沙尘暴细颗粒物的化学成分及其毒理学研究

沙尘暴已成为影响人类健康的主要危害因素之一,沙尘暴细颗粒物包括水溶性离子、有机物及不溶性物质,目前其对人体健康的影响引起人们的关注。流行病学研究表明,沙尘暴细颗粒物不仅可以引起呼吸系统疾病,对心血管、神经、免疫系统都会产生影响;毒理学研究也表明,沙尘暴细颗粒物对人和动物多种组织器官均有毒性作用,通过产生各种自由基引起器官组织发生氧化损伤和遗传损伤可能是沙尘暴细颗粒物毒作用的主要机制。     

空气超细颗粒物对人群健康影响的研究进展

颗粒物是我国大多数城市空气污染的首要污染物,目前研究已证明颗粒物污染危害着人体健康,且危害程度与颗粒粒径大小有关。超细颗粒物(UFPs)粒径在0.1μm以下,与粒径较大的粗颗粒物(PM_(10))、细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))相比,可能对人体产生更大的负面影响,但相关研究较少且证据不足。本文查阅近年来针对UFPs暴露所致人体健康效应相关的研究,总结UFPs相关性质及对人体多种健康指标的影响,以促进对UFPs的重视,为后续UFPs相关研究的开展及空气UFPs污染的健康危险度评价提供参考资料。     

大气颗粒物不同有机组分对人淋巴细胞遗传毒性的影响

大气颗粒物有机提取物的遗传毒性研究已有不少报道,但研究多以动物实验为主.对人体组织细胞的遗传毒性及潜在致癌性研究尚报道不多.为了进一步探讨大气颗粒物有机提取物及其组分对人体健康的影响,本次实验采用液-液分配和硅胶柱层析的方法,将大气颗粒物有机提取物分成5种不同的组分,以它们为实验材料,人外周血淋巴细胞作为研究对象,采用胞质分裂阻滞微核实验对太原市1998年冬季某一居民点大气颗粒物不同有机组分的细胞遗传毒性及细胞周期的影响进行研究.     

空气颗粒物污染对健康的危害和预防

颗粒物污染空气,影响青少年肺功能的发育、新生婴儿的体质量、神经元功能、增加人群死亡率,其机理主要是通过炎性反应因子的激活,产生炎症前期反应和变态反应。空气颗粒物污染对人体的危害正受到人们的重视。海云可清除空气中部分颗粒物,但目前防止空气颗粒物污染的措施主要是控制颗粒物进入大气,人们减少到有严重颗粒物污染的场所。     

粉笔尘对教室颗粒物浓度影响分析

<正>空气中悬浮的颗粒污染物会对人体健康产生重要影响[1]。粒径大于50μm的颗粒物受重力作用会沉降到地面,小于10μm的颗粒物(PM10)可随着呼吸进入人体肺部。PM10引起的流行病研究表明,多种有机化合物如苯、二噁英、多环芳烃以及一些含有高毒性成分的金属如铅、镉会附着在颗粒物表面而进入人体,容易引起呼吸道感染、心脏病、支气管炎、哮喘、肺炎、肺气肿等多种疾病[2-4]。细小颗粒物对人体     

铅、镉的毒性及其危害

由于工农业生产等原因,铅、镉广泛存在于人们的生活环境中,主要通过呼吸道和消化道进入人体并产生危害.铅、镉对人体的影响是全身性的、多系统的,即使长期接触低浓度的铅、镉亦会导致免疫、生殖、神经等系统的损害,铅、镉的毒性及其危害虽已引起医学界的高度重视,但还远未被广大市民普遍认识.现将铅、镉的毒性及其危害综述如下.     

表面活性剂对食品安全的影响

表面活性剂是目前世界上使用最广泛,污染面积最大的有机化合物.研究表明,一些表面活性剂不但可以通过食物链在生物体内富集而且对生物体健康产生影响.但是,人们对表面活性剂对食品安全影响的重视不足,该文从表面活性剂的毒性、表面活性剂对食品安全的影响和表面活性剂的监控现状3个方面就表面活性剂对生物体和人体健康造成的危害进行了评述.     

大气PM_(2.5)毒性及致癌性作用机制的研究进展

大气颗粒物对人体健康危害极大,受到学界关注。颗粒物进入体内可通过氧化应激反应、炎性损伤、免疫反应、遗传物质损伤、直接作用癌基因等方式产生毒性。近年来有关PM2.5的致癌性及作用机制成为研究热点。针对PM2.5的致病机理,尤其是致癌活性和致癌机理进行讨论,并对目前常用的遗传毒性检测手段对PM2.5致癌活性检测的应用进行综述。     

大气颗粒物对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响

目的研究大气中粗、细颗粒物对人双核淋巴细胞微核率的影响,探讨颗粒物的遗传毒性。方法用DFJ-2型分段采样器采集太原市某居民区大气中≤2.5μm和2.5～10μm的颗粒物,在索氏提取器中用二氯甲烷、丙酮和甲醇提取颗粒物中的有机物,用1∶1硝酸提取颗粒物中的金属元素,用原子吸收分光光度法测定颗粒物中金属元素Pb、Ni、Cd和Cr的含量,以人双核淋巴细胞微核试验检测颗粒物的致突变性。结果该居民区大气颗粒物浓度较高,达到0.7919mg/m3,超过国家标准4.28倍,细颗粒物占43.31%;细颗粒物比粗颗粒物含有较多的金属元素和有机物;大气中粗、细颗粒物均可诱发人双核淋巴细胞微核率显著增加(P<0.05和P<0.01),尤其是细颗粒物诱发微核率增加更为明显,随染毒剂量增加,人双核淋巴细胞微核率呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。结论大气颗粒物有一定遗传毒性,而细颗粒物的遗传毒性更强。     

侧流烟气不同尺度颗粒物对CHO细胞微核率和细胞周期的影响

目的 研究侧流烟气不同尺度颗粒物对中国仓鼠卵巢细胞(CHO)微核率和细胞周期的影响,为评估侧流烟气的危害提供科学依据。方法 利用侧流烟气颗粒物样品采用体外微核试验的方法,对侧流烟气中不同尺度颗粒物提取液的遗传毒性进行测试;然后采用流式细胞技术分析不同尺度颗粒物对CHO细胞周期和细胞凋亡的影响。结果 侧流烟气不同粒径颗粒物对CHO均具有遗传毒性。侧流烟气不同粒径颗粒物对CHO均会造成细胞周期阻滞和引起细胞凋亡,且与对照组相比,随颗粒粒径减小呈增加趋势。结论 侧流烟气中不同粒径颗粒物均对CHO具有遗传毒性,并影响细胞周期引发细胞凋亡,其毒性作用随颗粒粒径减小呈增大趋势。     

我国大气细颗粒物水平、成分、来源及污染特征

细颗粒物由于其粒径小,比表面积大,对人体的危害性大等特点而受到世界各地的广泛关注。该文总结了我国有关大气细颗粒物PM2.5的研究现状,主要围绕细颗粒物PM2.5的水平、成分、来源以及污染特征等进行了论述,并对其研究动向进行了展望。     

Redox activity of airborne particulate matter at different sites in the Los Angeles Basin

Epidemiologic studies have shown associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and adverse health outcomes including increased mortality, emergency room visits, and time lost from school and work. The mechanisms of PM-related health effects are still incompletely understood, but a hypothesis under investigation is that many of the adverse health effects may derive from oxidative stress, initiated by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) within affected cells. While the adverse effects from PM have historically been associated with the airborne concentration of PM and more recently fine-particle PM, we considered it relevant to develop an assay to quantitatively measure the ability of PM to catalyze ROS generation as the initial step in the induction of oxidative stress. This ability of PM could then be related to different sources, chemical composition, and physical and spatial/temporal characteristics in the ambient environment. The measurement of ROS-forming ability in relation to sources and other factors will have potential relevance to control of redox-active PM. If oxidative stress represents a relevant mechanism of toxicity from PM, the measurement of redox activity represents a first step in the elucidation of the subsequent downstream processes. We have developed an assay for PM redox activity, utilizing the reduction of oxygen by dithiothreitol which serves as an electron source. We have found that PM will catalyze the reduction of oxygen and have examined the distribution and chemical characteristics of the redox activity of PM fractions collected in different sites in the Los Angeles Basin. Samples of concentrated coarse, fine, and ultrafine PM, obtained with aerosol concentrators, were studied with regard to their chemical properties and redox activity. Redox activity was highest in the ultrafine fraction, in agreement with results indicating ultrafines were the most potent toward inducing that heme oxygenase expression and depleting intracellular glutathione, which has relevance to induction of oxidative stress. Comparison of the redox activity with chemical composition showed a reasonable correlation of redox activity with elemental carbon (r(2)=0.79), organic carbon (r(2)=0.53), and with benzo[ghi]perylene (r(2)=0.82), consistent with species typically found in mobile emission sources.     

室内空气甲醛污染危害与控制

室内空气甲醛污染严重危害人体健康.通过合理装修或其他合适的控制措施减少甲醛污染对人体健康的危害,国内外已有大量报道.该文从甲醛在体内的代谢、毒理学效应(眼、呼吸系统、致敏、免疫系统、神经毒性、致癌、生殖毒性)、污染源控制、室内空气净化技术等方面就室内空气甲醛污染的危害和控制措施进行综述.     

Ambient exposure and nasal inflammation in adults and children--a preliminary analysis

The epidemiological evidence that ambient exposure, including particulate matter (PM) is related to adverse health outcomes continues to mount. Inflammation and disease of the upper respiratory tract are commonly suggested as effects of ambient exposure. Therefore we studied both ambient exposure and nasal effects in a 4-months cross-sectional survey in Nordrhein-Westfalen (Germany). At 4 locations in 3 different cities ambient exposure to TSP (total suspended particles), O3, NOx and SO2 was derived from compliance measurements by governmental offices, and 884 subjects (501 mothers and 383 children, 6-7 years old) were screened using nasal lavage, with success rates of 90 and 75%, respectively. No differences in total cell counts or percentage of neutrophils were found between mothers or children from the 4 different locations, despite small but significant differences in ambient exposure to TSP, SO2, O3, and NOx during this period. A higher epithelial cell count in mothers and children from one city might be related to general higher ambient pollution in that location. Interestingly, total cells and interleukin-8 levels in children were higher than in mothers and possibly reflect their increased susceptibility to effects of air pollution. Future analysis will concentrate on temporal relations between inflammation and exposure, including individual risk factors such as allergy, smoking and the presence of disease.     

Legislation regarding safety in the work environment and the handling of toxic substances in the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century

The paper deals with selected occupational safety and health regulations in Croatia in the last century and at the beginning of this century, which aimed at protecting the worker in crafts, industry, on farms and in various other occupations against the effects of toxic and other noxious substances and against injury at the workplace. Regulations relating to health protection of the general population from the adverse effects of particular substances are also discussed. Toxic metals (e.g. lead, copper, tin, arsenic) were to be found in various types of pottery or in the colouring matter for use in foodstuffs and drinks as well as in dyes used in the manufacturing of toys, paints and wall-paper. Apart from sporadic decisions and legal actions organized occupational health care was non-existent at that time. Laws and regulations concerning protection from occupational and non-occupational hazards came into force progressively, with developing knowledge about beneficial and adverse features of various substances in human use.     

Reproductive toxicity of metals in men

A combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors contributes to adverse effects on the reproductive health in men. Metals are pervasive in food, water, air, tobacco smoke, and alcoholic beverages. Experimental studies suggest that many metals have adverse effects on the male reproductive function. However, information about reproductive effects of human exposure to metals is scarce and/or inconsistent. This review summarises the information from epidemiological studies of the effects of metal exposure on reproductive function in men. Factors capable of affecting these relationships were identified and discussed. A particular attention is given to the studies considering influence of concomitant exposure to various metals. These studies have generally confirmed that even moderate- to low-level exposure to lead affects certain reproductive parameters, and that exposure to cadmium affects the prostate function and serum testosterone levels. Adverse effects of mercury, manganese, chromium and arsenic on semen quality and altered serum hormone are less well documented. There is no clear evidence that boron exposure may impair reproductive health in men. Only a few studies have investigated reproductive effects of concomitant exposure to several metals and controlled for potential confounders. Future studies should consider the contribution of combined exposure to various metals and/or other factors that may influence individual susceptibility to reproductive health impairment in men.     

Health and adverse selection into marriage: evidence from a study of the 1958 British Birth Cohort

Despite much research on the relationship between marital status and health, the confounding effects of marital selection are not well understood. Even less is known about ‘adverse selection’, the phenomenon that people with poor health or health related attributes have a higher chance of marriage. Using data from the National Child Development Study, a longitudinal study of the 1958 British birth cohort, this paper examines the effects of factors that can select single people into early or later marriages. The selection factors are from three domains, namely, health status, socio-economic status, and risk-taking behaviour. It is found that, from age 16–23 y, adverse selection is prevalent. People from a lower socio-economic background and smokers are more likely to be married. This has the potential to suppress any association between marriage and health. Meanwhile, men with medical problems are less likely to marry. At ages from 23–33 y, adverse selection reduces and those who have better life chances are more likely to get married. This has the potential of creating a spurious relation between marriage and health. These findings shed light on the understanding of the confounding effects of marital selection according to different life stages.     

室内空气污染物对人体健康的危害及防治

室内空气污染物的来源广泛、种类日趋增多、对人类健康的危害日益严重,受到人们的高度重视。该文较全面地阐述了室内污染物的来源,概述了不同来源污染物对人类健康的危害,对室内空气污染的防护对策及处理技术进行了介绍,为创造良好的生活工作环境,保护人们的健康提供科学依据。     

Understanding the link between exposure to fine particulate matter and internalizing problem behaviors among children in South Korea: Indirect effects through maternal depression and child abuse

Exposure to air pollution is known to have detrimental effects on health. Previous studies have also found that exposure to fine particulate matter can cause adverse mental health outcomes. However, the link between exposure to fine particulate matter and children's mental health outcomes remains largely unknown. Thus, this study aimed to understand the mechanisms of the effects of exposure to fine particulate matter on children's mental health outcomes, particularly focusing on internalizing problem behaviors. Using fine particulate data from the Ministry of Environment's Air Korea initiative and data from the Panel Study on Korean Children in 2018, this study employed structural equation models to examine the associations between exposure to fine particulate matter, maternal depressive symptoms, child abuse, and children's internalizing problems. Findings suggest that living in neighborhoods with higher exposure to fine particulate matter is positively associated with maternal depressive symptoms, increasing emotional abuse and neglect, which in turn is positively associated with children's internalizing problem behavior. However, physical abuse was not a significant mediator of children's internalizing problem behaviors. It may be necessary for policies that provide interventions for primary caregivers to reduce depression and child abuse to promote mental health outcomes for children, even in the presence of severe fine particulates.