胍丁胺对内毒素诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤的治疗效果

目的：研究胍丁胺对内毒素（ LPS）诱导的急性肺损伤治疗效果及其机制。方法：采用LPS 诱导大鼠急性 肺损伤模型并予以胍丁胺治疗,分为对照组,单纯模型组,低、高剂量胍丁胺治疗组。绘制Kaplan-Meier 生存曲 线观察胍丁胺治疗后大鼠生存率差异,并检测肺组织湿干比及组织炎症情况;检测肺组织中抗氧化酶（SOD）活性、 丙二醛（ MDA）含量;收集肺泡灌洗液并提取肺组织总蛋白,检测肺组织及肺泡灌洗液中炎症因子白细胞介素6 （ IL-6）、肿瘤坏死因子α（ TNF-α）含量。结果：胍丁胺可提高LPS 诱导的大鼠急性肺损伤模型的生存率、显著 降低肺组织的湿重/ 干重比。H-E 染色结果显示胍丁胺可改善肺组织炎症状况。与单纯模型组相比,低、高剂量 胍丁胺治疗组的肺组织MDA 含量下降、SOD活性上调,差异具有统计学意义。ELISA 结果表明,低、高剂量胍 丁胺治疗组的肺组织及肺泡灌洗液中IL-6、TNF-α 分泌降低。结论：胍丁胺可抑制肺部过度氧化应激及炎症反应, 发挥对急性肺损伤的保护作用。     

部分液体通气治疗家猪急性肺损伤的抗炎效应

目的：探讨部分液体通气治疗肺灌洗诱导的 急性肺损伤家猪模型时，是否具有抗炎作用。方法：16只健康家猪，采 用生理盐水肺内灌洗复制急性肺损伤模型，随机分为部分液体通气组及机械通气组给予不同 治疗，观察其肺脏湿/干比值及肺通透指数，观察其血浆、支气管肺泡灌洗液及肺组织匀浆 中TNF-α、MDA含量及SOD、MPO活性。结果：（1）部分液体通气组家猪 肺脏湿/干比值、肺通透指数及支气管肺泡灌洗液中白细胞计数明显低于机械通气组。（2） 肺组织MDA、MPO含量部分液体通气组明显低于机械通气组，但两组间SOD活性无明显差别。 （3）部分液体通气组支气管肺泡灌洗液及肺组织匀浆中TNF-α含量明显低于机械通气组。 结论：部分液体通气改善动物肺损伤指标，提示以氟碳化合物为呼吸媒 介的部分液体通气对肺灌洗诱导的急性肺损伤家猪具有抗炎效应。     

金纳多对内毒素诱导小鼠急性肺损伤保护作用机制的初步研究

目的：初步探讨银杏叶提取物金纳多（Ginaton）对内毒素（lipopolysaccharide, LPS）诱导小鼠的急性肺损伤(acute lung injury, ALI)保护作用的可能机制。方法：于小鼠腹腔注射LPS（10 mg/kg）复制ALI动物模型。将小鼠随机分为对照组、LPS组、Ginaton组和Ginaton＋LPS组。观察各组肺组织病理学改变,测量肺湿/干重比,支气管肺泡灌洗液蛋白含量及乳酸脱氢酶（lactate dehydrogenase, LDH）活性,测量丙二醛（malondialdehyde, MDA）、一氧化氮合酶（nitric oxide synthase, iNOS）和髓过氧化物（myeloperoxidase,MPO),免疫组织化学方法检测血红素加氧酶（heme oxygenase HO-1）及iNOS蛋白表达。结果： 金纳多可有效减轻LPS所致肺组织病理学变化,并降低肺湿/干重比和肺泡灌洗液中蛋白含量,降低肺泡灌洗液中LDH活性、肺组织MPO和iNOS活性,同时MDA和NO含量下降。免疫组织化学结果显示,LPS组iNOS表达上升（P＜0.01）,而血红素加氧酶（HO-1）蛋白表达未见明显变化;而预先给予Ginaton可显著提高HO-1的表达,降低iNOS的表达（P＜0.01）。结论：Ginaton可减轻LPS所致急性肺组织损伤,其机制可能与诱导HO-1的表达,下调iNOS的表达和活性有关。     

内源性H2S在CCK-8减轻脂多糖所致急性肺损伤中的作用

目的：探讨内源性硫化氢(H₂S)在八肽胆囊收缩素(CCK-8)减轻脂多糖（LPS）所致急性肺损伤(ALI)中的作用。方法: 将84只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组、LPS组（经气管内滴注LPS复制ALI）、NaHS(H₂S供体)+LPS组、炔丙基甘氨酸［胱硫醚-γ-裂解酶（CSE）抑制剂，PPG］+LPS组、CCK-8+LPS组、PPG+CCK-8+LPS组和CCK- 8组。给药后分别于4 h和8 h处死动物，测定肺湿/干比值；光镜观察肺组织形态学改变；化学法检测血浆H₂S含量，肺组织MDA含量、MPO活性和CSE活性；放免法检测肺组织P-selectin含量；RT-PCR检测肺组织CSE mRNA的表达；并行支气管肺泡灌洗，检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白含量。结果: 气管内滴注LPS可引起肺组织明显的形态学改变；肺湿/干比值、BALF中蛋白含量及肺组织MDA、MPO活性和P-selectin水平增高；血浆H2S含量、肺组织CSE活性及CSE mRNA表达下降。预先给予NaHS或CCK-8可显著减轻LPS所致的上述改变，且血浆H₂S含量、肺组织CSE活性及CSE mRNA表达高于相应的LPS组；预先给予PPG可加重LPS所致的肺损伤，而血浆H₂S含量、肺组织CSE活性及CSE mRNA表达分别低于相应的LPS组和CCK-8+LPS组。结论: CCK-8可通过内源性H₂S介导的抗氧化、抑制PMN黏附聚集等效应发挥减轻LPS所致肺损伤的作用。     

黄芪多糖对内毒素血症性肺损伤治疗作用的实验研究

目的:探讨中药黄芪多糖(APS)对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的内毒素血症性肺损伤小鼠的治疗作用。方法:40只健康10-12周龄成年C57BL/6J小鼠随机分为正常对照组、肺损伤模型组、地塞米松治疗组和APS治疗组,每组10只。除正常对照组外,其余三组小鼠均采用腹腔注射LPS 5mg/Kg,成功制模。成模后2h、24h和48h,地塞米松治疗组和APS治疗组分别通过腹腔注射地塞米松(5mg/Kg·次)或APS(200mg/Kg·次),正常对照组和肺损伤模型组则在各时间点通过平行注射等量磷酸盐缓冲液。72h后处死各组小鼠,先行支气管肺泡灌洗,并检测支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)蛋白含量;留取肺组织标本,行肺组织湿干重比值(W/D)测定和肺组织病理学观察。结果:肺损伤模型组BALF中蛋白含量(0.25±0.09mg/ml)和肺组织W/D(6.13±0.63)均显著高于正常对照组(分别为0.09±0.04mg/ml和4.72±0.63,P0.01);地塞米松治疗组和APS治疗组BALF蛋白含量(0.13±0.05mg/ml,0.17±0.04mg/ml)、肺组织W/D(5.31±0.48,5.43±0.47)均较肺损伤模型组显著降低,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。肺组织病理学结果显示,与正常对照组相比,肺损伤模型组肺泡间隔明显增宽,肺组织有明显炎性细胞浸润、小血管充血、出血,部分肺泡内可见水肿;地塞米松治疗组和APS治疗组肺组织的上述炎性损伤较肺损伤模型组显著改善。结论:APS实验性治疗内毒素血症性肺损伤是可行和有效的。     

秦皮苷减轻LPS诱导的肺炎小鼠肺组织炎症和氧化损伤

目的研究秦皮苷(fraxin)对脂多糖(lipopolysaccharides,LPS)诱导的肺炎小鼠肺组织炎症和氧化损伤的影响。方法实验分成Control(空白对照)、Model(肺炎模型)、fraxin-A(肺炎模型,8 mg/kg秦皮甙灌胃)、fraxin-B(肺炎模型,16 mg/kg秦皮甙灌胃治疗)、fraxin-C组(肺炎模型,32 mg/kg秦皮甙灌胃)。取肺组织和肺泡灌洗液,检测肺组织湿/干重比例,计数肺泡灌洗液细胞总数和中性粒细胞数目;ELISA法检测肺泡灌洗液中白细胞介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)、白细胞介素-1β(interleukin-1β,IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白细胞介素-10(interleukin-10,IL-10)含量;比色法检测肺泡灌洗液中超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide orgotein dismutase,SOD)和一氧化氮(nitric oxide,NO)含量;可见分光光度法检测肺泡灌洗液中丙二醛(malonaldehyde,MDA)含量;Western blot法检测肺组织中p-NF-κBp65、核转录因子-κB(nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB)p65、Toll样受体4(Toll-like receptor-4,TLR4)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(inducible nitric oxide synthase,iNOS)、p-IκBα、IκBα蛋白表达。结果与Control组比较,Model组肺组织湿/干重比例升高,肺泡灌洗液细胞总数和中性粒细胞数目增多,肺泡灌洗液中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α含量和MDA、NO含量升高,SOD含量下降,肺组织中NF-κBp65、TLR4、i NOS蛋白水平升高。与Model组比较,fraxin-A、fraxin-B、fraxin-C组肺组织湿/干重比例降低,肺泡灌洗液细胞总数和中性粒细胞数目减少,肺泡灌洗液中IL-6、IL-1β、TNF-α含量和MDA、NO含量降低,SOD含量升高,肺组织中NF-κBp65、TLR4、iNOS蛋白水平降低。结论秦皮苷减轻LPS诱导的肺炎小鼠肺组织炎症和氧化损伤,其机制可能与TLR4/NF-κB有关。     

藤黄酸减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

目的探讨藤黄酸(GA)对脂多糖(LPS)所致小鼠急性肺损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法采用尾静脉注射LPS(4 mg/kg)建立小鼠急性肺损伤模型。实验将小鼠随机分为对照组(control组)、模型组(model组)、藤黄酸组(GA组)和藤黄酸预处理组(GA+LPS组),6 h后测定肺湿/干重比值(W/D);检测髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;检测肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白含量和白细胞计数;ELISA检测肺匀浆中白介素-1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量。结果模型组小鼠肺W/D、MPO活性、BALF中蛋白含量和白细胞数量均增加,肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α水平升高(均P0.01);藤黄酸预处理可减轻LPS引起的以上指标变化(均P0.05)。结论 GA可减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤,其机制可能与降低肺组织IL-1β和TNF-α的含量、抑制中性粒细胞在肺部的聚集和减轻肺部水肿相关。     

骨髓来源间充质干细胞培养上清液减轻脂多糖诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤

 目的:观察经尾静脉输注骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液（MSCs CdM）对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小鼠急性肺损伤的治疗作用及其机制。方法:采用全骨髓培养法分离纯化骨髓间充质干细胞,传至第3代时观察细胞形态,流式细胞术检测细胞表面标志,并且收集上清液用超滤离心管进行离心。30只BALB/c小鼠随机分为对照组、 LPS模型组和MSCs CdM治疗组。对照组腹腔内注射生理盐水（0.01 mL/g）,LPS组和MSCs CdM治疗组腹腔内注射LPS（5 mg/kg,0.01 mL/g）制备急性肺损伤模型。造模1 h后经尾静脉输注MSCs CdM（MSCs  CdM治疗组）或生理盐水 （LPS组或对照组）300 μL。6 h后处死小鼠,留取标本检测肺组织病理形态学、肺组织湿干重比（W/D）、支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF）中蛋白含量、血清及BALF中细胞因子水平和肺组织中髓过氧化物酶(MPO)的活性。结果:与对照组比较,LPS处理后肺组织病理损伤严重,BALF中蛋白、血清肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)含量、肺组织中MPO活性及肺组织湿干重比均显著升高。与LPS组比较,MSCs CdM治疗组肺组织病理损伤程度减轻,BALF中蛋白、血清TNF-α和IL-6含量、肺组织中MPO活性及肺组织湿干重比均显著降低,而BALF中白细胞介素10（IL-10）和角质细胞生长因子（KGF）水平显著高于LPS组和对照组。结论:骨髓间充质干细胞培养上清液可有效减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤,其作用机制可能与其调节肺部TNF-α、IL-6、IL-10和KGF的水平有关。     

实验性急性肺损伤肺组织中细胞间粘附分子的表达及大黄对其影响

目的:主要探讨肺组织中细胞间粘附分子-1(ICAM-1mRNA)表达与急性肺损伤(ALI)的关系和大黄对其影响。方法:注射脂多糖(LPS)复制ALI动物模型并分为LPS组、对照组、大黄+LPS组、地塞米松+LPS组。观察病理形态和ALI生物学标志并测定肺组织中ICAM-1mRNA的表达。结果:肺血管内皮细胞ICAM-1mRNA表达在LPS组显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),而大黄+LPS和地塞米松+LPS组显著弱于LPS组(P＜0.05,P＜0.01)。肺湿/干重比,肺泡灌洗液中性粒细胞比、蛋白含量以及肺血管壁通透性、肺泡通透指数也显著小于LPS组。结论:在ALI肺组织中ICAM-1mRNA表达增强参与了ALI发病的作用,大黄可使ICAM-1mRNA的表达减弱从而使肺组织损伤减轻。     

右美托咪定通过α_2AR介导的ERK1/2减轻急性肺损伤大鼠肺水肿

目的:研究α_2肾上腺素能受体(α_2AR)激动剂右美托咪定(Dex)对急性肺损伤大鼠肺水肿的影响,并探究其机制是否与α_2AR介导的细胞外信号调节激酶1/2(ERK1/2)激活有关。方法:将SPF级Wistar大鼠随机分为4组:生理盐水对照组、急性肺损伤模型组、右美托咪定治疗组和育亨宾(α_2AR抑制剂)+右美托咪定治疗组。分组处理完毕,采集大鼠血、肺泡灌洗液和肺组织标本。HE染色观察肺组织病理学改变并进行损伤评分。抽取颈动脉血检测氧分压(PaO_2)并计算PaO_2/FiO_2;检测肺组织湿/干重比(W/D)和肺指数;ELISA检测肺泡灌洗液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和IL-10的浓度;检测肺组织中丙二醛(MDA)浓度和髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性;Western blot检测肺组织α_1钠钾ATP酶(Na~+/K~+-ATPase)、β_1Na~+/K~+-ATPase及p-ERK1/2的蛋白水平。结果:肺组织病理学检查显示,Dex治疗可明显减轻LPS诱导的肺泡壁及肺组织间隔增厚及炎症细胞浸润程度,降低肺损伤分数。与对照组组比较,模型组PaO_2及PaO_2/FiO_2降低,W/D和肺指数升高,支气管肺泡灌洗液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6及IL-10升高,肺组织MDA水平和MPO活性升高,α_1Na~+/K~+-ATPase、β_1Na~+/K~+-ATPase及p-ERK1/2的蛋白水平降低;与模型组比较,右美托咪定治疗组肺损伤分数降低,PaO_2及PaO_2/FiO_2升高,W/D和肺指数降低,BALF中TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-6降低,而IL-10进一步升高,肺组织MDA水平和MPO活性降低,α_1Na~+/K~+-ATPase、β_1Na~+/K~+-ATPase及p-ERK1/2的蛋白水平升高。而同时给予Dex和育亨宾治疗后,以上Dex组的所有检测指标均被逆转。结论:右美托咪定通过上调Na~+/K~+-ATPase蛋白的表达,减轻LPS诱导的急性肺损伤大鼠肺水肿,其作用机制可能与α_2AR介导的ERK1/2激活有关。     

肠系膜淋巴管结扎对大鼠急性肺损伤的影响

目的：探讨结扎肠系膜淋巴管对失血-脂多糖（LPS）致大鼠急性肺损伤（ALI）的拮抗作用。方法：雄性Wistar大鼠45只，均分为结扎组、未结扎组、假手术组，以失血、LPS复制二次打击模型，结扎组行肠系膜淋巴管结扎术致肠淋巴液断流。在手术创伤后24 h，所有大鼠颈总动脉放血，进行血气分析；从左肺收集支气管肺泡灌洗液（BALF），观察WBC、NO及其合酶、SOD、MDA以及肺泡通透性指数等指标的水平；右肺制备10%组织匀浆，检测MPO、ATPase活性等指标；观察右肺后叶超微结构。结果：二次打击后，未结扎组动脉血PaCO2、BALF中细胞总数及PMN、NO2-/NO3-、NOS、MDA含量以及肺匀浆MPO活性、肺通透性指数均显著高于假手术组，动脉血pH、PaO2、BALF中SOD、肺匀浆ATPase活性显著低于假手术组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；结扎组大鼠BALF中细胞总数及PMN、MDA、NO2-/NO3-含量、肺通透性指数均显著高于假手术组，BALF中SOD活性显著低于假手术组（P<0.01，P<0.05）。但结扎组大鼠动脉血pH、PaO2、肺匀浆ATPase活性显著高于未结扎组，动脉血PaCO2、BALF中细胞总数及PMN、NO2-/NO3-、NOS、MDA含量、肺通透性指数及肺匀浆MPO显著低于未结扎组（P<0.01，P<0.05）；且肺血管内皮细胞损伤程度较未结扎组轻微。结论：肠系膜淋巴管结扎可减轻失血-LPS致大鼠的急性肺损伤。提示二次打击的肠系膜淋巴液在大鼠急性肺损伤的发病过程中发挥着重要作用。     

Azilsartan attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway

Acute lung injury (ALI) is a severe complication of sepsis and hemorrhagic shock with high morbidity. In the present study, the protective effect of Azilsartan on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI in mice was investigated to explore the potential therapeutic property of Azilsartan for the treatment of ALI. LPS was used to induce an ALI model in mice. Hematoxylin–eosin (HE) staining sections were then evaluated for the pathological state of lung tissues. Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) protein concentration, wet/dry weight ratios of lung tissues, and pulmonary myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity were detected to determine the degree of pulmonary injury. The number of total cells, macrophages, and neutrophils in BALF were counted using a hemocytometer to illustrate the inflammatory cell infiltration. The lung function was monitored using a spirometer. The concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative stress was evaluated by the superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, glutathione (GSH), and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the lung tissue. The expressions of nuclear erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) were determined using Western blot analysis. Azilsartan therapy alleviated LPS-induced lung tissue damage, increased BALF protein concentration, lung wet to dry weight ratio, MPO activity, and macrophage and neutrophils infiltration. Also, Azilsartan ameliorated the production of inflammatory factors (IL-1β, MCP-1, and IL-8). Azilsartan ameliorated LPS-impaired lung SOD activity, the GSH concentration, and the MDA concentration. Mechanistically, Azilsartan activated the LPS-impaired Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Azilsartan therapy attenuates LPS-induced ALI via the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.

     

PI3K/Akt信号通路上调急性肺损伤大鼠肺泡上皮钠通道表达

目的 探讨PI3K/Akt信号通路对急性肺损伤(ALI)大鼠肺泡上皮钠通道(ENaC)α、β和γ亚基表达的影响.方法 成年SD大鼠随机分为对照组、ALI组(脂多糖)、胰岛素组及渥曼青霉素组,每组5只.观察肺组织病理改变,收集支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF),测量总肺水含量,RT-PCR和Western blot测定ENaC mRNA和蛋白、p-Akt表达.结果 胰岛素组BALF蛋白含量、髓过氧化物酶(MPO)活性、总肺水含量较ALI组显著减少(P＜0.05),渥曼青霉素组BALF蛋白含量、MPO活性及总肺水含量较胰岛素组显著增加(P＜0.05).ALI组α-、β-和γ-ENaC蛋白表达显著低于对照组(0.33 ±0.06 vs 1.27 ±0.07,0.18±0.04 vs 0.72±0.04,0.37±0.04 vs0.69±0.05)(P＜0.05).胰岛素组蛋白表达α-ENaC(2.19 ±0.04)、β-ENaC(1.18 ±0.07)和γ-ENaC(1.18 ±0.08)显著高于ALI组(P＜0.05).渥曼青霉素组蛋白表达α-ENaC(0.86 ±0.09)、β-ENaC (0.58±0.05)和γ-ENaC (0.59±0.02)显著低于胰岛素组(P＜ 0.05).胰岛素组ENaC mRNA和p-Akt较ALI组显著升高(P＜0.05).渥曼青霉素组ENaC mRNA和p-Akt较胰岛素组显著降低(P＜0.05).结论 激活H3K/Akt通路上调3种ENaC亚基表达,从而清除肺水肿液.     

Protective Effect of Isorhamnetin on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice

Isorhamnetin has been reported to have anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-proliferative effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of isorhamnetin on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) in mice by inhibiting the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). The effects of isorhamnetin on LPS-induced lung pathological damage, wet/dry ratios and the total protein level in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammatory cytokine release, myeloperoxidase (MPO) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level were examined. In addition, the COX-2 activation in lung tissues was detected by Western blot. Isorhamnetin pretreatment improved the mice survival rates. Moreover, isorhamnetin pretreatment significantly attenuated edema and the pathological changes in the lung and inhibited protein extravasation in BALF. Isorhamnetin also significantly decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in BALF. In addition, isorhamnetin markedly prevented LPS-induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, isorhamnetin pretreatment significantly suppressed LPS-induced activation of COX-2. Isorhamnetin has been demonstrated to protect mice from LPS-induced ALI by inhibiting the expression of COX-2.     

Artesunate Protects LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting TLR4 Expression and Inducing Nrf2 Activation

Artesunate, a derivative of artemisinin, has been reported to have anti-inflammatory property. However, few studies showed the protective effects of artesunate on lung injury. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of artesunate on LPS-induced lung injury in mice. The mice were treated with artesunate 1 h before or after LPS treatment. The effects of artesunate on lung MPO activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were detected. The lung wet/dry radio and the numbers of inflammatory cells in BALF were also measured. ELISA was used to evaluate the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in BALF. Western blot analysis was adapted to detect TLR4 and Nrf2 signaling pathways. The results showed that artesunate protected against LPS-induced ALI by decreasing the numbers of inflammatory cells, lung edema, MPO activity, and MDA content. Furthermore, artesunate significantly inhibited the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6. Artesunate also inhibited LPS-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in the A549 cells. In addition, artesunate dose-dependently suppressed LPS-induced TLR4 expression and NF-κB activation. The expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 were also up-regulated by artesunate. The data suggest that artesunate possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties against LPS-induced ALI via inhibiting TLR4 signaling pathway and activating Nrf2 signaling pathway.     

Protective Effect of Amygdalin on LPS-Induced Acute Lung Injury by Inhibiting NF-κB and NLRP3 Signaling Pathways

The acute lung injury (ALI) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. Amygdalin is derived from the bitter apricot kernel, an efficacious Chinese herbal medicine. Although amygdalin is used by many cancer patients as an antitumor agent, there is no report about the effect of amygdalin on acute lung injury. Here we explored the protective effect of amygdalin on ALI using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine model by detecting the lung wet/dry ratio, the myeloperoxidase (MPO) in lung tissues, inflammatory cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), inflammatory cytokines production, as well as NLRP3 and NF-κB signaling pathways. The results showed that amygdalin significantly reduced LPS-induced infiltration of inflammatory cells and the production of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in the BALF. The activity of MPO and lung wet/dry ratio were also attenuated by amygdalin. Furthermore, the western blotting analysis showed that amygdalin remarkably inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB and NLRP3 activation. These findings indicate that amygdalin has a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in mice. The mechanism may be related to the inhibition of NF-κB and NLRP3 signaling pathways.     

Propofol Protects Rats and Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury via Inhibiting HMGB1 Expression

High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays a key role in the development of acute lung injury (ALI). Propofol, a general anesthetic with anti-inflammatory properties, has been suggested to be able to modulate lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI. In this study, we investigated the effects of propofol on the expression of HMGB1 in a rat model of LPS-induced ALI. Rats underwent intraperitoneal injection of LPS to mimic sepsis-induced ALI. Propofol bolus (1, 5, or 10 mg/kg) was infused continuously 30 min after LPS administration, followed by infusion at 5 mg/(kg?·?h) through the left femoral vein cannula. LPS increased wet to dry weight ratio and myeloperoxidase activity in lung tissues and caused the elevation of total protein and cells, neutrophils, macrophages, and neutrophils in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, HMGB1 and other cytokine levels were increased in BALF and lung tissues and pathological changes of lung tissues were excessively aggravated in rats after LPS administration. Propofol inhibited all the above effects. It also inhibited LPS-induced toll-like receptor (TLR)2/4 protein upexpression and NF-κB activation in lung tissues and human alveolar epithelial cells. Propofol protects rats and human alveolar epithelial cells against HMGB1 expression in a rat model of LPS-induced ALI. These effects may partially result from reductions in TLR2/4 and NF-κB activation.     

Protective Effect of p-Cymene on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury in Mice

In the previous study, the anti-inflammatory effect of p-cymene had been found. In this study, we investigated anti-inflammatory effects of p-cymene on acute lung injury using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced acute lung injury (ALI) mouse model. The cell counting in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) was measured. The animal lung edema degree was evaluated by wet/dry weight (W/D) ratio. The superoxidase dismutase (SOD) activity and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was assayed by SOD and MPO kits, respectively. The levels of inflammatory mediators including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-1β, and IL-6 were assayed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. The pathological changes of the lung tissues were observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The inflammatory signal pathway-related protein levels of NF-κB were measured using Western blotting. The data showed that treatment with the p-cymene markedly attenuated inflammatory cell numbers in the BALF, decreased NF-κB protein level in the lungs, improved SOD activity, and inhibited MPO activity. Histological studies demonstrated that p-cymene substantially inhibited LPS-induced neutrophils in the lung tissue compared with the model group. The results indicated that p-cymene had a protective effect on LPS-induced ALI in mice.