蛇床子提取液对离体蟾蜍坐骨神经动作电位的影响

目的:研究蛇床子提取液对蟾蜍离体坐骨神经动作电位传导阻滞作用。方法:观察3种浓度蛇床子提取液(1g·ml-1、0.5g·ml-1、0.2g·ml-1)对蟾蜍离体坐骨神经复合动作电位的振幅和传导速度的影响。结果:3种浓度的蛇床子提取液均可使坐骨神经复合动作电位的振幅变小(P0.01),传导速度变慢(P0.01)并最终使坐骨神经动作电位消失。结论:蛇床子提取液能阻滞神经动作电位的传导。     

高山红景天多糖对电刺激离体蟾蜍腓肠肌疲劳的影响

目的:探讨高山红景天的主要成分红景天多糖对电刺激离体蟾蜍腓肠肌疲劳的影响.方法:采用脉冲式电流直接刺激离体蟾蜍腓肠肌作为疲劳模型,观察肌肉收缩力、达最大收缩力所需时间以及肌肉收缩持续时间的变化.结果:高山红景天多糖不仅能使肌肉持续收缩时间延长(P＜0.01),而且可缩短肌肉达最大收缩所需的时间(P＜0.05).结论:高山红景天多糖具有抗疲劳作用.     

柴胡桂枝汤对离体蟾蜍坐骨神经动作电位的影响

目的:研究柴胡桂枝汤对蟾蜍离体坐骨神经干动作电位传导阻滞作用。方法:观察柴胡桂枝汤对蟾蜍离体坐骨神经复合动作电位的振幅和传导速度的影响。结果:柴胡桂枝汤作用0min、2min、4min、6min、8min、10min后均使坐骨神经干复合动作电位的振幅变小(P0.01),传导速度变慢(P0.01)并最终使坐骨神经动作电位消失。结论:柴胡桂枝汤能阻滞神经动作电位的传导。     

芍药甘草汤对蟾蜍坐骨神经动作电位的影响

目的:观察芍药甘草汤对蟾蜍离体坐骨神经动作电位阈刺激、不应期及传导速度的影响,研究其对坐骨神经电生理特性的作用。方法:将制备的蟾蜍坐骨神经干分为阈刺激、不应期、传导速度3组,引导神经干动作电位,分别测其正常时与加药后的阈刺激、不应期、传导速度的变化。结果:芍药甘草汤能够提高蟾蜍离体坐骨神经阈刺激,延长不应期,与对照组比有显著性差异(P<0.01);减慢传导速度,与对照组比有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论:芍药甘草汤对蟾蜍坐骨神经动作电位的抑制作用与提高阈刺激、延长不应期、减慢传导速度相关。     

陈旧性坐骨神经缺损对大鼠腓肠肌组织蛋白含量及泛素表达的影响

目的：了解陈旧性坐骨神经缺损后肌肉萎缩过程中蛋白质降解的机制。方法：用SD大鼠建立坐骨神经缺损模型,切断大鼠右侧坐骨神经,形成10 mm缺损。测定术后1、2、3、4、6、9及12个月腓肠肌肌总蛋白的含量;免疫组化法观察组织中泛素的表达变化;Western印迹法测定组织中泛素蛋白的表达水平。结果：坐骨神经缺损后腓肠肌肌总蛋白含量随缺损时间延长呈进行性下降;正常腓肠肌组织中泛素呈低表达,随缺损时间延长泛素表达水平增强,持续到9个月,随后呈下调趋势。结论：陈旧性坐骨神经缺损后腓肠肌蛋白的降解、肌总蛋白量下降及肌萎缩可能和泛素-蛋白酶体途径有关。     

监测蟾蜍动态心电的简便有效方法

 目的：筛选出适于监测无束缚蟾蜍动态心电的导联方式,并分析其实用性。方法：蟾蜍在麻醉状态下皮下包埋引导电极后,通过BL-420S生物机能实验系统监测了5种导联的动态心电,比较并筛选出能够较好地显示心电波形的导联。利用该导联监测了蟾蜍从人工冬眠中复苏6 h内的动态心电和连续5 d内的心率和心率变异性（heart rate variability, HRV）的日间稳定性,以及冻融处理前后的心率和HRV,以分析其实用性。结果：5种备选导联中有2种导联能较好显示心电波形。与人工冬眠复苏6 h比较,复苏1 h之内的心率降低,窦性心率RR间期标准差（the standard deviation of normal R-R intervals, SDNN）升高,二者均有显著差异（P<0.05或P<0.01）;2 h到5 h之间的心率和SDNN无显著变化,提示心电在复苏2 h后恢复稳定。冬眠第4天和第5天的2 h和4 h心率较第1天显著减慢（P<0.05或P<0.01）,而SDNN 较第1天显著升高（P<0.05或P<0.01）,提示留置电极的蟾蜍心电在3 d内不会有显著变化。与冷冻前比较,解冻1 h和12 h的心率显著加快（P<0.05）,SDNN显著变小（P<0.05）,表明冻融后蟾蜍心功能下降。结论：皮下植入电极的方法可有效监测蟾蜍动态心电。     

四数九里香挥发油对离体蟾蜍坐骨神经动作电位的影响

目的:研究四数九里香挥发油对离体蟾蜍坐骨神经动作电位的传导阻滞作用。方法:采用水蒸气蒸馏法提取四数九里香挥发油,观察四数九里香挥发油对离体蟾蜍坐骨神经复合动作电位的振幅和传导速度的影响。结果:四数九里香挥发油使坐骨神经复合动作电位的振幅变小(P0.01),传导速度变慢(P0.01),并最终使坐骨神经动作电位消失。结论:四数九里香挥发油能阻滞神经动作电位的传导。     

五味子水煎液对蟾蜍坐骨神经电生理特性的影响

目的:观察五味子水煎液对蟾蜍离体坐骨神经电生理特性的影响。方法:制备蟾蜍坐骨神经-腓神经标本,并将其分为五组:任氏液对照组、5%、10%、30%、50%不同浓度五味子组,采用BL-420生物记录系统采集标本动作电位的振幅和传导速度,并观察不同浓度五味子水煎液对坐骨神经-腓神经动作电位的振幅和传导速度的影响。结果:5%浓度的五味子水煎液能够增大动作电位的振幅(P0.001),并加快动作电位的传导速度(P0.01),而随着五味子水煎液浓度的增大,10%~50%浓度的五味子水煎液可减小蟾蜍离体坐骨神经-腓神经动作电位的振幅(P0.001)并减慢传导速度(P0.001)。结论:五味子水煎液在较低浓度时可加快蟾蜍离体坐骨神经-腓神经动作电位的传导速度并增大振幅,高浓度时能阻滞动作电位的传导。     

半活体和离体大白鼠坐骨神经轴向力学性质的差异

成年Ｗｉｓｔａｒ大鼠坐骨神经（ＳＣＮ）１４侧，随机分为２组，分别在半活体和离体两种不同状态下进行单轴拉伸试验，结果表明：当轴向应力在０￣３６ｋＰａ范围时，半活体和离体的ＳＣＮ应力应变关系为指数函数关系，但材料常数Ｘ，间有显著性差异。     

同步监测蟾蜍心脏机械和电活动简便而有效的方法

目的: 通过灌流蟾蜍离体原位自发性搏动心脏,同步监测心输出量、心肌收缩力和心电图的变化,为研究心脏活动探索简便、有效和经济的实验方法。方法: 在离体原位心脏左主动脉和后腔静脉插管回流,记录心输出量;在心尖部连接张力换能器,肢体皮下插入针状电极,利用BL-420S生物机能实验系统监测心肌舒缩张力和标准肢体II导联心电图。通过灌注β受体激动药异丙肾上腺素和其拮抗药普萘洛尔,观察各参数的变化,证实该实验方法的可行性。结果: 在灌注任氏液的条件下,能够很好地监测到心脏舒缩张力和心输出量,以及心电图PR间期、QT间期、QRS波群时间和电压,适于分析二者之间的相关性。与给药前相比较,灌注10^-5~10^-4 g/L异丙肾上腺素显著增加了心输出量和心肌舒缩幅度,缩短了心电图PR间期,延长了QT间期(P<0.05, P<0.01)。灌注普萘洛尔能够明显拮抗异丙肾上腺素的强心作用。结论: 本实验方法适于同时监测蟾蜍心脏的收缩能力和心电图。     

Effect of low-intensity millimeter-range electromagnetic irradiation on the recovery of function in lesioned sciatic nerves in rats

The effects of electromagnetic irradiation (EMI) of wavelength 5.6 mm (frequency 53.57 GHz) and power density 4 mW/cm² on the recovery of function in damaged rat sciatic nerve were studied; damage was produced by nerve section followed by microsuturing. Irradiation was applied to the skin of the thigh in the area of suturing. Total action potential (TAP) recording from the nerve was used to study the functional properties of regenerating nerve fibers five months after lesioning. These experiments demonstrated that EMI had a stimulatory effect on regenerative processes in the nerve, in terms of 25–30% increases in the rate of action potential conduction along nerve fibers, with increases in TAP amplitude. Laboratory for Reception Physiology, I. P. Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 St. Petersburg. Translated from Fiziologicheskii Zhurnal imeni I. M. Sechenova, Vol. 82, No. 2, pp. 85–90, February, 1996.     

巨噬细胞培养上清液促进大鼠坐骨神经损伤后修复的机制研究

目的 探讨巨噬细胞培养上清液促进大鼠坐骨神经损伤后修复的效果及机制.方法 SD雄性大鼠30只,体重200～250 g,随机分成对照组、观察组和模型组,每组10只,成功制作大鼠坐骨神经损伤离断模型后,对照组在吻合口间隙注射给予等量生理盐水,观察组注射巨噬细胞培养上清液,缝合后饲养12周处死。结果 观察组与对照组大鼠均无死亡。与对照组比,观察组大鼠坐骨神经电生理检测波幅[(0.16±0.04)V比(0.33±0.05)V,t=7.45,P=3.87E-05]和传导速度[(13.22±6.23)m/s比(24.54±6.36)m/s,t=4.02,P=3.01E-3)]显著提高,潜伏期[(0.74±0.06)ms比(0.53±0.04)ms,t=9.21,P=7.07E-06) ]缩短,差异有统计学意义.观察组坐骨神经形态学分析平均髓鞘厚度[(0.48±0.07)μm比(1.27±0.08)μm,t=23.50,P=2.18E-09) ]?神经纤维数量[(0.69±0.08)/HP比(3.22±0.06)/HP,t=80.01,P=3.77E-14) ]和有髓神经纤维平均直径[(1.08±0.39)μm比(3.63±0.42)μm,t=14.07,P=1.97E-07) ]显著增加,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).观察组雪旺细胞表达的神经生长因子mRNA(NGF mRNA)[(0.13±0.04)比(0.42±0.05),t=14.32,P=1.68E-07) ]和层粘连蛋白mRNA[(0.07±0.03)比(0.38±0.06),t=14.61,P=1.41E-07) ]含量显著升高,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 巨噬细胞培养上清液可以有效促进大鼠坐骨神经损伤后修复,可能与促进雪旺细胞表达NGF和Laminin有关.     

Effects of Nogo-A and its receptor on the repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats

Regeneration of injured peripheral nerves is an extremely complex process. Nogo-A (neurite outgrowth inhibitor-A) inhibits axonal regeneration by interacting with Nogo receptor in the myelin sheath of the central nervous system (CNS). The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Nogo-A and its receptor on the repair of sciatic nerve injury in rats. Sprague-Dawley rats (n=96) were randomly divided into 4 groups: control group (control), sciatic nerve transection group (model), immediate repair group (immediate repair), and delayed repair group (delayed repair). The rats were euthanized 1 week and 6 weeks after operation. The injured end tissues of the spinal cord and sciatic nerve were obtained. The protein expressions of Nogo-A and Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) were detected by immunohistochemistry. The protein expressions of Nogo-A, NgR, and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) were detected by western blot. At 1 week after operation, the pathological changes in the immediate repaired group were less, and the protein expressions of Nogo-A, NgR, and RhoA in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve tissues were decreased (P<0.05) compared with the model group. After 6 weeks, the pathological changes in the immediate repair group and the delayed repair group were alleviated and the protein expressions decreased (P<0.05). The situation of the immediate repair group was better than that of the delayed repair group. Our data suggest that the expression of Nogo-A and its receptor increased after sciatic nerve injury, indicating that Nogo-A and its receptor play an inhibitory role in the repair process of sciatic nerve injury in rats.     

睾酮对小鼠坐骨神经损伤后脊髓前角运动神经元的保护作用

目的探讨睾酮对坐骨神经损伤后脊髓运动神经元的保护作用。方法12只性成熟C57雄性小鼠随机分为:芝麻油对照组(n=6)和睾酮实验组(n=6)。采用单侧坐骨神经切断损伤模型,手术后分别隔日皮下注射芝麻油和睾酮。两周后通过尼氏染色统计腰骶髓坐骨神经损伤侧的前角运动神经元数量和截面积。结果睾酮实验组腰骶髓前角运动神经元状态要好于芝麻油对照组,胞体饱满,突起较多。神经元数量和平均截面积明显大于芝麻油对照组(P0.01)。结论坐骨神经损伤后,睾酮对支配该神经的运动神经元具有明显的保护作用,增加存活运动神经元的数量和截面积。     

吡非尼酮对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后瘢痕形成及功能恢复的实验研究

目的探讨大鼠坐骨神经损伤后细胞因子抑制剂吡非尼酮对神经吻合口处瘢痕形成及神经功能恢复的影响。方法选用健康雄性SD大鼠60只,制作右侧坐骨神经损伤模型,术后随机分为3组,分别为对照组、低剂量组和高剂量组,每组20只,分别给予0 mg/kg、25 mg/kg、100 mg/kg吡非尼酮混悬液灌胃。术后于第4、12周分别行坐骨神经功能指数、神经电生理测定,然后取材进行Ⅰ型胶原蛋白免疫组织化学染色,最终对实验结果进行图像分析和统计学处理。结果坐骨神经功能指数:术后第4周,三组之间两两比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后第12周,低剂量组优于对照组(P0.01),高剂量组优于低剂量组(P0.01);神经电生理:术后第4周,三组之间神经传导速度、潜伏期、波幅两两比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后第12周,与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组神经传导速度显著增快(P0.05),潜伏期缩短(P0.05),波幅升高(P0.05),且高剂量组优于低剂量组(P0.05);Ⅰ型胶原蛋白沉积量:术后第4周,与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组神经吻合口处Ⅰ型胶原蛋白沉积量明显减少(P0.01),低剂量组与高剂量组相比,差异无统计学意义(P0.05);术后第12周,与对照组相比,低剂量组和高剂量组神经吻合口处Ⅰ型胶原蛋白沉积量明显减少(P0.01),且高剂量组比低剂量组减少更明显(P0.05)。结论吡非尼酮能明显减少神经吻合口处Ⅰ型胶原蛋白沉积,有效抑制瘢痕形成,促进神经功能恢复。     

瓦勒变性坐骨神经段对大鼠BMSCs向SCs分化的影响

 目的:通过观察瓦勒变性坐骨神经段对大鼠骨髓间充质干细胞（bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, BMSCs）增殖、分泌功能以及向施万细胞（Schwann cells, SCs）分化的影响,探讨其在BMSCs向SCs分化中的作用及可能的机制。方法:采用全骨髓贴壁法分离、培养SD大鼠BMSCs,并采用免疫荧光法鉴定。应用Transwell建立坐骨神经段与BMSCs双层培养体系,将实验分为瓦勒变性坐骨神经段与BMSCs联合培养组（A组）、正常坐骨神经段与BMSCs联合培养组（B组）和BMSCs单独培养组（C组）。倒置相差显微镜观察联合培养过程中BMSCs 形态变化;免疫荧光染色检测联合培养第7天各组BMSCs表达S-100情况;联合培养第0、1、4、7、11、14天,利用细胞计数法绘制各组BMSCs生长曲线,ELISA法检测各组培养液上清中神经生长因子（nerve growth factor, NGF）含量,实时荧光定量PCR检测各组BMSCs中S-100 mRNA表达情况。结果:成功分离培养BMSCs,免疫荧光鉴定BMSCs呈CD29、CD44和CD90表达阳性。联合培养第7天倒置相差显微镜观察可见,A组BMSCs胞体回缩,呈梭形,并带有突起,形态类似SCs;B、C 组大部分BMSCs 形态无明显变化。联合培养第7天免疫荧光染色示,A、B、C 组 BMSCs S-100阳性表达率分别为31.1%±2.9%、16.2%±1.7%和0.42%±0.07%,A组阳性表达率明显增高（P<0.05）。各组BMSCs生长曲线均近似“S”形,从第4天开始,A组BMSCs增殖速度明显快于B、C组（P<0.05）;ELISA 法检测示,A 组NGF含量呈时间依赖性增加,于联合培养第7天达高峰,随后呈下降趋势。B、C 组NGF含量随共培养时间延长有所增加,但显著低于A组（P<0.05）;实时荧光定量PCR检测示,联合培养第4、7、11、14天,A组S-100 mRNA表达明显高于B、C组（P<0.05）。结论: 瓦勒变性坐骨神经段能有效促进大鼠BMSCs增殖并诱导BMSCs向SCs样细胞分化,联合培养过程中NGF可能参与BMSCs向SCs分化的调控。     

ATPases and lipid peroxidation in the rat sciatic nerve in the course of experimental neoplastic disease

Peripheral nerve involvement in the course of neoplastic disease represents a clinically significant complication, with clinical uncertainties raising questions as to its pathophysiology. The aim of this study was the analysis of ATPase activities, lipid peroxidation and sulfhydryl groups in the sciatic nerve of tumor-bearing rats. We investigated also morphometric features of the sciatic nerve of experimental animals. An increase was noted in Na+/K+-ATPase and Mg+2-ATPase activities and elevation of conjugated diene and malonyldialdehyde contents, associated with a decrease in sulfhydryl groups in Morris-hepatoma-bearing rats. The morphometric evaluation revealed myelin sheath thickening, associated with an increase in axon cross-section area and degenerative changes in dorsal horns. In this study, the moderate lipid peroxidation in experimental neoplastic disease was demonstrated to lead to depletion of sulfhydryl groups in the degenerating rat sciatic nerve which was associated with stimulation of ATPase activities.     

Effect of chronic sciatic nerve lesion on the neurogenic inflammatory response in intact and acutely injured denervated rat skin

A supersensitivity to the neuropeptide substance P (SP) has been shown to develop in post-terminal membranes of many denervated tissues. This study examined changes in the sensitivity of post-terminal vascular receptors to SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in rat skin microvasculature following sciatic nerve section. In anaesthetised rats, 0.5 cm of sciatic nerve in the right mid-thigh region was removed. Two weeks later, SP (100 M) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 1 mM), a direct smooth muscle vasodilator, were introduced into denervated intact footpad skin, via the electrophoresis technique. Laser doppler flowmeter was used to record changes in relative blood flow in the rat hind footpad. The results showed a significant increase in SP response over controls and slight increase in smooth muscle reactivity as determined by an increase in the vascular response to SNP. In another set of experiments, the sensitivity of post-terminal receptors was examined over a 4 weeks period in an acutely injured footpad skin of sciatic nerve lesioned rats. A vacuum-induced blister was raised on the hind footpad and SP, CGRP (each at 1 M) or SNP (100 M) were superfused over the blister base. In nerve lesioned rats, using the acutely injured footpad skin model, the results showed a reduction in the vascular responses to SP, CGRP and SNP. The response to SP continued to decrease over time reaching 22% of control values by 4 weeks. Responses to SNP and CGRP were reduced to 53% and 45% respectively by 2 weeks and then improved to 75% of control values by 4 weeks.Possible contributions of sympathetic efferents and the saphenous nerve to these reduced responses in acutely injured skin of nerve lesioned rats were examined using guanethidine (50 mg/kg i.p.) or sectioned saphenous nerve respectively. These procedures did not significantly modify the reduced vascular responses in the blister base of lesioned rats.Possible activation of endogenous opioids and/or the release of endothelin due to blister induction in nerve lesioned rats was examined using naloxone and the endothelin receptor antagonist, BQ-123, respectively. Treatment with nalaxone increased SP response in lesioned rats to 41% of control value with no change in smooth muscle reactivity. BQ-123 significantly increased the responses to SP and SNP to 51% and 100% of their own control values respectively.It is concluded that supersensitivity of post-terminal vascular receptors develops in intact skin following chronic nerve lesion. On the other hand, acute injury of the denervated skin area induces activation of endogenous inhibitory modulatory mechanisms that masks this supersensitivity.accepted by R. O. Day     

The role of ultrasound-guided single-shot femoral and sciatic nerve blocks on pain management after total knee arthroplasty

BackgroundPeripheral nerve blocks reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of single-shot femoral nerve and sciatic nerve blocks on postoperative pain management and opioid consumption after TKA.MethodsThis study included 100 patients who underwent TKA between July 2015 and September 2017. Fifty patients received pre-operative, single-injection, ultrasound-guided femoral and sciatic nerve blocks (Group 1) and 50 did not (Group 2). Multimodal analgesia was otherwise identical, and oxycodone was administered either intravenously or orally if the patients complained of postoperative pain ≥ 6 on the visual analog scale (VAS). Postoperative VAS scores, opioid consumption, and the fear of future TKA were compared between the groups.ResultsThe mean VAS in the first 18 postoperative hours was significantly lower in Group 1 (P ≤ 0.002). The mean amount of oxycodone taken in the first three postoperative days was significantly lower in Group 1 (P = 0.001). Patient fear of future TKA at 14 days postoperatively was significantly lower in Group 1 (P = 0.027).ConclusionsPre-operative ultrasound-guided, single-shot femoral and sciatic nerve blocks afforded effective pain control in the first 18 h after TKA, and significantly reduced oxycodone consumption in the first three postoperative days.