagata lineage. Strains isolated from 1994 to 1996, 1996 to 1999, and 1999 to 2002 revealed a high similarity with B/Beijing/184/93, B/Yamanashi/166/98, and B/Sichuan/379/99, respectively, and strains isolated during 1994-1995, 1996-1997, and 1998-1999 clustered in more than one branch of the phylogenetic tree. Victoria-related strains reappeared during 2002/2003 and formed only one branch in the phylogenetic tree revealing a closer relationship to B/Shandong/7/97. Evolutionary rates for strains from the Yamagata lineage were estimated as 3.82x10(-3) nucleotides/site/year and 2.62x10(-3) nucleotides/site/year for Victoria-related strains. In order to identify putative influenza B HA1 codons under selective pressure, a codon-substitution model for heterogeneous selective pressure at amino acid sites was used. A percentage of 97.3% of codons under negative selective pressure and 2.7% of codons under positive selective pressure (omega=dN/dS=2.65) were estimated, with posterior probability higher than 0.90. Amino acid sites 75, 197, and 199 were found more likely to be under positive selective pressure.     

Clinical and genetic characterization of severe influenza B-associated diseases during an outbreak in Taiwan.

BACKGROUND: Mismatches between circulating and vaccine strains of influenza virus had been observed in Taiwan. A comprehensive clinical and genetic analysis of influenza B viruses-associated important diseases was lacking. OBJECTIVES: Clinical and phylogenetic analysis of influenza B viruses during an outbreak in Taiwan. STUDY DESIGNS: Clinical manifestations of hospitalized, culture-confirmed patients were analyzed from July 2004 to June 2005. Partial genome sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA), neuraminidase (NA), and nonstructural (NS) genes were performed in 54 influenza B isolates during the study period, and nine srandomly chosen isolates during 2000 and 2003. RESULTS: Three specific diseases were found in these patients, including 13 of encephalitis/encephalopathy, 28 of influenza-associated myositis (IAM), and one of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Three phylogenetic groups were identified, including reassortant strains-group 1 (Victoria lineage of HA, Yamagata lineage of NA, clade A of NS), group 2 (Yamagata lineage of HA, Yamagata lineage of NA, clade A of NS), and group 3 (Yamagata lineage of HA, Yamagata lineage of NA, clade B of NS). CONCLUSIONS: Severe influenza B-associated disease in children was not rare and might be fatal. We offered the evidence of co-circulation of the two HA lineages in the same outbreak.     

Detection and characterization of new influenza B virus variants in 2002

One-hundred five influenza B-positive specimens obtained from southeast Asia in 2002 were categorized on the basis of DNA sequencing of HA1 gene as well as real-time PCR analysis of the NA gene. Phylogenetic analysis of the HA1 gene sequences showed that the majority of the viruses (96.2%) belonged to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage, while a smaller percentage of the viruses (3.8%) belonged to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage. The B/Yamagata/16/88 viruses displayed significant antigenic drift in the deduced amino acid sequences of the HA1 protein, and the B/Victoria/2/87-like viruses consisted of B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like (72.3%) and B/Hong Kong/330/01-like (27.7%) viruses. The B/Hong Kong/1351/02-like viruses were reassortants with the HA gene belonging to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage and the NA gene belonging to the B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage, whereas both the HA and NA genes of B/Hong Kong/330/01 virus belonged to the B/Victoria/2/87 lineage. In this study, however, all the B/Hong Kong/330/01-like isolates exhibited the B/Yamagata/16/88-like NA gene, which likely resulted from reassortment of B/Hong Kong/330/01 and B/Hong Kong/1351/02 viruses during coinfection. Additional molecular characterization of the six internal genes showed that the M, NS, PA, and PB2 genes of the new variants were B/Hong Kong/1351/02 in origin, whereas the NP and PA genes retained the B/Hong Kong/330/01 origin. Interestingly, these new variants all appeared late in the year 2002. These results support the notion that influenza B viruses continued to evolve through antigenic drift and shift.     

Molecular analysis of isolates from influenza B outbreaks in the U.S. and Nepal, 2005

Summary. Currently circulating influenza B viruses can be divided into two antigenically and genetically distinct lineages referred to by their respective prototype strains, B/Yamagata/16/88 and B/Victoria/2/87, based on amino acid differences in the hemagglutinin surface glycoprotein. During May and July 2005, clinical specimens from two early season influenza B outbreaks in Arizona and southeastern Nepal were subjected to antigenic (hemagglutinin inhibition) and nucleotide sequence analysis of hemagglutinin (HA1), neuraminidase (NA), and NB genes. All isolates exhibited little reactivity with the B/Shanghai/361/2002 (B/Yamagata-like) vaccine strain and significantly reduced reactivity with the previous 2003/04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria-like) vaccine strain. The majority of isolates were antigenically similar to B/Hawaii/33/2004, a B/Victoria-like reference strain. Sequence analysis indicated that 33 of 34 isolates contained B/Victoria-like HA and B/Yamagata-like NA and NB proteins. Thus, these outbreak isolates are both antigenically and genetically distinct from the current Northern Hemisphere vaccine virus strain as well as the previous 2003–04 B/Hong Kong/330/2001 (B/Victoria lineage) vaccine virus strain but are genetically similar to B/Malaysia/2506/2004, the vaccine strain proposed for the coming seasons in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. Since these influenza B outbreaks occurred in two very distant geographical locations, these viruses may continue to circulate during the 2006 season, underscoring the importance of rapid molecular monitoring of HA, NA and NB for drift and reassortment.     

2009年泉州市H1N1流感监测及基因特性分析

目的 了解2009年泉州地区H1N1流感监测情况,分析泉州市H1N1流感病毒的HA和NA基因特征,探讨该病毒的遗传变异及分子特性.方法 对泉州市H1N1流感监测期间的病人咽拭子采用real-time RT-PCR方法检测病毒核酸,MDCK细胞培养进行病毒分离、鉴定,并提取其中2株代表性毒株病毒RNA;采用RT-PCR扩增病毒HA和NA基因,纯化产物进行核苷酸序列测定;用DNAStar Megalign软件进行序列分析.结果 1020份咽拭子中有200份为H1N1流感病毒核酸阳性,70份季节性流感病毒核酸阳性,其中53份为H3N2亚型,14份为H1N1亚型,3份为B型,并分离到29株甲型H1N1流感病毒株.HA基因经核苷酸序列测定显示,该毒株与北美流行株高度同源,由HA基因核苷酸序列推导的氨基酸系列与疫苗株A/Brisbane/59/2007相比,有22个位于抗原决定簇的氨基酸位点发生变异,但受体结合特异性仍为人样受体.NA基因耐药性位点分析,显示对达菲药物依然敏感.结论 2009年泉州市H1N1流感流行毒株与北美流行株高度同源,相对于疫苗代表株出现了HA蛋白抗原性的改变.