凋亡抑制因子Livin和Survivin在大肠癌组织中的表达和意义

目的：探讨凋亡抑制因子Livin和Survivin在大肠癌组织表达与大肠癌发生发展的各临床因素之间的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学方法检测Livin和Survivin在60例大肠癌、12例良性肿瘤、12例癌旁组织和6例正常大肠组织中的表达情况以及Livin在24例癌旁淋巴结中的表达情况。结果：Livin和Survivin在大肠癌中表达阳性率分别是70％、56．7％，明显高于对照组中的表达。Livin在组织分化、临床Duckes分期、淋巴结及远隔脏器转移组与未转移组的表达阳性率未见明显差异，Survivin在组织分化、临床Duckes分期、淋巴结及远隔脏器转移组与未转移组的表达阳性率有明显差异，有统计学意义。Livin在癌旁淋巴结阴性与阳性组中的表达分别为0％、83．3％，有明显统计学差异。结论：Livin和Survivin在大肠癌的发生发展中起重要作用。Livin的表达与组织分化、临床Duckes分期、淋巴结及远隔脏器转移与否无明显相关性，在淋巴结中的表达可能有重要意义。Survivin的表达与组织分化、临床Duckes分期、淋巴结及远隔脏器转移有明显相关性，Survivin可能成为大肠癌预后的重要参考指标和判断切缘是否阳性的指标。Livin和Survivin在大肠癌组织的表达无明显相关性。     

乳腺浸润性导管癌组织Livin和Caspase-3蛋白表达及其相关性研究

目的:探讨细胞凋亡相关因子Livin和Caspase-3在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中的表达及相关性.方法:应用免疫组织化学SP法检测70例乳腺浸润性导管癌、20例乳腺增生和10例乳腺癌旁组织(距癌组织≥4 cm,组织学结构正常)标本中Livin、Caspase-3的表达情况,探讨两者的相关性及其与临床病理因素的关系.结果:Livin蛋白在癌组织中的阳性表达率为64.3％,高于乳腺增生和乳腺癌旁组织的25.0％和10.0％( P＜0.05);Caspase-3蛋白在癌组织中的阳性表达率为45.7％,明显低于乳腺增生和乳腺癌旁组织中的75.0％和80.0％(P＜0.05);Livin蛋白与Caspase-3蛋白表达呈负相关,P＜0.05.Livin蛋白的阳性表达率随着临床分期增加显著升高(P＜0.05),但与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分级、淋巴结转移无关,P＞0.05.Caspase-3蛋白的表达随着临床分期的增加其阳性表达率下降(P＜0.05),与患者年龄、肿瘤大小、组织学分级和淋巴结转移无关,P＞0.05.在乳腺浸润性导管癌组织中Livin蛋白与ER、PR表达负相关(P＜0.05),与c-erbB-2的表达无相关性,P＞ 0.05.Caspase-3蛋白与ER、PR表达显著正相关(P＜0.05),与c-erbB-2表达无相关性,P＞0.05.结论:Livin在乳腺癌的发生发展中发挥重要促进作用,可能成为乳腺浸润性导管癌诊断中的标志,并有望成为乳腺癌治疗的新靶点.Caspase-3在Livin抗凋亡通路中发挥着重要作用.     

乳腺癌中Livin 和Survivin基因mRNA的表达及其临床意义

目的 探讨凋亡抑制基因Livin和Survivin在乳腺癌组织中的mRNA水平表达情况、两者间的相关性及其临床意义。方法 采用实时定量多聚酶链式反应(qRT-PCR)检测乳腺癌组织和癌旁正常组织中Livin和Survivin基因的mRNA表达情况。结果 61例乳腺癌中Survivin和Livin基因mRNA水平的阳性表达率分别是62.3%(38例)和54.1%(33例),Survivin的表达与临床分期、淋巴结转移和HER-2表达有关(P＜0.05),Livin的表达仅与淋巴结转移有关(P＜0.05)。在38例Survivin阳性表达病例中有21例Livin呈阳性表达,而两者之间不存在相关性(P＞0.05)。Survivin基因和Livin基因阳性表达患者3年总生存率明显低于阴性表达患者(P＜0.001和P＜0.001)。结论 乳腺癌组织中Survivin和Livin基因在mRNA水平表达上调与乳腺癌的发生发展密切相关,且两者与淋巴结转移的相关表明它们的高表达与乳腺癌较差预后有关,并可能成为乳腺癌中新的治疗靶点。     

乳腺癌组织中Livin mRNA与Smac蛋白的表达

 目的 探讨凋亡抑制因子Livin mRNA和凋亡促进因子Smac蛋白在人乳腺癌的表达及相关性,分析其与乳腺癌转移复发的关系。方法 收集50例乳腺癌和相应的癌旁组织,应用逆转录聚合酶链反应技术和免疫组织化学法检测组织中Livin mRNA与Smac的表达水平。结果 50例乳腺癌组织中Livin mRNA表达的阳性率显著高于相应的癌旁组织（P＝0.000）,癌组织中Smac表达的率显著低于癌旁组织（P＝0.008）。Livin mRNA的表达与TNM分期、腋窝淋巴结转移、术后复发及C-erbB-2表达密切相关（P<0.05）。Smac的表达与TNM分期、组织学分级、腋窝淋巴结转移、术后复发及C erbB 2密切相关（P<0.05）。Livin mRNA和Smac的表达有显著负相关性（γ=-0.357,P=0.011）。结论 Livin mRNA的高表达及Smac的失活可能在乳腺癌的发生及进展中起着重要作用。     

Livin与Survivin在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及临床意义

目的探讨凋亡抑制蛋白Livin和Survivin在鼻咽癌组织中的表达及相关性,分析其与鼻咽癌转移复发的关系。方法应用免疫组织化学Envision两步法检测80例鼻咽癌组织和鼻咽慢性炎组织中Livin和Survivin蛋白的表达情况。结果 80例鼻咽癌组织中Livin和Survivin蛋白表达的阳性率显著高于鼻咽慢性炎组织(P=0.000)。鼻咽癌组织中Livin的表达与颈淋巴结转移、远处转移、复发及临床分期密切相关(P<0.05);Survivin的表达与T分期、颈淋巴结转移、远处转移、复发及临床分期密切相关(P<0.05)。Livin和Survivin的表达呈显著正相关(γ=0.239,P=0.033)。结论 Livin和Survivin的高表达可能在鼻咽癌的发生及进展中起着重要作用。     

Smac/DIABLO与Livin在乳腺癌组织表达及其临床意义

目的：探讨凋亡促进因子Smac/DIABLO和凋亡抑制因子Livin在人乳腺癌组织中的表达及相关性,分析其与乳腺癌转移复发的关系。方法：应用免疫组织化学SP法检测76例乳腺癌组织和相应的癌旁组织中Livin和Smac蛋白的表达情况。结果：76例乳腺癌组织中Livin蛋白表达的阳性率为67.8%（51/76）,显著高于相应的癌旁组织的59.2%（36/76）,P〈0.05;乳腺癌组织中Smac表达为52.6%（40/76）,显著低于癌旁组织的75.0%（57/76）,P〈0.05。两者的表达与组织学分级、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移以及术后复发密切相关,P〈0.05。Livin和Smac表达呈显著负相关,γ=-0.238,P〈0.05。结论：Livin的高表达及Smac/DIABLO的低表达或失活可能在乳腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

乳腺癌C—erBb—2、p53、ER和PR表达及意义

目的 分析研究C-erBb-2、p53、ER和PR在乳腺癌中的表达与转移及预后关系。方法用免疫组化法测定192例原发乳腺癌各抗体的表达情况。结果 C-erBb-2阳性率为39.1％(75/192),p53阳性率为32.3％(62/192),ER阳性率为47.9％(92/192),PR阳性率为54.2％(104/192)。C-erBb-2、p53随临床分期的递增和淋巴结转移数目的增多,其阳性表达率随之增加,差异有显著性(P<0.05)。ER和PR的阳性表达率则与C-erBb-2、p53呈负相关,但差异无显著性(P>0.05)。C-erBb-2、p53共同阳性表达与淋巴结转移差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 C-erBb-2、p53是判断乳腺癌预后的有效指标。ER、PR与临床分期、淋巴结转移有一定关系,但不十分明显。     

乳腺癌组织中ASC基因的表达及临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌和癌旁组织中ASC基因的表达及临床意义。方法选择2008年10月至2013年6月间100例乳腺癌组织标本和50例癌旁正常组织标本,所有患者术前均未经放疗和化疗,采用免疫组化Envi Sion方法检测癌组织与癌旁正常组织中ASC的表达情况。分析乳腺癌患者ASC基因的表达与年龄、雌激素(ER)、孕激素(PR)、人表皮生长因子2(HER-2)、p53基因、Ki-67、疾病分期和淋巴结转移的关系。结果乳腺癌和癌旁组织中ASC基因的阳性表达率分别为52.0%(52/100)和84.0%(42/50),组间阳性表达差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。乳腺癌组织中ASC基因的表达与患者年龄、淋巴结转移、术后分期以和病理类型无明显相关性(P>0.05),与ER、PR、HER-2、p53和Ki-67表达也无明显相关性(P>0.05)。结论 ASC基因在乳腺癌中表达减低,提示ASC在乳腺癌的凋亡、发生、发展过程中起重要作用,可能成为乳腺癌早期诊断的指标之一。     

Smac/DIABLO与Livin在乳腺癌组织表达及其临床意义

目的:探讨凋亡促进因子Smac/DIABLO和凋亡抑制因子Livin在人乳腺癌组织中的表达及相关性,分析其与乳腺癌转移复发的关系。方法:应用免疫组织化学SP法检测76例乳腺癌组织和相应的癌旁组织中Livin和Smac蛋白的表达情况。结果:76例乳腺癌组织中Livin蛋白表达的阳性率为67.8%(51/76),显著高于相应的癌旁组织的59.2%(36/76),P<0.05;乳腺癌组织中Smac表达为52.6%(40/76),显著低于癌旁组织的75.0%(57/76),P<0.05。两者的表达与组织学分级、肿瘤大小、腋窝淋巴结转移以及术后复发密切相关,P<0.05。Livin和Smac表达呈显著负相关,γ=-0.238,P<0.05。结论:Livin的高表达及Smac/DIABLO的低表达或失活可能在乳腺癌的发生、发展中起重要作用。     

乳腺癌组织磷酸化STAT3表达及其与淋巴结转移关系的研究

目的：研究乳腺癌组织中磷酸化STAT3（pSTAT3）的表达情况，及其与病变性质、淋巴结转移、雌激素受体（ER）、孕激素受体（PR）和c-erbl3-2表达的关系。方法：选择乳腺浸润性导管癌45例和乳腺癌旁组织12例，应用Envision免疫组化法对其进行pSTAT3蛋白的检测，并进行相关统计分析。结果：pSTAT3在乳腺癌组织中的阳性表达率（60．0％）明显高于癌旁组织中的阳性表达率（16．7％），P〈0．01。pSTAT3在有淋巴结转移患者癌组织中的阳性表达率（77．8％）比没有淋巴结转移患者癌组织中的阳性表达率（48．10A）明显升高，P〈0．05。pSTAT3在PR阳性患者癌组织中的阳性表达率（72．3％）比PR阴性的阳性表达率（37．5％）明显升高，P〈0．05。pSTAT3的表达与乳腺癌患者年龄、肿瘤大小及ER和c-erbB-2的表达未见相关性，P〉0．05。结论：pSTAT3蛋白的表达增强可能与乳腺癌淋巴结转移以及PR有关，提示STAT3基因可能参与了乳腺癌的发生、发展和预后过程。     

Bacteria and cancer--antagonisms and benefits

There is considerable historical and recent evidence concerning the antagonisms between acute bacterial infections or their toxins and cancer and allied diseases. These data provide renewed incentives to undertake clinical programmes with mixed bacterial vaccines in many countries at the present time.     

Religiosity and physical and emotional functioning among African American and White colorectal and lung cancer patients

The literature suggests that religiosity helps cope with illness. The present study examined the role of religiosity in functioning among African Americans and Whites with a cancer diagnosis. Patients were recruited from an existing study and mailed a religiosity survey. Participants (N = 269; 36% African American, 56% women) completed the mail survey, and interview data from the larger cohort was utilized in the analysis. Multivariate analyses indicated that in the overall sample religious behaviors were marginally and positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Among women, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and negatively with depressive symptoms. Religiosity was not a predictor of study outcomes for men. Among African Americans, religious behaviors were positively associated with mental health and vitality. Among Whites, religious behaviors were negatively associated with depressive symptoms. These findings suggest a mixed role of religious involvement in cancer outcomes. The current findings may have applied potential in the areas of emotional functioning and depression.     

VEGF及KDR在大肠腺瘤和腺癌中的表达及意义

目的：探讨VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌中的表达及临床病理特征的关系。方法：大肠腺瘤和大肠腺癌组织标本各100例,采用免疫组织化学染色法检测VEGF和KDR在标本中的表达情况。结果：VEGF和KDR在大肠腺癌组中的阳性表达明显高于大肠腺瘤组（P〈0.05）;在正常大肠黏膜均未见VEGF和KDR表达的阳性染色;VEGF阳性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率为70%,显著高于VEGF阴性表达组中KDR的阳性表达率16%,两组比较有统计学意义（P〈0.01）。结论：大肠腺癌组织中KDR的表达与肿瘤大小、转移情况、浸润深度密切相关;VEGF和KDR在大肠腺瘤中的表达与患者的年龄、性别及分型均无相关性,而与增生程度相关（P〈0.05）。在大肠腺癌患者中VEGF及KDR表达更高,二者具有协同效应。     

Renal irradiation and the pharmacology and toxicity of methotrexate and cisplatinum

We used a rat model to study the effects of renal irradiation on the pharmacology of methotrexate (MTX) and cisplatinum (cis-Pt). Unanesthetized rats were given bilateral kidney irradiation (20 Gy in 9 fractions). At 9 months after irradiation, 3% of the animals had died and survivors showed moderately impaired renal function. At 15 months, 30% of the animals had died and survivors showed severely impaired renal function. Some animals were given i.v. MTX 1 week to 15 months after irradiation. In irradiated rats, the area under the MTX plasma clearance curve equaled that of controls through 6 months, and was significantly above controls from 9 months on. Other animals were given i.p. cis-Pt 1 week to 9 months after irradiation. The acute toxicity of cis-Pt was the same in control and irradiated rats when cis-Pt was given immediately before or after irradiation. Beginning 3 months after irradiation there was a progressive increase in cis-Pt toxicity and a simultaneous decrease in urinary platinum excretion. Irradiated animals that survived cis-Pt treatment showed increased radiation nephritis; the greatest effect occurred when cis-Pt was given 3 months or more after irradiation. MTX and cis-Pt clearance decreased when renal dysfunction was first observed and changes in renal function preceded changes in drug clearance and toxicity.     

Fruit and vegetables and cancer risk

The possibility that fruit and vegetables may help to reduce the risk of cancer has been studied for over 30 years, but no protective effects have been firmly established. For cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract, epidemiological studies have generally observed that people with a relatively high intake of fruit and vegetables have a moderately reduced risk, but these observations must be interpreted cautiously because of potential confounding by smoking and alcohol. For lung cancer, recent large prospective analyses with detailed adjustment for smoking have not shown a convincing association between fruit and vegetable intake and reduced risk. For other common cancers, including colorectal, breast and prostate cancer, epidemiological studies suggest little or no association between total fruit and vegetable consumption and risk. It is still possible that there are benefits to be identified: there could be benefits in populations with low average intakes of fruit and vegetables, such that those eating moderate amounts have a lower cancer risk than those eating very low amounts, and there could also be effects of particular nutrients in certain fruits and vegetables, as fruit and vegetables have very varied composition. Nutritional principles indicate that healthy diets should include at least moderate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but the available data suggest that general increases in fruit and vegetable intake would not have much effect on cancer rates, at least in well-nourished populations. Current advice in relation to diet and cancer should include the recommendation to consume adequate amounts of fruit and vegetables, but should put most emphasis on the well-established adverse effects of obesity and high alcohol intakes.     

New and emerging radiosensitizers and radioprotectors

The combination of chemotherapy and radiation has led to clinical breakthroughs in several disease sites, and current work continues to define optimum combinations of proven chemotherapy as well as more recently available, noncytotoxic agents. Administration of systemic therapies allows modulation of radiation response to improve tumor control (radiosensitization) or to prevent normal tissue toxicity (radioprotection). Substantial progress has been made in identifying the targets of standard chemotherapeutic radiation sensitizers and protectors as well as in the introduction of a new generation of molecularly targeted therapies in combination with radiation. We have reviewed the most recent, predominantly early phase clinical trials combining systemic agents with radiation. Although the proof of an improved schedule ultimately needs to come from well-run Phase III trials, the search among schedules could be shortened by the use of surrogate endpoints such as presence of active drug metabolites in the tumor. This has been accomplished only in a few cases and needs to become a more standard part of radiation sensitizer and protector trials.