膳食因素与乳腺癌关系的病例对照研究

本研究采用病例一对照研究方法，对１８６名乳腺癌患者和１８６名非乳腺癌患者进行了膳食调查。结果显露，在摄入的１６类食物中，仅有绿色蔬菜，豆浆能降低乳腺癌发生的危险性。平均每日绿色蔬菜摄入量大于４００ｇ时，乳腺癌发生的危险性降低３８％（ＯＲ＝０．６２），平均每日豆浆摄入量大于１００ｍｌ时，乳腺癌发生的危险性降低４１％（ＯＲ＝０．５９），在１９种膳食营养素中，当维生素Ｅ，视黄醇当量和维生素Ｃ的平均每日摄     

肺癌的营养流行病学研究

通过膳食调查，对沈阳市区１９９１年４日至１９９４年１２月的２９０例原发性肺癌进行１：１按年龄配对的病例对照研究，探讨营养素摄入与肺癌的关系。结果显示，病例组和对照组每天摄入胡萝卜素、视黄醇、纤维素、抗坏血酸的量有显著差异（Ｐ〈０．０５）。上述营养素能减少患肺癌的危险性，其ＯＲ值分别为０．８４，０．７６，０．４６，０．７５，且随摄入量的增加，患肺癌的危险性下降，呈剂量反应关系，调整吸烟因素后，这些营养素降低患肺癌的危险性的联系依然存在。     

京华实业公司居民膳食结构及营养状况分析

对河南省京华实业公司５５户居民共３６５人行为期５天营养调查。膳食调查发现：蛋白质、热能、ＶＥ、ＶＢ１、ＶＣ、Ｆｅ、Ｓｅ等营养素的摄入量均已达到或超出ＲＤＡ供给量标准,而视黄醇当量、ＶＢ２、Ｚｎ、Ｃａ等则低于ＲＤＡ供给量标准。蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的供热比分别为１１．９７％、３２．４１％、５５．６２％,优质蛋白占总蛋白摄入量的３１．３３％。实验室检查结果：ＶＢ２、Ｖｃ的不足率分别为４７．５％和５５．０％,血清Ｃａ含量为２．０８±０．１７ｍｍ０ｌ／ｌ,较参考值低。研究结果提示：膳食结构基本合理,但营养素摄取不够平衡,ＶＢ２、Ｖｃ、Ｃａ的营养水平较低。     

贵阳郊区汉、苗、布依族乳母营养状况及乳中营养素含量的调查

将贵阳郊区１９５名乳母分为孕期营养指导组（５８）、汉族组（４３）、布依族组（４４）、苗族组（５０）四组，进行产后７天、４２～５６天、３月、６月的膳食调查及乳中蛋白质、脂肪和乳糖含量测定，结果表明：四组乳母能量摄入量比较适宜，但随着哺乳期的延长，蛋白质、脂肪、视黄醇当量摄入量逐渐减少，碳水化物、抗坏血酸摄入量逐渐增加。硫胺素、烟酸仅达到ＲＤＡ的７０％左右。铁摄入量均达到或超过ＲＤＡ。钙、核黄素在整个哺乳期仅占ＲＤＡ的２２％～６６％和３８％～５７％。乳汁成分为：随着哺乳期延长，乳汁中蛋白质含量逐渐降低，脂肪、乳糖在整个哺乳期较稳定。四组乳汁中各营养素含量经方差分析无显著性差异（Ｐ＞０．０５）。     

儿童血压与膳食营养素摄入水平关系的研究

调查了２６４６名８～１０岁儿童血压水平及高血压率，平均收缩压为１３．３±１．６ｋＰａ，舒张压为９．１±１．４ｋｐａ；血压偏高者（≥＋２Ｓ）１１９名，血压偏高率为４．５％；对部分儿童进行了膳食调查，并计算各种营养素摄入量，血压偏高组儿童热能、脂肪、碳水化物的摄入量明显高于血压正常组儿童；营养素摄入量与血压相关分析结果表明：热能、脂肪、维生素Ｅ的摄入量与血压水平呈正相关（Ｐ＜０．０５）。     

福建省肝癌高低发区居民AFB1摄入量及膳食营养状况分析

对福建省原发性肝癌（ＰＨＣ）死亡率最高的同安县及最低的松溪县采用称量法对居民黄曲霉毒素Ｂ１（ＡＦＢ１）摄入量及膳食营养状况进行调查采样分析。结果显示：同安居民ＡＦＢ１摄入量达２１３６．３ｎｇ／日，为松溪居民ＡＦＢ１摄入量（２１４．４ｎｇ／日）的９．９６倍。两地区居民膳食热能和蛋白质数量基本满足需要，但优质蛋白质只占ＲＤＡ的１７％。同安居民钙、硒摄入均不足或严重不足，分别占ＲＤＡ的４６．８１％和７２．３４％，略高于松溪（４０．９３％和６５．７４％）。同安居民视黄醇当量、核黄素的摄入量分别为ＲＤＡ的２３．１３％和５９．１７％，低于松溪（５０．８５％和７１．６７％）。同安居民膳食脂肪摄入量低于松溪（分别为３４．６１ｇ和６２．１２ｇ），但不饱和脂肪酸尤其多不饱和脂肪酸所占比例远高于松溪，饱和∶单不饱和∶多不饱和脂肪酸分别为１∶１．７４∶１．８７和１∶１．３９∶０．５６。     

煤矿井下工人维生素B1,B2,C需要量初步探讨

为了解煤矿井下工人维生素Ｂ１、维生素Ｂ２、维生素Ｃ（以下简称ＶＢ１、ＶＢ２、ＶＣ）的需要量，用饱和试验法对工人该三种维生素的需要量进行了初步调查；受试对象经过７天饱和期后，分别给予四个试验组和一个对照组不同剂量三种水溶性维生素，结果表明，当每人每日摄入ＶＢ１３．４９ｍｇ、ＶＢ２３．２２ｍｇ、ＶＣ１１８ｍｇ时，其４小时负荷尿中的排出量分别为４９１．５ｕｇ、１２５６．８ｕｇ、２６．８ｍｇ，与对照组比较差异有高度显著性（Ｐ＜０．０１）。可认为上述三种维生素的每日摄入量为该矿井下工人的适宜需要量。     

孕妇维生素营养状况的研究

追踪调查了９００余名孕妇在妊娠早、晚期维生素Ａ、Ｅ、Ｂ１、Ｂ２及维生素Ｃ的摄入情况。并对其中４００余例孕妇孕中、晚期血清和新生儿脐血清维生素Ａ、Ｅ、Ｃ含量、全血谷胱甘肽还原酶活性系数（ＡＣ）、全血红细胞转酮醇酶效应值（ＴＰＰ％）进行了测定。结果发现维生素的摄入量于孕中期，除维生素Ａ和维生素Ｂ１分别为ＲＤＡ的６０％和６４．８％外，其余均达ＲＤＡ的８０％以上；孕晚期除维生素Ｂ１仍为ＲＤＡ的６４％外，其余均达ＲＤＡ的９０％以上。血液测定结果，维生素Ａ、Ｅ的量随孕期延续而上升，有９５％以上孕妇在参考标准范围以上。脐血中的维生素Ａ、Ｅ均比孕晚期含量低，分别为１１．２５±０．６２和（１２．６４±６．０４）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ；血清维生素Ｃ均超过８５μｍｏｌ／Ｌ，孕中、晚期和脐血含量分别为１２５．０３±３８．８１、１０７．９１±３５．７７和（１０５．４１±４３．９５）μｍｏｌ／Ｌ；ＡＣ值均低于１．３，孕中、晚期及脐血分别为１．１４±０．１５、１．１４±０．１２和１．１３±０．４３；ＴＰＰ值均高于２５％，孕中、晚期及脐血分别为３６．８２±３１．２１、２９．２９±２５．２８和（３８．５５±３８．２２）％。提示，孕妇维生素Ａ、Ｅ、Ｂ２?     

补充维生素B_1、B_2及C对大鼠脑功能的影响

用普通奶粉和强化维生素Ｂ１、Ｂ２及Ｃ的奶粉进行对比实验，观察补充维生素对大鼠脑功能的影响。补充维生素后大鼠行为功能测试表明：错误反应率和逃避时间均明显下降，海马乙酰胆碱神经递质明显增加，脑脂质过氧化物水平降低（Ｐ＜０．０５），而大鼠身体发育无明显改变。提示，在满足机体发育下适当补充维生素Ｂ１、Ｂ２和Ｃ可改善脑功能。     

身材匀称幼儿膳食营养的多元回归分析

对２８１名身材匀称、发育良好的的３～６岁幼儿进行了膳食调查，并用多元回归分析探讨了营养素摄入和生长发育的关系．幼儿膳食调查结果为：钙摄入约为ＲＤＡ的４５％，Ｚｎ、维生素Ｂ１（ＶＢ１）和维生素Ｃ（ＶＣ）在７０％～８０％之间，其余营养素在８０％以上．回归分析表明生长发育分析与铁和硒呈正相关，与钠和胆固醇呈负相关（Ｐ＜０．０１）．Ｃａ、Ｚｎ、ＶＢ１和ＶＣ均未被选择到回归方程中去．生长发育分与身高呈正相关，而年龄体重与生长发育分呈负相关．     

Vitamin A, retinol, and carotenoids and the risk of gastric cancer: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: Vitamin A may influence gastric carcinogenesis through its essential role in controlling cell proliferation and differentiation. However, epidemiologic studies of vitamin A, retinol (preformed vitamin A), and provitamin A carotenoids in relation to the risk of gastric cancer have documented inconsistent results. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the associations between intakes of vitamin A, retinol, and specific carotenoids and the risk of gastric cancer in a prospective population-based cohort study of Swedish adults. DESIGN: The study cohort consisted of 82 002 Swedish adults aged 45-83 y who had completed a food-frequency questionnaire in 1997. The participants were followed through June 2005. RESULTS: During a mean 7.2-y follow-up, 139 incident cases of gastric cancer were diagnosed. High intakes of vitamin A and retinol from foods only (dietary intake) and from foods and supplements combined (total intake) and of dietary alpha-carotene and beta-carotene were associated with a lower risk of gastric cancer. The multivariate relative risks for the highest versus lowest quartiles of intake were 0.53 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.89; P for trend = 0.02) for total vitamin A, 0.56 (95% CI: 0.33, 0.95; P for trend = 0.05) for total retinol, 0.50 (95% CI: 0.30, 0.83; P for trend = 0.03) for alpha-carotene, and 0.55 (95% CI: 0.32, 0.94; P for trend = 0.07) for beta-carotene. No significant associations were found for beta-cryptoxanthin, lutein and zeaxanthin, or lycopene intake. CONCLUSION: High intakes of vitamin A, retinol, and provitamin A carotenoids may reduce the risk of gastric cancer.     

Folate, vitamin B6, multivitamin supplements, and colorectal cancer risk in women

The authors evaluated associations between intakes of folate and vitamin B(6) and colorectal cancer risk among women enrolled in a randomized trial on aspirin and vitamin E in disease prevention. At baseline (1992-1995), 37,916 US women aged >or=45 years who were free of cancer and cardiovascular disease provided dietary information. During an average of 10.1 years of follow-up (through February 20, 2004), 220 colorectal adenocarcinoma cases were documented. Total folate and vitamin B(6) intakes were not significantly associated with the risk of colorectal cancer. However, dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B(6) were significantly inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk among women who were not taking supplements containing folate and vitamin B(6). Multivariable relative risks among women in the highest quintiles of intake versus the lowest were 1.16 (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.76, 1.79) for total folate, 1.14 (95% CI: 0.77, 1.69) for total vitamin B(6), 0.46 (95% CI: 0.26, 0.81) for dietary folate, and 0.69 (95% CI: 0.41, 1.15) for dietary vitamin B(6). The use of multivitamin supplements was not related to colorectal cancer risk. These findings suggest that higher dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B(6) may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in women. An alternative explanation is that other factors related to dietary intakes of folate and vitamin B(6) account for the inverse associations.     

Dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12 and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by oestrogen and progesterone receptor status

Few studies have evaluated the relationship between the consumption of dietary folate and one-carbon metabolism-related nutrients and breast cancer risk defined by oestrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) status. The objective of the present study was to examine the associations between dietary folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and methionine intake and the risk of breast cancer by ER and PR status among Chinese women in Guangdong. A hospital-based case-control study was conducted from June 2007 to August 2008, with 438 cases and 438 age (5-year interval)- and residence (rural/urban)-matched controls. Dietary intake information was assessed using a validated FFQ administered through a face-to-face interview. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate multivariate-adjusted OR and 95 % CI. A significant inverse association was found between dietary folate and vitamin B6 intake and breast cancer risk. The adjusted OR of the highest v. the lowest quartile were 0·32 (95 % CI 0·21, 0·49; P(trend) < 0·001) for dietary folate and 0·46 (95 % CI 0·30, 0·69; P(trend) < 0·001) for vitamin B6. No associations were observed for vitamin B12 and methionine intake. A significant inverse association between dietary folate intake and breast cancer risk was observed in all subtypes of ER and PR status. These findings suggest that dietary folate and vitamin B6 intakes were inversely associated with breast cancer risk. The inverse association did not differ by ER and/or PR status.     

Intakes of selected nutrients, foods, and phytochemicals and prostate cancer risk in western New York

A number of epidemiological studies have suggested that diet may affect the etiology of prostate cancer, but few have investigated the impact of phytochemical intakes on this cancer. We conducted a case-control study of diet and prostate cancer in western New York involving 433 men with primary, histologically confirmed prostate cancer and 538 population-based controls, frequency matched to cases on age and county of residence. Diet was assessed with a detailed food-frequency questionnaire. We calculated daily intakes of nutrients and the phytochemicals beta-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, total phytosterols, total lignan precursors, quercetin, and kaempferol based on published food composition data. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) describing the association of prostate cancer risk with selected nutrients, phytochemicals, and food groups were estimated with unconditional logistic regression. Compared with men in the lowest quartile of intake, reduced risks were observed for men in the highest quartile of intake of vitamin C (OR = 0.49; 95% CI = 0.33-0.74), beta-carotene (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.36-0.79), alpha-carotene (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.47-0.97), lutein (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.37-0.81), lycopene (OR = 0.62; 95% CI = 0.42-0.92), total lignan precursors (OR = 0.66; 95% CI = 0.47-0.94), quercetin (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.44-0.92), and total vegetables (OR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.36-0.79), but weak increased risks were observed for snacks and sweets (OR = 1.46; 95% CI = 0.95-2.23). Estimates associated with nutrients and phytochemicals were attenuated after adjustment for total vegetable intake. Nevertheless, our results support the hypothesis that a phytochemical-rich, plant-based diet is of importance in reducing risks of hormone-related neoplasms.     

Intake of folate and related nutrients in relation to risk of epithelial ovarian cancer

Assessments of the relation between folate intake and ovarian cancer risk have been limited and inconsistent. Therefore, the authors prospectively examined the association of dietary and supplemental intakes of folate, methionine, and vitamin B(6) with ovarian cancer risk among 80,254 Nurses' Health Study participants. Beginning in 1976, women completed biennial questionnaires assessing ovarian cancer risk factors; starting in 1980, food frequency questionnaires were administered every 2-4 years. During 22 years of follow-up (1980-2002), the authors confirmed 481 incident epithelial ovarian cancers. There were no associations between total folate (top quintile vs. bottom: relative risk (RR) = 1.21, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.92, 1.60), methionine (RR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.76, 1.33), dietary vitamin B(6) (RR = 1.09, 95% CI: 0.81, 1.47), or total vitamin B(6) (RR = 1.13, 95% CI: 0.85, 1.51) intake and ovarian cancer risk. Higher dietary folate was associated with a modestly decreased risk after exclusion of cases diagnosed during the 4 follow-up years after dietary assessment (RR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.43, 1.03) and for the serous subtype (RR = 0.51, 95% CI: 0.31, 0.84). Results did not vary by alcohol intake, multivitamin use, menopausal status, or oral contraceptive use. There was little evidence that folate, methionine, and vitamin B(6) are important in ovarian cancer risk, although dietary folate was inversely associated with risk in some analyses.     

Dietary intakes of selected nutrients and food groups and risk of cervical cancer

We investigated the relationships between intakes of selected dietary nutrients and food groups and risk of cervical cancer in a hospital-based, case-control study including 239 cases diagnosed with squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix and 979 hospital patients with nonneoplastic diagnoses who completed a self-administered questionnaire between 1982 and 1998 at Roswell Park Cancer Institute. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, smoking status, use of oral contraceptives, barrier contraceptives and spermicides, family history of cervical cancer, year questionnaire completed, and energy intake. Significant reductions in risk of approximately 40-60% were observed for women in the highest vs. lowest tertiles of dietary fiber (OR=0.59, 95% CI=0.37-0.94), vitamin C (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.33-0.80), vitamin E (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.27-0.72), vitamin A (OR=0.47, 95% CI=0.30-0.73), alpha-carotene (OR=0.41, 95% CI=0.27-0.63), beta-carotene (OR=0.44, 95% CI=0.29-0.68), lutein (OR=0.51, 95% CI=0.33-0.79), folate (OR=0.55, 95% CI=0.34-0.88), and total fruit and vegetable intake (OR=0.52, 95% CI=0.34-0.77). Our findings suggest that a diet rich in plant-based nutrients may be important in reducing the risk of cervical cancer.     

Intakes of selected nutrients and food groups and risk of ovarian cancer

In a hospital-based case-control study, we examined dietary intakes of selected nutrients and food groups and ovarian cancer risk among 496 women with primary, histologically confirmed epithelial ovarian cancer and 1,425 women with nonneoplastic diagnoses, ages 20-87 years, admitted to Roswell Park Cancer Institute between 1982 and 1998. Data on diet and other relevant risk factors in the few years before admission were collected with a self-administered questionnaire. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated by unconditional logistic regression adjusting for age, education, region of residence, regularity of menstruation, family history of ovarian cancer, parity, age at menarche, oral contraceptive use, and energy intake. Women in the highest vs. the lowest quartile of total energy had a weak increase in risk (OR = 1.25, 95% CI = 0.90-1.73). Significantly reduced risks were associated with higher intakes of dietary fiber (OR = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.38-0.87), vitamin A (OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.45-0.98), carotenoid (OR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.43-0.93), vitamin E (OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.38-0.88), beta-carotene (OR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.46-0.98), and total fruit and vegetable intake (OR = 0.62, 95% CI = 0.42-0.92). Our findings suggest that a diet high in plant foods may be important in reducing risk of ovarian cancer.     

Dietary fat, fiber, vegetable, and micronutrients are associated with overall survival in postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer

Relatively few studies have assessed the relationship between dietary intakes and survival after breast cancer diagnosis. We investigated the influence of diet, including dietary fat (percentage energy), fiber, vegetable, and fruit intakes, and micronutrients (folate, carotenoids, and vitamin C) on overall survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer. Subjects were postmenopausal women diagnosed with breast cancer (N = 516) between 1994 and 1995 with a mean survival time of 80 mo (SD: 18). Subjects completed a food frequency questionnaire for the year prior to diagnosis. Cox proportional hazards models were used to measure the relationship between dietary intakes and death due to any cause after breast cancer diagnosis. In the multivariate analysis, we found that the hazard ratio [HR and 95% confidence interval (CI)] of dying in the highest tertile compared to the lowest tertile of total fat, fiber, vegetable, and fruit was 3.12 (95% CI = 1.79-5.44), 0.48 (95% CI = 0.27-0.86), 0.57 (95% CI = 0.35-0.94), and 0.63 (95% CI = 0.38-1.05), respectively (P 相似文献   

Dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk

BACKGROUND: Folate is hypothesized to be inversely associated with the risk of several cancers, but such a potential association has not been well studied for prostate cancer. Vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, methionine, and alcohol can influence folate-related metabolism. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to investigate the associations between dietary factors of one-carbon metabolism and prostate cancer risk within the alpha-Tocopherol, beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study. DESIGN: Of the cohort's 27 111 Finnish male smokers aged 50-69 y who had complete dietary data, 1270 had a diagnosis of incident prostate cancer between 1985 and 2002. Folate, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12, methionine, and alcohol intakes were estimated from a 276-item modified dietary history questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models, adjusted for age and vitamin supplement use, estimated relative risks (RR) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: Vitamin B-6 intake was inversely associated with prostate cancer risk (RR for highest versus lowest quintile: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.72, 1.07; P for trend = 0.045), whereas vitamin B-12 intake was associated with significantly increased risk (RR = 1.36; 95% CI: 1.14, 1.96; P for trend = 0.01). No association between folate or alcohol intake and prostate cancer risk was observed. No differences were found in the above associations according to stage of disease or subgroups of several potential effect modifiers. CONCLUSIONS: We found no convincing evidence for a protective role of one-carbon metabolism against prostate cancer, although these observations can be generalized only to smokers. The possible modest protective association with vitamin B-6 and the significantly elevated risk with vitamin B-12 intake warrant further investigation.     

Dietary intakes of retinol, carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin e and colorectal cancer risk: the fukuoka colorectal cancer study

It has long been a matter of interest whether antioxidant vitamins are protective against colorectal cancer as well as human cancers in general, but epidemiological evidence is inconclusive. We investigated associations of dietary intakes of retinol and antioxidant vitamins with colorectal cancer risk in 816 incident cases of histologically confirmed colorectal cancer and 815 controls randomly selected for the Fukuoka colorectal cancer study in Japan. Dietary intakes were assessed by a PC-assisted interview regarding 148 food items. Statistical adjustment was made for body mass index, physical activity, calcium, and n-3 fatty acid intake and other factors. Retinol intake was significantly, inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk; the odds ratio for the highest vs. lowest was 0.55 (95% CI: 0.35, 0.88; P (trend) = 0.01) in women, but a modest increase in the risk was observed among men with the highest intake of retinol. Liver was the major source of retinol intake and showed similar associations with colorectal cancer risk in men and women. Intake of carotenes, vitamin C, and vitamin E were not related to colorectal cancer risk in either men or women. The study did not support a hypothesis that dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins is protective in the development of colorectal cancer.