外周血淋巴细胞携带风疹抗原与中枢神经感染风疹病毒的关系

目的　探讨外周血淋巴细胞携带风疹病毒抗原与风疹病毒感染中枢神经系统的关系。方法　BALB/c小鼠分别给予临床常用的可影响机体免疫功能的药物 ,再经腹腔感染风疹病毒 ,并在感染后的 1、3、7、14d观察外周血淋巴细胞携带病毒抗原的情况 ,分析其与中枢神经系统病毒感染的关系。结果　地塞米松药物组在不同时间抗原的平均携带率分别为 3 1%、4 1%、9 6 %、2 4% ,环磷酰胺药物组分别为 14 2 %、12 7%、9 9%、3 1% ,未用药物干预的感染组分别为 4 6 3 %、10 2 5 %、6 88%、1 75 %。方差分析显示 ,3组动物在感染风疹病毒后的第 2 4小时外周血淋巴细胞携带抗原存在明显差异 ,F =0 0 317,P <0 0 5。组间两两比较结果显示 :环磷酰胺药物组动物外周血淋巴细胞抗原的携带明显高于其它实验动物组 ,地塞米松药物组和药物未干预组动物之间无明显差异。确切概率法分析表明 ,动物外周血淋巴细胞风疹病毒的持续性携带与中枢神经系统风疹病毒感染的关系极为密切 ,P <0 0 0 1。结论　环磷酰胺可能影响风疹病毒感染后外周血淋巴细胞对病毒的携带率。在感染初期 ,外周血淋巴细胞持续携带风疹病毒将增大中枢神经系统感染的机会     

接种纯化人用狂犬病疫苗对Th1/Th2类细胞因子谱的影响

目的 研究人用狂犬病纯化疫苗(RV)对人体抗原特异性Th1/Th2细胞因子谱的影响.方法 对20例暴露者进行RV的全程接种,在开始接种RV的第0天、14天、45天时分别采血并分离人外周血单个核细胞(PBMC)与RV进行培养,采用ELISA法检测血清抗狂犬病病毒抗体,体外培养检测淋巴细胞转化增殖能力(MTT法),流式微球分析技术(CBA)法检测细胞培养上清液中Th1类细胞因子(IFN-γ、TNF、IL-2)及Th2类细胞因子(IL4、IL-5、IL-10)的水平.结果 暴露组全程注射RV后,19例于第45天、1例于第60天检测血清抗狂犬病病毒抗体阳性,阳性率100%.RV刺激后,暴露组第14天、第45天淋巴细胞增殖能力显著增高,第45天淋巴细胞增殖能力明显高于第0天(P<0.05);当RV刺激后,暴露组第14天、第45天产生IFN-γ、IL-2、IL-4、IL-5的含量高于未刺激组及暴露组第0天水平(P<0.05);TNF、IL-10的含量各组间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 RV在刺激机体产生体液免疫的同时,可以诱导机体产生特异性细胞免疫,Th1的免疫应答尤为显著,提示细胞免疫在预防和控制狂犬病病毒感染中发挥重要的协同作用.     

玉屏风散多糖对小鼠免疫功能的影响

目的分析玉屏风散多糖类成分对小鼠免疫功能的影响。方法用环磷酰胺制作免疫功能下降的小鼠模型;利用腹腔巨噬细胞吞噬实验观察药物对机体非特异性免疫产生的影响;采用溶血素抗体方法分析药物对体液免疫应答的影响;利用DNCB迟发型超敏实验,分析药物将对细胞免疫的影响;同时用ELISA法检测小鼠脾细胞IL-2的分泌量、肠道灌流液和呼吸道里面的IgA含量。结果玉屏风散总提取物和多糖类成分对上述各项指标均有明显增强效果;防风对于促进呼吸道和道肠道的IgA分泌有明显效果,而对细胞免疫的影响不大;白术只加强了巨噬细胞的吞噬能力。结论玉屏风散中的多糖类成分是发挥免疫干预作用的主要成分。     

Ad5-HIVgag免疫的食蟹猴中腺病毒中和抗体与Gag特异性细胞免疫反应的研究

目的 观察不同剂量的重组腺病毒疫苗Ad5-HIVgag反复肌内注射免疫食蟹猴后,食蟹猴体内产生的腺病毒中和抗体水平及Gag特异性细胞免疫反应水平,初步探讨腺病毒中和抗体的产生对Gag特异性细胞免疫反应的影响.方法 将24只食蟹猴随机分为4组：对照组、低剂量组、中剂量组、高剂量组.每3周免疫1次,连续免疫5次.免疫前及免疫后不同时间点用中和实验检测动物体内腺病毒中和抗体水平,用Elispot方法检测Gag特异性细胞免疫反应水平.结果 初次免疫后3周3个实验组动物都检测到了较高水平的腺病毒中和抗体,在初次免疫后8周达到高峰,恢复期结束时略有下降.初次免疫后5周三个实验组动物都检测到了Gag特异性细胞免疫反应,除初次免疫后12周反应水平有所下降,其他时间点细胞反应呈逐渐增高趋势,但各剂量组间未见明显的量效关系.结论 在一定的剂量范围内反复多次应用Ad5-HIVgag免疫食蟹猴后,可产生针对腺病毒的中和抗体,随着免疫次数的增多Gag特异性细胞免疫反应有增高趋势,Ad5疫苗免疫后中和抗体的产生对Ad5疫苗反复应用诱导的Gag特异性细胞免疫反应抑制作用并不明显.     

BALB/c小鼠滴鼻免疫灭活SARS病毒对全身性免疫的影响

目的　了解灭活SARS病毒滴鼻免疫小鼠对全身性免疫的影响。方法　将 5周龄雌性BALB c小鼠随机分为两组 ,每组 10只 ,免疫组小鼠每只免疫 5 0 μg的灭活病毒悬液 ,对照组注射等体积PBS。分别在免疫的 8d和 14d处死小鼠 ,分离脾细胞和外周血淋巴细胞 ,流式细胞仪观察其淋巴细胞表型 ;间接ELISA法测定其血清中抗SARS病毒特异性抗体IgM和IgG。结果　第 8天脾脏的CD4 T细胞的构成比增加 (P =0 .0 2 7)。外周血淋巴细胞表型在第 8天即开始发生改变 ,在第 14天变化明显 ,与对照组差异有显著性 ,CD4 ,CD8 ,CD3 T细胞构成比和T B比值显著降低 (P <0 .0 5、0 .0 1、0 .0 1、0 .0 1) ,同时CD4 5R B2 2 0 细胞 (B细胞 )构成比显著增加 (P =0 .0 0 0 )。但是此时血清中特异性抗体未能被检测到。结论　在未应用佐剂的情况下 ,小鼠滴鼻接种灭活SARS病毒虽然可以导致诱导机体免疫细胞表型的变化 ,却未能诱导抗体的产生。     

间接免疫荧光法检测肺炎衣原体抗体的临床意义

本文采用间接免疫荧光试验 ,对 132例 (呼吸系统感染性疾病、冠心病和心肌梗塞 )患者和 40名正常人的血清进行了Cpn特异性IgG、IgA和IgM抗体的检测 ,以研究Cpn感染的状况和探讨检测Cpn抗体的临床意义。结果 :观察组CpnIgG抗体阳性率虽高于对照组 ,但无显著性差异 (P >0 0 5 ) ;观察组GMT明显高于对照组 (P <0 0 5或P <0 0 1) ;呼吸系统感染性疾病的CpnIgA抗体阳性率显著高于对照组 (P <0 0 5 )。因此 ,测定Cpn抗体滴度有助于Cpn感染与疾病关系的研究。     

人免疫缺陷病毒1型(HIV-1)gag基因疫苗的免疫原性

目的 :检测人免疫缺陷病毒 1型 (HIV 1)gag基因疫苗的免疫原性。方法 :分别以ELISA、荧光抗体染色和乳酸脱氢酶释放法 ,检测免疫小鼠血清抗体滴度、脾T细胞亚群的数量和淋巴细胞杀伤效应。结果 :血清抗体滴度、脾T细胞亚群的数量及淋巴细胞杀伤效应 ,重组质粒pVAXGAG免疫组与空载体pVAX1对照组相比较差异显著(分别为P <0 .0 5和P <0 .0 1)。结论 :HIV 1DNA疫苗质粒pVAXGAG在BALB/c小鼠中不仅可诱导特异性体液免疫 ,而且可诱导特异性细胞免疫。     

孕妇TORCH感染对胎儿的影响

目的　探讨早期诊断TORCH宫内感染及对胎儿的影响。方法　采用酶联免疫吸附法 (ELISA)检测 75 0例妊娠妇女静脉血弓形体 (TOX)、风疹病毒 (RV)、巨细胞病毒 (HCMV)、单纯疱疹病毒 (HSV)简称TORCH的特异性抗体IgM和 4 1例TORCH -IgM阳性的孕妇其新生儿的配对脐血 ,并对孕早中期病理妊娠 (病理组 )与正常妊娠 (对照组 )各 5 0例标本进行对照。结果　孕妇TORCH -IgM阳性率为 10 5 3% ;病理组TORCH -IgM阳性率明显高于对照组 ;TORCH -IgM阳性组其早产、胎膜早破及胎儿宫内发育迟缓发生率显著高于阴性组 ;孕妇TORCH -IgM阳性其垂直传播率分别为TOX -IgM 2 8 5 7% ,RV -IgM 5 0 0 0 % ,HCMV -IgM 5 4 5 5 % ,HSV -IgM 30 77%。结论　 (1)孕期TORCH感染可垂直传播给胎儿 ,是导致流产、死胎、畸形 ,增加产科并发症的重要原因之一。 (2 )ELISA检测孕期TORCH感染有助于早期诊断宫内感染 ,便于临床及时干预。 (3)ELISA监测TORCH感染具有灵敏度高、特异性强、快速简便等优点 ,适合临床推广应用。     

维生素A与免疫

近些年来，越来越多的实验资料证实维生素Ａ与机体免疫功能的关系密切。维生素Ａ缺乏能从多方面影响免疫系统的功能，使淋巴器官萎缩、ＮＫ细胞活性降低、细胞免疫反应下降。更重要的是，维生素Ａ缺乏使机体对细菌、病毒、寄生虫等抗原成分产生的特异性抗体明显减少。维生素Ａ正常水平的动物，给予维生素Ａ，可以发挥佐剂作用，提高机体对特异抗原的抗体应答，并能增强细胞免疫，产生抗肿瘤作用。     

维生素A与免疫

近些年来，越来越多的实验资料证实维生素Ａ与机体免疫功能的关系密切。维生素Ａ缺乏能从多方面影响免疫系统的功能，使淋巴器官萎缩、ＮＫ细胞活性降低，细胞免疫反应下降。更重要的是，维生素Ａ缺乏使机体对细菌、病毒、寄生虫等抗原成分产生的特异性抗体明显减少。维生素Ａ正常水平的动物，给予维生素Ａ，可以发挥佐剂作用，提高机体对特异抗原的抗体应答，并能增强细胞免疫，产生抗肿瘤作用。     

Evaluation of antibodies against a rubella virus neutralizing domain for determination of immune status

The protective immune responses against rubella virus (RV) are related to its neutralizing epitopes, an issue that is important to consider when assessing the immune status of patients with remote infection. In the present paper, we compare the antibodies detected by a synthetic-peptide-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with antibodies detected by the traditional technique of hemagglutination inhibition (HIA) in patients with remote RV infection. The synthetic peptide used as an antigen (SP15) represents a neutralizing epitope that corresponds to amino acids 208 to 239 of the E1 glycoprotein. The SP15-EIA was developed, all variables that affected the assay were standardized, and the test was validated using reference sera. Serum samples (n = 129) from patients with remote RV infection were tested by HIA and SP15-EIA. Discrepant sera were assayed by MEIA (IMX/Abbot). The comparison between HIA and SP15-EIA, taking HIA as the standard methodology for determining immune status, showed that SP15-EIA is very specific and sensitive for detecting protecting antibodies (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 98.20%). This study demonstrates that antibodies against the neutralizing domain represented by SP15 would be important in the memory response after natural infection and may be a good tool in the determination of the true immune status of patients with remote infection with regard to RV.     

Evaluation of Antibodies against a Rubella Virus Neutralizing Domain for Determination of Immune Status

The protective immune responses against rubella virus (RV) are related to its neutralizing epitopes, an issue that is important to consider when assessing the immune status of patients with remote infection. In the present paper, we compare the antibodies detected by a synthetic-peptide-based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) with antibodies detected by the traditional technique of hemagglutination inhibition (HIA) in patients with remote RV infection. The synthetic peptide used as an antigen (SP15) represents a neutralizing epitope that corresponds to amino acids 208 to 239 of the E1 glycoprotein. The SP15-EIA was developed, all variables that affected the assay were standardized, and the test was validated using reference sera. Serum samples (n = 129) from patients with remote RV infection were tested by HIA and SP15-EIA. Discrepant sera were assayed by MEIA (IMX/Abbot). The comparison between HIA and SP15-EIA, taking HIA as the standard methodology for determining immune status, showed that SP15-EIA is very specific and sensitive for detecting protecting antibodies (specificity, 100%; sensitivity, 98.20%). This study demonstrates that antibodies against the neutralizing domain represented by SP15 would be important in the memory response after natural infection and may be a good tool in the determination of the true immune status of patients with remote infection with regard to RV.     

旋毛虫对不同肠炎模型小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞Th1/Th2水平的影响

目的：研究旋毛虫（T.spiralis）对肠炎小鼠［三硝基苯磺酸（TNBS）或唑酮（OXZ）诱导］脾脏淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2水平的影响。方法：雌性BALB/c小鼠,随机分为50%乙醇对照组、TNBS(OXZ)诱导肠炎模型组、预先感染T.spiralis后诱导TNBS(OXZ)模型组,每组小鼠取材时保证6只以上。对各组小鼠脾脏淋巴细胞进行分离,采用流式细胞术观察TNBS（OXZ）诱导肠炎模型组和预先感染T.spiralis后诱导TNBS（OXZ）模型组。造模后3 d和7 d脾脏淋巴细胞中Th1/Th2水平的变化。结果：与模型组相比,预先感染T.spiralis后诱导TNBS肠炎第3天脾脏Th1/Th2比值未见明显下降（P>0.05）,于第7天明显降低（P<0.05）。诱导OXZ肠炎模型后第3天及第7天小鼠脾脏Th1/Th2比值均明显低于T.spiralis干预组（P<0.05）。结论：针对TNBS 肠炎模型,T.spiralis可能是通过诱导Th2及Tr1型免疫反应抑制模型小鼠过度的Th1型免疫而起到良好的干预作用。在T.spiralis对OXZ模型小鼠的干预性研究中,并无T.spiralis感染诱发的Th2型炎症反应加重同样以Th2升高为主的OXZ模型小鼠的病情。     

抗个体型抗体对HBV感染的免疫调节作用——用抗个体型抗体诱生抗—HBs

Jerne~([1])指出,机体对抗原的免疫反应可以通过抗体的个体型(Id)和抗个体型抗体(抗-Id)的相互作用而得到调节。这一理论陆续被许多学者的研究结果所证实。     

不同应激对小鼠免疫防御功能的影响及其与H2-Eb基因多态性的关系

探讨两种应激对小鼠免疫防御功能的影响及其与H2-Eb基因多态性的关系。制备束缚应激和热应激动物模型,以大肠埃希菌攻击小鼠,比较应激状态下小鼠与正常小鼠的死亡率;采用PCR技术检测以MudoEb5和MudoEb7为代表的小鼠H2-Eb位点等位基因的多态性,分析应激免疫与H2-Eb基因多态性的关系。结果发现小鼠染菌后束缚应激组和热应激组小鼠死亡率均显著高于对照组小鼠(P<0.005),束缚应激组和热应激组小鼠死亡率无明显差异(P>0.05)。正常对照组和束缚应激组小鼠MudoEb5基因型与小鼠接受细菌攻击后生存状态间均无明显相关性(P>0.05),热应激组小鼠MudoEb5基因型与小鼠接受细菌攻击后生存状态间存在明显相关性(P<0.05),三组小鼠MudoEb7基因型与小鼠接受细菌攻击后生存状态间均无明显相关性(P>0.05),MudoEb5和MudoEb7交互作用对各组小鼠染菌后生存状态均无明显影响(P>0.05)。可见束缚应激和热应激均可降低小鼠的免疫防御功能,MudoEb5可能与热应激条件下免疫防御功能降低程度有关。     

肠内营养辅助治疗对食管癌患者术后吻合口瘘的预防及对免疫能力、愈合进程及营养恢复的影响

目的：探讨肠内营养辅助治疗对食管癌患者术后吻合口瘘的预防效果及对患者免疫功能、愈合进程及营养恢复的影响。方法：回顾性分析90例行手术治疗的食管癌患者临床资料,根据其术后营养辅助治疗方式分为A（n=34）、B(n=30)、C(n=26)三组。A组接受免疫增强型肠内营养（瑞能）辅助治疗方案,B组采用常规肠内营养（能全力）辅助治疗方案,两组均于术后第1天、第2天及第3~7天给予全量的25%、50%和100%后,逐日减少剂量直至过渡到正常饮食;C组接受肠外营养辅助治疗方案,术后第1天起静脉输注葡萄糖、维生素、氨基酸等混合液,以125.52 kJ/kg计算,应用8~10 d后逐渐过渡至正常饮食。观察对比三组受试者术后吻合口瘘、肺部感染、切口感染发生率及创口愈合时间、总住院时间、首次排气时间差异,记录其术前及术后第1、8天时免疫指标［T淋巴细胞及其亚群（CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD8⁺）］、炎症因子［C反应蛋白(CRP)、IL-6］、营养指标［血清总蛋白（TP）、清蛋白(ALB)］变化情况。结果：①三组术后吻合口瘘及肺部感染发生率对比差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且C组发生率显著高于其他两组（P＜0.05）。②三组创口愈合时间、总住院时间及首次排气时间对比均有统计学意义（P＜0.05）,且C组均长于其他两组（P＜0.05）。③术后第1天,三组患者CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺等免疫指标水平及TP、ALB等营养指标水平均较术前显著降低,CD8⁺水平及CRP、IL-6等炎症因子水平则较术前显著提升（P＜0.05）,但组间对比无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。术后第8天,三组各营养指标仍明显低于术前,但A、B组显著高于C组（P＜0.05）;各炎症因子指标仍显著高于术前（P＜0.05）,但A、B组显著低于C组（P＜0.05）。三组中A组术后第8天各免疫指标与术前比较无统计学意义（P＞0.05）,其余两组患者CD3⁺、CD4⁺、CD4⁺/CD8⁺水平均较术前降低,CD8⁺水平则明显提升（P＜0.05）。结论：食管癌患者术后予以肠内营养辅助治疗方案,能有效改善其预后质量,对缩短愈合进程、提升机体免疫功能、改善营养状态等具有积极影响。     

Host Defenses in Experimental Scrub Typhus: Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity Responses of Inbred Mice

Delayed-type hypersensitivity responses of inbred mice during the course of lethal and chronic infections with strains of Rickettsia tsutsugamushi were evaluated by using the influx of radiolabeled cells into antigen-injected ears. Congenic strains of C3H mice, which previously have been shown to be resistant (C3H/RV) or sensitive (C3H/HeDub) to lethal intraperitoneal infection with the Gilliam strain of rickettsiae, both expressed delayed-type hypersensitivity early in the course of infection (5 to 7 days). The sensitive C3H/HeDub mice, however, exhibited a marked decline in reactivity just before death. In contrast, reactivity of C3H/RV mice remained high through day 9 and declined slowly through day 15 after infection. Similar results were obtained when BALB/c mice were infected with either the Karp or the Gilliam strain of rickettsiae, which produce a lethal or nonlethal infection, respectively, in this strain of mice. Rechallenge of C3H/RV mice elicited a rapid increase in reactivity, suggesting a secondary memory response. To analyze delayed-type hypersensitivity during chronic infection, C3H/HeDub mice were immunized by subcutaneous infection with the Gilliam strain of R. tsutsugamushi, and both delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity and resistance to intraperitoneal challenge were examined. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity developed slowly and peaked at 21 days postimmunization, which correlated with resistance to intraperitoneal challenge. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity declined thereafter, but resistance to intraperitoneal challenge remained through 28 days postimmunization. Delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity increased after secondary challenge at 28 days, again suggesting antigen memory generated by primary immunization. Transfer of delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity was accomplished by using immune thymus-derived splenic lymphocytes isolated with nylon-wool columns. Abrogation of the ability of immune spleen cells to transfer delayed-type hypersensitivity reactivity after treatment with anti-Thy 1.2 alloantiserum and complement further supported the view that delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to scrub typhus rickettsiae were mediated by thymus-derived lymphocytes.     

孕妇注射乙肝免疫球蛋白阻断HBV宫内传播的研究

目的 :研究乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白 (HBIG)对HBsAg阳性孕妇的乙肝病毒 (HBV)宫内阻断作用及孕妇血清中HBVDNA水平与宫内感染的关系。方法 :HBIG组 5 6例 ,孕 2 8周起肌注HBIG ,每 4周一次至分娩 ;对照组 5 2例 ,未予用药。两组孕妇均于孕 2 8周、分娩前 ,其新生儿于生后 2 4小时内免疫接种前抽静脉血检测HBsAg ,HBeAg及HBVDNA定量。结果 :HBIG组孕妇HBVDNA水平显著下降 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,其新生儿宫内感染率明显低于对照组 (分别为 16 .1%和 32 .7% ) ,P <0 .0 5。胎儿宫内感染率随着孕妇血清中HBVDNA含量增加而呈现增高趋势 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组孕妇及其新生儿未发现有不良反应。结论 :携带HBV孕妇产前多次注射HBIG可有效减少HBV宫内感染发生率 ;孕妇血清HBVDNA水平增高是胎儿发生HBV宫内感染的重要因素之一     

Impact of rhinoviruses on pediatric community-acquired pneumonia

This study of 592 children seen in our Emergency Department with radiographically confirmed community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) was designed to evaluate the role of rhinoviruses (RVs) in the disease. The respiratory secretions of each child were assayed using RVP Fast in order to detect 17 respiratory viruses, and the RV-positive samples were characterised by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. RVs were identified in 172 cases (29.0%): 48/132 children aged<1 year (36.3%), 80/293 aged 1-3 years (27.3%), and 44/167 aged≥4 years (26.3%). Sequencing demonstrated that 82 RVs (49.1%) were group A, 17 (10.1%) group B, and 52 (31.1%) group C; 21 (12.2%) were untyped. RVs were found as single agents in 99 cases, and together with two or more other viruses in 73 (40.7%). There were only marginal differences between the different RV groups and between single RV infection and RV co-infections. RV CAP is frequent not only in younger but also in older children, and RV-A is the most common strain associated with it. The clinical relevance of RV CAP seems to be mild to moderate without any major differences between the A and B strains and the recently identified RV C.